Luyini Ubhadane?

-Delile

• Luyini ubhadane?
• Uyini umehluko phakathi komqedazwe nobhubhane?
• Usilungiselela kanjani ubhadane?
• Naka imibiko yezindaba evela ezinhlanganweni zezempilo
• Gcina indlu yakho igcwele ukudla kwamaviki amabili kanye nezinto ezibalulekile
• Gcwalisa imiyalo yakho ngaphambi kwesikhathi
• Yenza uhlelo lokuthi uzosebenzani uma kwenzeka ugula
• Ubhadane lwekhulu leminyaka elidlule
• Ngo-1918 ubhadane lomkhuhlane (igciwane le-H1N1): 1918–1920
• Ngo-1957 ubhadane lomkhuhlane (igciwane le-H2N2): 1957-1958
• Ubhadane lomkhuhlane lwango-1968 (igciwane le-H3N2): 1968–1969
• SARS-CoV: 2002–2003
• I-Swine Flu (igciwane le-H1N1pdm09): 2009
• I-MERS-CoV: 2012-2013
• I-Ebola: 2014-2016
• I-COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2): 2019 – iyaqhubeka
• Ukuthatha

Ukuqubuka kwamanje kwe-COVID-19 emhlabeni wonke kushiye abantu abaningi bekhathazekile ngokusabalala kwalesi sifo esisha. Phakathi kwalezo zinto ezikhathazayo kukhona umbuzo obalulekile oyimbangela: Uyini ngempela ubhadane?

Ukusabalala kwe-coronavirus yenoveli, i-SARS-CoV-2, kwachazwa ngokusemthethweni njengobhadane yi-World Health Organisation (i-WHO) ku, ngenxa yokuvela kwayo ngokungazelelwe nokwanda emhlabeni jikelele.

Kule ndatshana, sizohlola ukuthi yini echaza ubhadane, ukuthi silulungiselela kanjani lolu bhubhane, nokuthi zingaki izifo eziwubhadane ezisithinte emlandweni wakamuva.

Luyini ubhadane?

Ngokusho kuka, ubhadane luchazwa ngokuthi “ukusabalala kwesifo esisha emhlabeni wonke.”

Lapho kuqala ukuvela isifo esisha, iningi lethu liswela amasosha omzimba okulwa naso. Lokhu kungadala ukusakazeka okungazelelwe, kwesinye isikhathi okusheshayo, kwesifo phakathi kwabantu, imiphakathi yonke, nasemhlabeni jikelele. Ngaphandle kokuvikelwa kwemvelo kokulwa nokugula, abantu abaningi bangagula njengoba kusakazeka.

I-WHO inesibopho sokumemezela ukuvela kobhadane olusha ngokuya ngokuthi ukusabalala kwalesi sifo kuhambisana kanjani nokulandelayo:

• Isigaba 1. Amagciwane ajikeleza phakathi kwezilwane awakhonjiswanga ukuthi adlulisela kubantu. Abathathwa njengosongo futhi kunengozi encane yobhadane.
• Isigaba 2. Igciwane lesilwane elisha elizungeza phakathi kwezilwane kukhonjisiwe ukuthi lidlulisela kubantu. Leli gciwane elisha libhekwa njengosongo futhi likhombisa ubungozi obuba khona bhubhane.
• Isigaba 3. Igciwane lesilwane lidale izifo eqoqweni elincane labantu ngesilwane liya ekudlulisweni komuntu. Kodwa-ke, ukudluliselwa komuntu kumuntu kuphansi kakhulu kungadala ukuqubuka komphakathi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi igciwane libeka abantu engcupheni kodwa mancane amathuba okuthi lidale ubhadane.
• Isigaba 4. Kube nokuhanjiswa kwegciwane elisha kumuntu kuya kumuntu ngezinombolo ezanele ezingaholela ekuqubukeni komphakathi. Lolu hlobo lokudluliswa phakathi kwabantu lukhombisa ubungozi obukhulu bokuqhamuka komqedazwe.
• Isigaba 5. Kube nokuhanjiswa kwegciwane elisha emazweni amabili okungenani ngaphakathi kwe-. Noma ngabe mabili kuphela amazwe athintwe yigciwane elisha ngalesi sikhathi, ubhadane lomhlaba alunakugwenywa.
• Isigaba 6. Kube nokuhanjiswa kwegciwane elisha okungenani ezweni elilodwa elengeziwe esifundeni se-WHO. Lokhu kwaziwa njenge isigaba sesifo futhi kukhombisa ukuthi ubhadane lomhlaba luyenzeka njengamanje.

