Okudingeka Ukwazi Ngokunemba Kokuhlolwa Kwe-HIV

-Delile

• Ziqonde kangakanani izivivinyo ze-HIV?
• Iyini imiphumela yokuhlolwa okungelona iqiniso?
• Yini imiphumela yokuhlolwa okungelona iqiniso?
• Yiziphi izinhlobo zokuhlolelwa i-HIV ezitholakalayo?
• Ukuhlolwa kwama-antibody
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-antigen / antibody
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-Nucleic acid (NAT)
• Ingabe kufanele ngihlolwe?
• Kwenzekani uma kutholakala ukuthi ngine-HIV?
• Ukuthatha

Ukubuka konke

Uma usanda kuhlolelwa i-HIV, noma ucabanga ngokuhlolelwa, ungahle ube nokukhathazeka mayelana nokuthi kungenzeka uthole imiphumela engalungile yokuhlolwa.

Ngezindlela zamanje zokuhlolela i-HIV, ukuxilongwa okungalungile akuvamile. Kodwa ezimweni ezingavamile, abanye abantu bathola imiphumela ene-HIV noma engeyona eyamanga ngemuva kokuhlolelwa i-HIV.

Ngokuvamile, kuthatha izivivinyo eziningi ukuthola kahle i-HIV. Umphumela wokuhlolwa okuthembekile we-HIV uzodinga ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe ukuqinisekisa umphumela. Kwezinye izimo, imiphumela emibi yokuhlolwa kwe-HIV nayo ingadinga ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe.

Funda ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngokunemba kokuhlolwa kwe-HIV, ukuthi kusebenza kanjani ukuhlolwa, kanye nezinketho zokuhlola ezahlukahlukene ezitholakalayo.

Ziqonde kangakanani izivivinyo ze-HIV?

Ngokuvamile, ukuhlolwa kwamanje kwe-HIV kunembe kakhulu. Ukunemba kokuhlolwa kwe-HIV kuncike ezintweni eziningana, kufaka phakathi:

• uhlobo lokuhlola olusetshenzisiwe
• umuntu uhlolwa masishane kanjani ngemuva kokuchayeka kwi-HIV
• umzimba womuntu usabela kanjani kwi-HIV

Lapho umuntu eqala ukuthola i-HIV, ukutheleleka kuthathwa njengokubi kakhulu. Ngesikhathi sesigaba esibucayi, kunzima ukukuthola. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuba okungapheli futhi kube lula ukuxilongwa ngokuhlolwa.

Konke ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV "kunesikhathi sokungena." Lesi yisikhathi esiphakathi kokuthi umuntu avezwe igciwane nalapho ukuhlolwa kungathola khona ukuthi kukhona emzimbeni wakhe. Uma umuntu one-HIV ehlolwa ngaphambi kokuthi kudlule isikhathi sewindi, kungaveza imiphumela engeyinhle yamanga.

Ukuhlolelwa i-HIV kunembe kakhudlwana uma kuthathwe ngemuva kokuthi kudlule isikhathi samawindi. Ezinye izinhlobo zokuhlolwa zinezikhathi ezimfushane zamawindi kunezinye. Bangathola i-HIV ngokushesha ngemuva kokuvezwa yigciwane.

Iyini imiphumela yokuhlolwa okungelona iqiniso?

Umphumela wokuthelelana okungelona iqiniso wenzeka lapho umuntu ongenayo i-HIV ethola imiphumela etholakele ngemuva kokuhlolelwa leli gciwane.

Lokhu kungenzeka uma abasebenzi belebhu babhala kabi noma besingatha ngokungafanele isampula yokuhlola. Kungenzeka futhi uma othile ehumusha kabi imiphumela yokuhlolwa. Ukubamba iqhaza ocwaningweni lwakamuva lokugomela i-HIV noma ukuhlala nezimo ezithile zezokwelapha kungahle kuholele emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa yokuba ne-HIV.

Uma imiphumela yokuqala yokuhlolelwa i-HIV itholakala ukuthi unayo, umhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwempilo uzo-oda ukuhlolwa kokulandelwa. Lokhu kuzobasiza ukuthi bafunde ukuthi ngabe umphumela wokuqala ubulungile noma une-positive.

Yini imiphumela yokuhlolwa okungelona iqiniso?

