Isimila

Isimila ukukhula okungajwayelekile kwezicubu zomzimba. Izicubu zingaba nomdlavuza (zibulale) noma zingabi nomdlavuza (zibe nobungozi).

Ngokuvamile, izimila zenzeka lapho amaseli ehlukana futhi ekhula ngokweqile emzimbeni. Imvamisa, umzimba ulawula ukukhula kweseli nokuhlukana. Amaseli amasha adalelwa ukumiselela amadala noma ukwenza imisebenzi emisha. Amaseli alimele noma angasadingeki ayafa ukuze enze indawo yokufakwa esikhundleni okunempilo.

Uma ibhalansi yokukhula kwamaseli nokufa iphazamiseka, kungahle kube nesimila.

Izinkinga zesistimu yomzimba yokuzivikela zingadala izicubu. Ugwayi ubangela ukufa kwabantu abaningi ngenxa yomdlavuza kunanoma iyiphi enye into engokwemvelo. Ezinye izinto eziyingozi zomdlavuza zifaka:

• I-Benzene namanye amakhemikhali nobuthi
• Ukuphuza kakhulu utshwala
• Ubuthi bezemvelo, njengamakhowe athile anobuthi nohlobo lobuthi olungakhula ezitshalweni zamantongomane (aflatoxins)
• Ukuvezwa yilanga ngokweqile
• Izinkinga zofuzo
• Ukukhuluphala ngokweqile
• Ukuvezwa kwemisebe
• Amagciwane

Izinhlobo zezimila ezaziwa ukuthi zibangelwa noma zixhunyaniswe namagciwane yilezi:

• IBurkitt lymphoma (igciwane le-Epstein-Barr)
• Umdlavuza wesibeletho (i-human papillomavirus)
• Iningi lomdlavuza we-anal (i-human papillomavirus)
• Eminye imidlavuza yomphimbo, kufaka phakathi ulwanga oluthambile, isisekelo solimi namathoni (i-human papillomavirus)
• Eminye imidlavuza yesitho sangasese sowesifazane, i-vulvar, ne-penile (i-human papillomavirus)
• Amanye umdlavuza wesibindi (amagciwane e-hepatitis B ne-hepatitis C)
• I-Kaposi sarcoma (i-herpesvirus yabantu 8)
• I-T-cell leukemia / lymphoma yabantu abadala (i-human T-lymphotropic virus-1)
• I-Merkel cell carcinoma (i-Merkel cell polyomavirus)
• Umdlavuza weNasopharyngeal (igciwane le-Epstein-Barr)

Ezinye izicubu zivame kakhulu ocansini olulodwa kunezinye. Ezinye zivame kakhulu ezinganeni noma kubantu abadala asebekhulile. Ezinye zihlobene nokudla, imvelo, nomlando womndeni.

Izimpawu zincike ohlotsheni nasendaweni yesimila. Isibonelo, izicubu zamaphaphu zingadala ukukhwehlela, ukuphefumula okuncane, noma ubuhlungu besifuba. Izimila zekholoni zingadala ukwehla kwesisindo, isifo sohudo, ukuqunjelwa, ukushoda nge-iron anemia, kanye negazi esitokisini.

Ezinye izicubu kungenzeka zingabangeli zimpawu. Eminye, njengomdlavuza wokuqopha noma we-pancreatic, AKUVAMILE ukudala izimpawu kuze kube yilapho isifo sesifikile esigabeni esiphakeme.

Izimpawu ezilandelayo zingavela ngezicubu:

• Imfiva noma amakhaza
• Ukukhathala
• Ukuphelelwa isifiso sokudla
• Ukujuluka ebusuku
• Ukwehla kwesisindo
• Ubuhlungu

Umhlinzeki wakho wezokunakekelwa kwempilo angabona isimila, esifana nesikhumba noma umdlavuza womlomo. Kodwa iningi lomdlavuza alikwazi ukubonwa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa ngoba lijulile ngaphakathi emzimbeni.

Lapho kutholakala isimila, kususwa ucezu lwethishu bese luhlolwa ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi-biopsy. Kwenziwa ukuthola ukuthi isimila asinomdlavuza (sinobuthi) noma sinomdlavuza (sibi). Ngokuya ngendawo yesimila, i-biopsy ingaba inqubo elula noma ukuhlinzwa okungathi sína.

Ukuskena i-CT noma i-MRI kungasiza ekutholeni indawo ngqo yesimila nokuthi sisabalale kangakanani. Olunye uvivinyo lokucabanga olubizwa nge-positron emission tomography (PET) lusetshenziselwa ukuthola izinhlobo ezithile zesimila.

Olunye uvivinyo olungenziwa lubandakanya:

• Ukuhlolwa kwegazi
• I-bone marrow biopsy (ngokuvamile i-lymphoma noma i-leukemia)
• I-x-ray yesifuba
• Qedela ukubalwa kwegazi (CBC)
• Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kwesibindi

Ukwelashwa kuyahlukahluka ngokuya nge:

• Uhlobo lwesimila
• Noma ngabe umdlavuza
• Indawo yesimila

Ungahle ungadingi ukwelashwa uma isimila si:

• Okungadabukisi (okuhle)
• Endaweni "ephephile" lapho engeke idale izimpawu noma izinkinga ngendlela isitho esisebenza ngayo

Ngezinye izikhathi izicubu ezinobungozi zingasuswa ngenxa yezizathu zezimonyo noma ukuthuthukisa izimpawu. Izicubu zeBenign eziseduze noma ebuchosheni zingasuswa ngenxa yendawo yazo noma umphumela olimazayo ezicutshini ezijwayelekile zobuchopho.

Uma isimila sinomdlavuza, ukwelashwa okungenzeka kungafaka:

• Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali
• Imisebe
• Ukuhlinzwa
• Ukwelashwa komdlavuza okuhlosiwe
• I-Immunotherapy
• Ezinye izinketho zokwelashwa

Ukuxilongwa komdlavuza kuvame ukudala ukukhathazeka okuningi futhi kungathinta impilo yonke yomuntu. Kunezinsizakusebenza eziningi zeziguli ezinomdlavuza.

Umbono wehluka kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zamathumba. Uma isimila sinobungozi, umbono ngokuvamile muhle kakhulu. Kepha isimila esinobuthi kwesinye isikhathi singadala izinkinga ezinkulu, njengasebuchosheni noma eduze.

Uma isimila sinomdlavuza, umphumela uncike ohlotsheni nesigaba sesimila lapho sitholwa. Amanye umdlavuza ungelapheka. Ezinye ezingelapheki zisengalashwa, kanti abantu bangaphila iminyaka eminingi benomdlavuza. Futhi ezinye izimila zisongela impilo ngokushesha.

IMisa; I-Neoplasm

Ukukhula kweBurstein E. Cellular kanye neoplasia. Ku: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, ama-eds. Sleisenger kanye neFordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. Umhla ka-11. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021: isahluko 1.

Iwebhusayithi yeNational Cancer Institute. Izimpawu zomdlavuza. www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/symptoms. Kubuyekezwe ngoMeyi 16, 2019. Kufinyelelwe ngoJulayi 12, 2020.

UNussbaum RL, McInnes RR, uWillard HF. I-Cancer genetics kanye ne-genomics. Ku: Nussbaum RL, McInnes RR, Willard HF, ama-eds. I-Thompson & Thompson Genetics kwezokwelapha. Umhlaka 8. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: isahluko 15.

Ipaki BH. I-Cancer biology kanye nezofuzo. Ku: IGoldman L, iSchafer AI, ama-eds. Imithi yeGoldman-Cecil. Umhla ka-26. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 171.