Njengoba ubona ngenhla, ubhadane lwezifo aluchazwa ngokwenani lokukhula kwalo kepha kunalokho ngokusabalala kwesifo. Kodwa-ke, ukuqonda izinga lokukhula komqedazwe kusengasiza izikhulu zezempilo zilungiselele ukubheduka.

Abaningi balandela iphethini yokukhula noma yokusabalalisa echazwe njengokukhula okukhulayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi basakazeka ngesilinganiso esisheshayo esikhathini esithile - izinsuku, amasonto, noma izinyanga.

Cabanga ngokushayela imoto bese ucindezela esisekelweni segesi. Uma uhambela kude, uyashesha - lokho ukukhula okukhulayo. Ukuqhamuka kwezifo eziningi zokuqala, njengobhadane lomkhuhlane lwango-1918, kubonakala sengathi kulandela le ndlela yokukhula.

Ezinye izifo ziphinde zisabalale kancane, okuyizinga elincane. Lokhu kufana nemoto egcina ijubane liya phambili - ayinyuki ngejubane ebangeni elihamba kulo.

Isibonelo, omunye uthole ukuthi umqedazwe we-Ebola ka-2014 ubukeka ulandela ukuqhubeka kwesifo esihamba kancane ezingeni lendawo kwamanye amazwe yize sisakazeka ngokushesha, noma ngokukhulu, kwamanye.

Lapho izikhulu zezempilo zomphakathi zazi ukuthi isifo sisakazeka ngokushesha kangakanani, singabasiza ukuthi banqume ukuthi kudingeka sisheshe kangakanani ukusiza ukwehlisa ukusabalala.

Uyini umehluko phakathi komqedazwe nobhubhane?

Ubhadane nobhubhane amagama ahlobene asetshenziselwa ukuchaza ukusabalala kwesifo:

• Is ukusabalala kwesifo emphakathini noma esifundeni esikhathini esithile. Izifo eziwumshayabhuqe zingahluka ngokuya ngendawo okukhona kuyo lesi sifo, ukuthi abantu badalulwe kangakanani, nokuningi.
• A ubhubhane uhlobo lwesifo esiwubhadane eselunabele okungenani emazweni amathathu esifundeni se-WHO.

Usilungiselela kanjani ubhadane?

Ubhadane lungaba yisikhathi esingaqinisekile kubantu abaningi emhlabeni jikelele. Kodwa-ke, amathiphu okuvikela ubhadane angakusiza ukulungiselela ukusabalala kwesifo emhlabeni wonke:

Naka imibiko yezindaba evela ezinhlanganweni zezempilo

Ukuvuselelwa kwezindaba okuvela ku-WHO nakumaCenter for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) kunganikeza imininingwane ngokusabalala kwalesi sifo, kufaka phakathi ukuthi ungazivikela kanjani wena nomndeni wakho ngesikhathi sokuqubuka kwalesi sifo.

Izindaba zasendaweni zingakugcina wazi ngezomthetho omusha ophoqelelwa ngesikhathi sobhadane.