Umphumela wokungabi namanga kwenzeka lapho umuntu one-HIV ethola umphumela ongemuhle ngemuva kokuhlolelwa isimo. Imiphumela engeyona eyamanga ayijwayelekile kakhulu kunemiphumela engemihle, yize yomibili ingavamile.

Imiphumela engeyinhle ingenzeka uma umuntu eyohlolwa masinyane ngemuva kokuthola i-HIV. Ukuhlolelwa igciwane lesandulela ngculaza kunemba kuphela ngemuva kokuthi kudlule isikhathi esithile selokhu umuntu achayeka kuleligciwane. Lesi sikhathi sewindi siyehluka kuye ngohlobo olulodwa lokuhlolwa luye kolunye.

Uma umuntu ehlolelwa i-HIV kungakapheli izinyanga ezintathu etholwe yileli gciwane futhi umphumela uba ongemuhle, uMnyango Wezempilo Nezinsizakalo Zomuntu wase-U.S. Uncoma ukuthi ahlolwe futhi ezinyangeni ezintathu.

Ekuhlolweni kwe-antigen / antibody, ukuphinda kuhlolwe kungenziwa ngokushesha, cishe ezinsukwini ezingama-45 ngemuva kokusolwa kokuchayeka ku-HIV. Lokhu kuzosiza ekutholeni ukuthi ngabe imiphumela yokuqala yokuhlolwa ibinembile noma iyiphutha elingelona iqiniso.

Yiziphi izinhlobo zokuhlolelwa i-HIV ezitholakalayo?

Izinhlobo eziningi zokuhlola ziyatholakala nge-HIV. Uhlobo ngalunye lokuhlola luhlola izimpawu ezahlukahlukene zegciwane. Ezinye izinhlobo zokuhlola zingathola igciwane ngokushesha kunezinye.

Ukuhlolwa kwama-antibody

Ukuhlolwa okuningi kwe-HIV kuvivinya amasosha omzimba. Lapho umzimba uvezwa amagciwane noma amabhaktheriya, amasosha omzimba akhiqiza amasosha omzimba. Ukuhlolwa kwamasosha omzimba kwe-HIV kungathola amasosha omzimba e-HIV egazini noma ematheni.

Uma umuntu ethola i-HIV, kuthatha isikhathi ukuthi umzimba ukhiqize amasosha omzimba anele ukuze kutholakale ukuhlolwa kwe-antibody. Abantu abaningi baba namazinga ama-antibodies abonakalayo kungakapheli amasonto amathathu kuya kwayi-12 ngemuva kokuthola i-HIV, kodwa kungathatha isikhathi eside kwabanye abantu.

Okunye ukuhlolwa kwe-antibody ye-HIV kwenziwa egazini elithathwe emthanjeni. Ukwenza lolu hlobo lokuhlola ama-antibody, uchwepheshe wezokunakekelwa kwempilo angadonsa isampula legazi alithumele ebhodini ukuze liyohlaziywa. Kungathatha izinsuku ezimbalwa ukuthi imiphumela itholakale.

Olunye uvivinyo lwe-antibody lwe-HIV lwenziwa egazini eliqoqwe ngokuklanywa kweminwe noma ngamathe. Ezinye zalezi zivivinyo zenzelwe ukusetshenziswa ngokushesha emtholampilo noma ekhaya. Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwama-antibody ngokushesha itholakala kungakapheli imizuzu engama-30. Ngokuvamile, izivivinyo ezivela egazini elinemithambo yegazi zingathola i-HIV ngokushesha kunezivivinyo ezenziwe ngomunwe noma ematheni.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-antigen / antibody

Ukuhlolwa kwe-antigen / antibody ye-HIV kwaziwa nangokuthi ukuhlolwa kokuhlanganiswa noma ukuhlolwa kwesizukulwane sesine. Lolu hlobo lokuhlola lungathola amaprotheni (noma ama-antigen) avela ku-HIV, kanye nama-antibody e-HIV.

Uma umuntu ethola i-HIV, leli gciwane lizokhiqiza iphrotheni eyaziwa ngokuthi i-p24 ngaphambi kokuthi amasosha omzimba akhiqize amasosha omzimba. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukuhlolwa kwe-antigen / antibody kungathola igciwane ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kwe-antibody.

