Ukwelashwa komdlavuza

Uma unomdlavuza, udokotela wakho uzoncoma indlela eyodwa noma eziningi zokwelapha lesi sifo. Izindlela zokwelapha ezivame kakhulu ukuhlinzwa, ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali nokwelashwa ngemisebe. Ezinye izinketho zifaka ukwelashwa okuqondisiwe, i-immunotherapy, i-laser, i-hormonal therapy, nokunye. Nasi ukubuka konke kwezindlela zokwelashwa ezahlukahlukene zomdlavuza nokuthi zisebenza kanjani.

Ukuhlinzwa

Ukuhlinzwa kuyindlela ejwayelekile yokwelapha izinhlobo eziningi zomdlavuza. Ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa, udokotela ohlinzayo ukhipha isisindo samangqamuzana anomdlavuza (isimila) nezinye izicubu eziseduze. Kwesinye isikhathi, kwenziwa ukuhlinzwa ukukhulula imiphumela emibi ebangwa yisimila.

Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali

I-Chemotherapy isho izidakamizwa ezisetshenziselwa ukubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza. Izidakamizwa zinganikezwa ngomlomo noma emthanjeni wegazi (IV). Izinhlobo ezahlukene zemithi zinganikezwa ndawonye ngasikhathi sinye noma ngokulandelana.

Imisebe

Ukwelashwa ngemisebe kusebenzisa ama-x-ray, izinhlayiya, noma imbewu enomsakazo ukubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza. Amaseli womdlavuza akhula futhi ahlukane ngokushesha kunamaseli ajwayelekile emzimbeni. Ngoba imisebe iyingozi kakhulu kumaseli akhula ngokushesha, ukwelashwa ngemisebe kulimaza amangqamuzana omdlavuza ngaphezu kwamaseli ajwayelekile. Lokhu kuvimbela amangqamuzana omdlavuza ukuthi angakhuli futhi ahlukane, futhi kuholele ekufeni kweseli.

Izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokwelashwa ngemisebe yilezi:

• Ugongolo lwangaphandle. Leli ifomu elivame kakhulu. Ihlose ama-x-ray noma izinhlayiya ku-tumor evela ngaphandle komzimba.
• Ugongolo lwangaphakathi. Leli fomu liletha imisebe ngaphakathi komzimba wakho. Inganikezwa ngembewu enemisebe efakwa ngaphakathi noma eduze kwesimila; uketshezi noma iphilisi oligwinyayo; noma ngomthambo (ngemithambo, noma nge-IV).

Imithi Eqondisiwe

Ukwelashwa okuhlosiwe kusebenzisa imishanguzo ukunqanda umdlavuza ukuthi ungakhuli futhi usabalale. Ukwenza lokhu kungalimazi kangako kumaseli ajwayelekile kunezinye izindlela zokwelapha.

I-chemotherapy ejwayelekile isebenza ngokubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza namaseli athile ajwayelekile. Ukwelashwa okubhekiswe ku-zeroes kokuhlosiwe okuthile (ama-molecule) kumaseli womdlavuza. Lezi zinhloso zibamba iqhaza ekutheni amangqamuzana omdlavuza akhula futhi aphile kanjani. Kusetshenziswa lezi zinhloso, umuthi ukhubaza amangqamuzana omdlavuza ukuze angakwazi ukusabalala.

Imithi yokwelashwa ehlosiwe isebenza ngezindlela ezimbalwa ezihlukile. Bangase:

• Vala inqubo kumaseli womdlavuza abangela ukuba akhule futhi asakazeke
• Qalisa amangqamuzana omdlavuza ukuba afe ngokwawo
• Bulala amaseli womdlavuza ngqo

Imithi ehlosiwe inikezwa njengephilisi noma i-IV.

I-Immunotherapy

I-Immunotherapy wuhlobo lokwelashwa komdlavuza oluthembele ekhonweni lomzimba lokulwa nokutheleleka (amasosha omzimba). Isebenzisa izinto ezenziwe ngumzimba noma elebhu ukusiza amasosha omzimba asebenze kanzima noma ngendlela ebhekiswe kakhulu ukulwa nomdlavuza. Lokhu kusiza umzimba wakho ukususa amaseli omdlavuza.