Gcina indlu yakho igcwele ukudla kwamaviki amabili kanye nezinto ezibalulekile

Ukwehliswa kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwabantu kungaphoqelelwa ngesikhathi sobhadane ukubamba noma ukunqanda ukusabalala kwesifo. Uma kungenzeka, gcina ikhishi lakho ligcwele ukudla okwanele nezinto ezibalulekile isikhathi esingamasonto amabili. Khumbula, asikho isidingo sokuqongelela noma sokuqoqa ngaphezu kwalokho ongakusebenzisa ngaphezu kwamasonto amabili.

Gcwalisa imiyalo yakho ngaphambi kwesikhathi

Kungasiza ukugcwaliswa kwemithi ngaphambi kwesikhathi esimweni sokuthi amakhemisi nezibhedlela zikhungatheke. Ukugcina izidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni kungasiza ekunciphiseni noma yiziphi izimpawu ongazithola uma unalesi sifo futhi udinga ukuzihlukanisela.

Yenza uhlelo lokuthi uzosebenzani uma kwenzeka ugula

Noma ulandela zonke izivumelwano ezinconywayo ngesikhathi sobhadane, kusekhona ithuba lokuthi ungagula. Khuluma nomndeni nabangane ngokuthi kuzokwenzekani uma ungagula, kufaka phakathi ukuthi ngubani ozokunakekela nokuthi kuzokwenzekani uma udinga ukwelashwa esibhedlela.

Ubhadane lwekhulu leminyaka elidlule

Sike sabhekana nemishayabhuqe eyisikhombisa ephawuleka njenge-COVID-19 kusukela ngo-1918. Ezinye zalezi zifo eziwubhadane ziye zahlukaniswa njengobhadane lwezifo, futhi zonke zibe nomthelela omubi kubantu ngandlela thile.

Ngo-1918 ubhadane lomkhuhlane (igciwane le-H1N1): 1918–1920

Ubhadane lomkhuhlane lwango-1918 lwadlula nemiphefumulo yabantu kusuka ezigidini ezingama-50 kuya kweziyikhulu emhlabeni jikelele.

Lokho okubizwa nge- "Spanish Flu" kubangelwe ukusabalala kusuka ezinyoni kuya kubantu. Abantu abaneminyaka engu-5 nangaphansi, 20 kuya ku-40, no-65 nangaphezulu bonke babhekene namazinga aphezulu okufa.

Ukuminyana ezindaweni zokwelashwa, imikhuba emibi yokukhucululwa kwendle, nokuntuleka kokudla okunomsoco kucatshangwa ukuthi kube nomthelela emazingeni aphezulu okufa.

Ngo-1957 ubhadane lomkhuhlane (igciwane le-H2N2): 1957-1958

Ubhadane lomkhuhlane lwango-1957 lwathatha impilo yabantu cishe emhlabeni wonke.

“Umkhuhlane wase-Asia” ubangelwe yigciwane le-H2N2 nalo elisabalale lisuka ezinyonini liya kubantu. Lolu hlobo lomkhuhlane luphakathi kwabantu abaneminyaka ephakathi kwengu-5 nengu-39, iningi lazo zenzeka ezinganeni ezincane nasebusheni.

Ubhadane lomkhuhlane lwango-1968 (igciwane le-H3N2): 1968–1969

Ngo-1968, igciwane le-H3N2, kwesinye isikhathi elibizwa nge- “Hong Kong Flu,” lalingelinye lomkhuhlane owathatha izimpilo zabantu emhlabeni jikelele.

Lo mkhuhlane wabangelwa yigciwane le-H3N2 elaziguqula lisuka kuleligciwane le-H2N2 kusukela ngonyaka we-1957.

SARS-CoV: 2002–2003

Ukuqubuka kwe-coronavirus yakwaSARS yango-2002 kwakuwumqedazwe wegciwane lesifo samaphaphu owabulala abantu abangaphezu kwama-770 emhlabeni jikelele.

Ukuqubuka kwaSARS kudalwe yi-coronavirus entsha enomthombo wokudlulisa ongaziwa. Ukutheleleka okuningi ngesikhathi sokuqubuka kwaqala eChina kodwa kwagcina kusabalale kwaya eHong Kong nakwamanye amazwe emhlabeni jikelele.