Abantu abaningi baba namazinga atholakalayo e-p24 antigen izinsuku eziyi-13 kuya kwezingu-42 (cishe amasonto amabili kuya kwayisithupha) ngemuva kokuthola i-HIV. Kwabanye abantu, isikhathi sewindi singase sibe side.

Ukwenza ukuhlolwa kwe-antigen / antibody, uchwepheshe wezokunakekelwa kwempilo angadonsa isampula legazi elizothunyelwa ebhodini lokuhlola. Imiphumela ingathatha izinsuku ezimbalwa ukubuya.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-Nucleic acid (NAT)

Ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV nucleic acid (NAT) kwaziwa nangokuthi ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV RNA. Iyakwazi ukuthola izinto zofuzo ezivela egciwaneni esegazini.

Ngokuvamile, i-NAT ingalithola igciwane ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kwe-antibody noma i-antigen / antibody. Iningi labantu linamazinga abonakalayo egciwane egazini lalo zingakapheli izinsuku eziyi-7 kuya kwezingama-28 ngemuva kokuthola i-HIV.

Kodwa-ke, i-NAT iyabiza kakhulu futhi imvamisa ayisetshenziswa njengokuhlola ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV. Ezimweni eziningi, umhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwempilo ngeke ayi-ode ngaphandle uma umuntu esethole imiphumela evumayo yokuhlolwa kusuka ku-antibody ye-HIV noma i-antigen / antibody test, noma uma umuntu esengozini enkulu yakamuva noma enezimpawu zokutheleleka nge-HIV okunamandla .

Kubantu abathatha i-pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) noma i-post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), le mithi inganciphisa ukunemba kwe-NAT. Yazisa umhlinzeki wakho wezokunakekelwa kwempilo uma usebenzisa i-PrEP noma i-PEP.

Ingabe kufanele ngihlolwe?

Abahlinzeki bezempilo bangahlola i-HIV njengengxenye yokuhlolwa okujwayelekile, noma abantu bangacela ukuhlolwa. Izikhungo Zokulawulwa Nokuvikelwa Kwezifo (CDC) ukuthi wonke umuntu oneminyaka ephakathi kuka-13 no-64 ahlolwe okungenani kanye.

Kulabo abasengozini enkulu yokuthola i-HIV, i-CDC ihlolwa kaningi. Isibonelo, abantu abanabalingani abaningi kwezocansi banengozi enkulu yokuchayeka kwi-HIV, futhi bangakhetha ukuhlolwa kaningi, kaningi njalo ezinyangeni ezintathu.

Umhlinzeki wakho wezokunakekelwa kwempilo angakhuluma nawe mayelana nokuthi bakuncoma kangaki ukuthi uhlolwe i-HIV.

Kwenzekani uma kutholakala ukuthi ngine-HIV?

Uma imiphumela evela ekuhlolweni kwe-HIV kokuqala ithi unayo, umhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwempilo uzo-oda ukuhlolwa kokulandelwa ukuze afunde ukuthi imiphumela iyiqiniso yini.

Uma ukuhlolwa kokuqala kwenziwa ekhaya, umhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwezempilo uzodonsa isampula legazi elizohlolelwa elebhu. Uma ukuhlolwa kokuqala kwenziwa ebhodini, ukuhlolwa kokulandelwa kungenziwa kusampula yegazi efanayo kulebhu.

Uma imiphumela yesibili yokuhlola inokuthi unayo, umhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwempilo angasiza ekuchazeni izindlela zokwelashwa ze-HIV. Ukuxilongwa nokwelashwa kusenesikhathi kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni umbono wesikhathi eside futhi kunciphise namathuba okuba nezinkinga ezivela kwi-HIV.

Ukuthatha

Ngokuvamile, amathuba okungaxilongwa kahle kwe-HIV aphansi. Kodwa kubantu abacabanga ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi bathole imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-HIV okungelona iqiniso noma okungelona iqiniso, kubalulekile ukukhuluma nomhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwempilo. Bangasiza ekuchazeni imiphumela yokuhlolwa futhi bancome izinyathelo ezilandelayo. Kubantu abasengozini enkulu yokuthola i-HIV, umhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwezempilo futhi angancoma amasu okunciphisa ubungozi bokutheleleka.