I-Euthanasia: Ukuqonda amaqiniso

-Delile

• Ingabe kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene?
• Ukuzibulala okusizwayo kuqhathaniswa ne-euthanasia
• Iyasebenza uma kuqhathaniswa nokwenziwa
• Ngokuzithandela kuqhathaniswa nokungazinikeli
• Ingabe ukubulawa kwesiguli kungokomthetho?
• Amaqiniso we-Euthanasia
• Imibono
• Ukudlanga
• Impikiswano ezungeze ukubulawa kwesiguli
• Isimilo nenkolo
• Ukwahlulela kodokotela
• Ukuziphatha
• Ukuzikhethela
• Amathiphu wokwenza isinqumo

Kuyini ukubulawa kwesiguli?

I-Euthanasia isho ukuqeda ngamabomu impilo yomuntu, imvamisa ukukhulula ukuhlupheka. Odokotela kwesinye isikhathi benza ukubulawa kwesiguli lapho kucelwa abantu abanesifo esingalapheki futhi abasezinhlungwini eziningi.

Kuyinkqubo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ifaka phakathi ukukala izinto eziningi. Imithetho yendawo, impilo yomuntu ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo, nezinkolelo nezifiso zabo siqu konke kudlala indima.

Funda ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-euthanasia, ukuthi zisetshenziswa nini, nokuthi zisemthethweni kuphi.

Ingabe kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene?

Kunezinhlobo eziningana zokubulawa kwesiguli. Okukhethiwe kuncike ezintweni ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi umbono womuntu kanye nezinga lokwazi.

Ukuzibulala okusizwayo kuqhathaniswa ne-euthanasia

Ukuzibulala okusizwayo kwesinye isikhathi kubizwa ngokuzibulala okusizwa ngodokotela (PAS). I-PAS isho ukuthi udokotela usiza umuntu aziqede ngempilo yakhe. Lo muntu kungenzeka ukuthi uhlangabezana nokuhlupheka okuphikelelayo nokungapheli. Kungenzeka nokuthi bathole ukuthi banezifo ezibulalayo. Udokotela wabo uzonquma indlela ephumelela kunazo zonke, engenabuhlungu.

Ezimweni ezithile, odokotela bazonikeza abantu umuthi abangawuthatha ukuqeda impilo yabo. Umthamo obulalayo wama-opioid, ngokwesibonelo, ungabekelwa lokhu. Ekugcineni, kukumuntu onqumayo ukuthi uyayidla yini le mishanguzo.

Nge-euthanasia, udokotela uvunyelwe ukuqeda impilo yomuntu ngezindlela ezingenabuhlungu. Isibonelo, umjovo womuthi obulalayo ungasetshenziswa.

Iyasebenza uma kuqhathaniswa nokwenziwa

Lapho abantu abaningi becabanga nge-euthanasia, bacabanga ngodokotela oqeda ngqo impilo yomuntu. Lokhu kwaziwa njenge-euthanasia esebenzayo. Ukunikeza umuntu isilinganiso esibulalayo sokuthambisa kubhekwa njenge-euthanasia esebenzayo.

I-euthanasia engenzi lutho kwesinye isikhathi ichazwa njengokugodla noma ukukhawula ukwelashwa okusekela impilo ukuze umuntu adlule ngokushesha okukhulu. Udokotela futhi anganikeza imithamo ebandayo yemithi yokubulala izinhlungu. Isikhathi esengeziwe, amanani angaba nobuthi.

Lokhu kwenza umehluko phakathi kwe-euthanasia kanye nokunakekelwa kwe-palliative kufiphaze. Ukunakekelwa okunciphisayo kugxile ekugcineni abantu bekhululeke ngangokunokwenzeka ekupheleni kwempilo yabo.

Isibonelo, udokotela onakekelayo opholile angavumela umuntu osondela ekufeni ukuthi ayeke ukuthatha umuthi obanga imiphumela emibi. Kwezinye izimo, bangavumela umuntu ukuthi athathe umthamo ophakeme kakhulu wemithi yezinhlungu ukwelapha ubuhlungu obukhulu. Lokhu kuvame ukuba yingxenye ejwayelekile yokunakekelwa okuhle kokuthokomala. Abaningi abakubheki njengokugula.

Ngokuzithandela kuqhathaniswa nokungazinikeli

Uma othile enza isinqumo esiqondile sokufuna usizo ngokuqeda impilo yakhe, kuthathwa njengokuzithandela kwesibindi. Umuntu kufanele anikeze imvume yakhe ephelele futhi akhombise ukuthi ukuqonda ngokuphelele okuzokwenzeka.

I-euthanasia engazibandakanyi ifaka omunye umuntu owenza isinqumo sokuqeda impilo yomuntu. Ilungu lomndeni eliseduze livame ukuthatha isinqumo. Lokhu kuvame ukwenziwa lapho othile equlekile ngokuphelele noma ekhubazeke unomphela. Imvamisa kufaka ukubulawa kwesiguli okwenzekile, njengokuhoxisa ukwesekwa kwempilo kumuntu ongakhombisi zimpawu zomsebenzi wobuchopho.

Ingabe ukubulawa kwesiguli kungokomthetho?

Abantu baye baphikisana ngokuziphatha kanye nokuba semthethweni kwe-euthanasia ne-PAS amakhulu eminyaka. Namuhla, imithetho ephathelene ne-euthanasia ne-PAS yehlukile ezifundazweni nakwamanye amazwe.