I-Swine Flu (igciwane le-H1N1pdm09): 2009

Ukuqubuka kweSwine Flu ka-2009 kwaba ubhadane lomkhuhlane olandelayo olwabangela ukufa kwabantu kwenye indawo emhlabeni jikelele.

I-Swine Flu yabangelwa okunye okwahluka okuvela ezingulubeni kwagcina kwasabalala ngokuxhumana komuntu nomuntu.

Kutholakale ukuthi ingxenye yabantu abaneminyaka engama-60 nangaphezulu isivele inama-antibody alwa naleli gciwane ekuqubukeni komkhuhlane owedlule. Lokhu kuholele ekutheni kube namaphesenti aphezulu okutheleleka ezinganeni nasebancane.

I-MERS-CoV: 2012-2013

I-MERS coronavirus ka-2012 idale isifo esibonakala ngezifo ezinzima zokuphefumula esasithatha nemiphefumulo yabantu abangu-858, ikakhulu ePeninsula yase-Arabia.

Ukuqubuka kwe-MERS kubangelwe yi-coronavirus esakazeke isuka emthonjeni wezilwane ongaziwa iye kubantu. Ukuqubuka kwaqala futhi kwakuqukethwe ngokuyinhloko ePeninsula yase-Arabia.

Ukuqubuka kwe-MERS kube nezinga lokufa eliphakeme kakhulu kunokuqhambuka kwangaphambilini kwe-coronavirus.

I-Ebola: 2014-2016

Ukuqubuka kwe-Ebola ka-2014 kubandakanye ubhadane lomkhuhlane wokopha olwathatha izimpilo zabantu, ikakhulukazi eNtshonalanga Afrika.

Ukuqhamuka kwe-Ebola kubangelwe yigciwane le-Ebola okucatshangwa ukuthi ekuqaleni belidluliselwa lisuka kubantu. Yize lesi sifo saqala eNtshonalanga Afrika, sasakazekela emazweni ayisishiyagalombili esewonke.

I-COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2): 2019 – iyaqhubeka

Ukuqubuka kwe-2019 COVID-19 wubhadane lwegciwane oluqhubekayo njengamanje. Lesi yisifo esisha esidalwa yi-coronavirus ebingaziwa phambilini, i-SARS-CoV-2. Izinga lokutheleleka, izinga lokufa, nezinye izibalo zisakhula.

Ukulungiselela ubhadane ngumzamo womphakathi sonke esingabamba iqhaza kuwo ukunciphisa umthelela wokugula emiphakathini yethu nasemhlabeni jikelele.

Ungathola izibuyekezo ezibukhoma kubhadane lwamanje lwe-COVID-19 lapha. Vakashela ihabhu yethu ye-coronavirus ukuthola eminye imininingwane mayelana nezimpawu, ukwelashwa nokuthi ungazilungiselela kanjani.

Ukuthatha

Lapho kuvela isifo esisha, kungenzeka ukuthi kube khona ubhadane, olusakazeka emhlabeni jikelele lwalesi sifo. Sekube nokuqubuka kwezifo eziningi nobhadane emlandweni wakamuva, kufaka phakathi ubhadane lomkhuhlane lwango-1918, ukuqubuka kweSARS-CoV ngo-2003, futhi muva nje, ubhadane lwe-COVID-19.

Kunezinto esingazenza sonke ukulungiselela ukubheduka kwesifo esingaba khona, futhi kubalulekile ukuthi sonke silandele izinyathelo ezifanele zokunciphisa noma ukunqanda ukusakazeka kwalesi sifo esisha.

Ngeminye imininingwane yokuthi ungayenza kanjani ingxenye yakho ukunciphisa ukusabalala kwe-COVID-19, chofoza lapha ukuthola imihlahlandlela yamanje.