I-Immunotherapy isebenza ngo:

• Ukumisa noma ukubambezela ukukhula kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza
• Ukuvimbela umdlavuza ukuthi usabalalele kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba
• Ukukhuthaza amandla omzimba wokuqeda amaseli omdlavuza

Le mithi yenzelwe ukufuna nokuhlasela izingxenye ezithile zeseli yomdlavuza. Abanye banobuthi noma izinto ezinemisebe enamathiselwe kuzo. I-immunotherapy inikezwa yi-IV.

Ukwelashwa kweHormonal

Ukwelashwa kweHormone kusetshenziselwa ukwelapha umdlavuza obangelwa ngamahomoni, njengebele, i-prostate, nomdlavuza wama-ovari. Isebenzisa ukuhlinza, noma izidakamizwa ukumisa noma ukuvimba ama-hormone emvelo omzimba. Lokhu kusiza ukunciphisa ukukhula kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza. Ukuhlinzwa kubandakanya ukukhipha izitho ezenza ama-hormone: amaqanda noma amasende. Izidakamizwa zinikezwa ngomjovo noma ngamaphilisi.

Umfutho wegazi ophezulu

I-Hyperthermia isebenzisa ukushisa ukulimaza nokubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza ngaphandle kokulimaza amaseli ajwayelekile.

Ingasetshenziselwa:

• Indawo encane yamaseli, njengesimila
• Izingxenye zomzimba, ezifana nesitho noma isitho
• Umzimba wonke

Ukushisa kukhishwa kumshini ongaphandle komzimba noma ngenaliti noma iphenyo ebekwe kulesimila.

Ukwelashwa Kwe-Laser

Ukwelashwa kwe-Laser kusebenzisa ukukhanya okuncane kakhulu, okugxile ekubhubhiseni amangqamuzana omdlavuza. Ukwelashwa nge-Laser kungasetshenziselwa:

• Bhubhisa izicubu kanye neziqu ezingapholi
• Nciphisa izicubu ezivimbela isisu, ikholoni, noma isophahla
• Siza ukwelapha izimpawu zomdlavuza, njengokuphuma kwegazi
• Vala ukuphela kwezinzwa ngemuva kokuhlinzwa ukunciphisa izinhlungu
• Vala imikhumbi ye-lymph ngemuva kokuhlinzwa ukunciphisa ukuvuvukala nokugcina amangqamuzana wesimila angasakazeki

Ukwelashwa nge-Laser kuvame ukunikezwa ngeshubhu encane, ekhanyisiwe efakwa ngaphakathi komzimba. Imicu emincane ekugcineni kwethubhu iqondisa ukukhanya kumaseli womdlavuza. Ama-Lasers nawo asetshenziswa esikhumbeni.

Ama-Lasers avame ukusetshenziswa nezinye izinhlobo zokwelashwa komdlavuza njenge-radiation kanye ne-chemotherapy.

Ukwelashwa kwe-Photodynamic

Ekwelashweni kwe-photodynamic, umuntu uthola isibhamu somuthi esizwelana nohlobo olukhethekile lokukhanya. Isidakamizwa sihlala kumaseli omdlavuza isikhathi eside kunokuhlala kumaseli aphilile. Ngemuva kwalokho, udokotela uqondisa ukukhanya ku-laser noma komunye umthombo kumaseli womdlavuza. Ukukhanya kuguqula umuthi ube yinto ebulala amaseli womdlavuza.

I-Cryotherapy

Ebizwa nangokuthi i-cryosurgery, le therapy isebenzisa igesi ebanda kakhulu ukubamba nokubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza. Ngezinye izikhathi kusetshenziselwa ukwelapha amaseli angahle aphenduke umdlavuza (abizwa ngokuthi amaseli wangaphambi komdlavuza) esikhunjeni noma emlonyeni wesibeletho, isibonelo. Odokotela bangasebenzisa futhi ithuluzi elikhethekile ukuletha i-cryotherapy kwizicubu ngaphakathi emzimbeni, njengesibindi noma i-prostate.

Iwebhusayithi yeAmerican Cancer Society. Ukwelashwa nemiphumela engemihle. www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects.html. Kufinyelelwe ngoNovemba 11, 2019.

UDoroshow JH. Sondela esigulini esinomdlavuza. Ku: IGoldman L, iSchafer AI, ama-eds. Imithi yeGoldman-Cecil. Umhla ka-26. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 169.

Iwebhusayithi yeNational Cancer Institute. Izinhlobo zokwelashwa komdlavuza. www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types. Kufinyelelwe ngoNovemba 11, 2019.

• Umdlavuza