E-United States, i-PAS isemthethweni ku:

• Washington
• Oregon
• California
• IColorado
• IMontana
• I-Vermont
• IWashington, D.C.
• IHawaii (kusukela ngo-2019)

Isifunda ngasinye kulezi kanye neWashington, DC sinezidingo ezahlukahlukene zomthetho. Akuwona wonke amacala we-PAS asemthethweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundazwe eziningi njengamanje zinezinyathelo ze-PAS kumavoti asemthethweni, ngakho-ke lolu hlu lungakhula.

Ngaphandle kwe-United States, i-PAS isemthethweni ku:

• ISwitzerland
• EJalimane
• EJapan

I-Euthanasia, kufaka phakathi i-PAS, isemthethweni emazweni amaningana, kufaka phakathi:

• abase Netherlands
• IBelgium
• I-Luxembourg
• EColombia
• ECanada

Amaqiniso we-Euthanasia

Ukubulawa kwesiguli kuyisihloko senkulumompikiswano eqhubekayo. Kube nenani elihle locwaningo olwenziwe ngemibono yabantu ngalo nokuthi lisetshenziswa kaningi kangakanani.

Imibono

I-poll ka-2013 ku-New England Journal of Medicine yathola ukuthi abantu abangamaphesenti angama-65 emazweni angama-74 babephikisana ne-PAS. E-United States, amaphesenti angama-67 abantu ayephikisana nayo.

Kodwa-ke, iningi emazweni ayi-11 kwangu-74 avotele iPAS. Futhi, iningi labavoti emazweni ase-18 ase-US likhombise ukwesekwa kwe-PAS. IWashington ne-Oregon, eyayigunyaze i-PAS ngesikhathi sokuvota, yayingekho phakathi kwalezi zifundazwe eziyi-18. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi imibono mayelana ne-euthanasia ne-PAS ishintsha ngokushesha.

Ngo-2017, inhlolovo kaGallup yathola ushintsho olukhulu ezimweni zengqondo e-United States. Cishe izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zabantu abahloliwe zisekela ukubulawa kwesiguli. Amanye amaphesenti angama-67 athe odokotela kufanele bavunyelwe ukusiza iziguli ezizibulalayo.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, isifundo esenziwa e-United Kingdom sathola ukuthi iningi lodokotela lalingahambisani nokubulawa kwesiguli ngokuzithandela ne-PAS. Ukuphikisa kwabo okuyinhloko kwakususelwa ezindabeni ezingokwenkolo.

Ukudlanga

Emazweni lapho kusemthethweni khona, ukutholakala kwesifo sokubulawa kwesiguli kutholakala ngamaphesenti angu-0.3 kuya ku-4.6 wokufa kwabantu. Amaphesenti angaphezu kwama-70 alabo bantu abashonile ayehlobene nomdlavuza.

Ukubuyekeza kutholakale nokuthi eWashington nase-Oregon, odokotela babhala ngaphansi kwamaphesenti ayi-1 emiyalelo yokuzibulala okusizwayo.

Impikiswano ezungeze ukubulawa kwesiguli

Kunezimpikiswano eziningi zombili nangokuphikisana nokubulawa kwesiguli ne-PAS. Iningi lalezi zimpikiswano liwela ezigabeni ezine eziyinhloko:

Isimilo nenkolo

Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuthi ukubulawa kwesiguli ukubulala futhi bakuthola kungamukeleki ngezizathu zokuziphatha. Abaningi baphikisana nokuthi amandla wokunquma ukufa kwakho enza buthakathaka ubungcwele bempilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasonto amaningi, amaqembu ezenkolo, nezinhlangano zezenkolo ziphikisana nokubulawa kwesiguli ngezizathu ezifanayo.

Ukwahlulela kodokotela

I-PAS isemthethweni kuphela uma othile ekwazi ngokwengqondo ukukhetha. Kodwa-ke, ukunquma amandla engqondo omuntu akuqondile kakhulu. Omunye uthole ukuthi odokotela abakwazi ngaso sonke isikhathi ukubona lapho umuntu elungele ukwenza isinqumo.

Ukuziphatha

Abanye odokotela nabaphikisana ne-PAS bakhathazekile ngezinkinga zokuziphatha odokotela abangabhekana nazo. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-2 500, odokotela bathathe isifungo sikaHippocratic. Lesi sifungo sikhuthaza odokotela ukuthi banakekele futhi bangalokothi balimaze labo abangaphansi kwabo.

Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi isifungo seHippocratic siyayisekela i-PAS ngoba siphela ukuhlupheka futhi asilethi monakalo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, enye impikiswano ibangela ukulimala kumuntu nakubathandekayo bakhe, okufanele babuke othandekayo wabo ehlupheka.

Ukuzikhethela

“Ukufa ngesithunzi” yinhlangano ekhuthaza izishayamthetho ukuthi zivumele abantu ukuthi banqume ukuthi bafuna ukufa kanjani. Abanye abantu bamane abafuni ukudlula enkambweni ende yokufa, imvamisa ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngomthwalo obeka kubathandekayo babo.

Amathiphu wokwenza isinqumo

Ukwenza izinqumo mayelana ne-PAS ngokwakho noma kothandekayo kunzima kakhulu, noma ngabe wonke umuntu evumelana ngokuphelele.

INational Hospice and Palliative Care Organisation inikeza izinsiza eziningi zamahhala kuwebhusayithi yabo ngohlelo lwabo lweCaringInfo. Lolu hlelo lwenzelwe ukusiza abantu ukuthi bahambe ezindabeni eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuphela kwempilo, kusuka emithethweni yombuso ukuya ekutholeni ukwesekwa okungokomoya.

INational Institute on Aging nayo inezinsizakusebenza ezinhle. Banikela ngemibuzo ebalulekile okufanele bayibuze nezeluleko zokukhuluma nodokotela nabanye ochwepheshe bezokwelapha ngokunakekelwa kokuphela kwempilo.