Ukuthuthuka kwabasenkulisa

Ukukhula okujwayelekile kwezenhlalo nezomzimba kwezingane ezineminyaka engama-3 kuya kwengu-6 ubudala kufaka phakathi izigaba eziningi.

Zonke izingane zikhula ngokuhlukile. Uma ukhathazekile ngokukhula kwengane yakho, khuluma nomhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwempilo yengane yakho.

UKUTHUTHUKISWA KOMZIMBA

Umntwana ojwayelekile oneminyaka emi-3 kuye kwengu-6:

• Kuzuza cishe amaphawundi ama-4 kuye kwayi-5 (1.8 kuye kuma-2.25 kilograms) ngonyaka
• Ikhula cishe ngamasentimitha ama-2 kuye kwayi-3 (5 kuye ku-7.5 amasentimitha) ngonyaka
• Inamazinyo ayisisekelo angama-20 ngeminyaka engu-3
• Unombono wama-20/20 ngeminyaka engu-4
• Ulala amahora ayi-11 kuya kwayi-13 ebusuku, imvamisa ngaphandle kokulala emini

Ukuthuthuka okukhulu kwezimoto ezineminyaka emithathu kuya kwengu-6 kufanele kufake phakathi:

• Ukuba nekhono lokugijima, ukugxuma, ukuphonsa kusenesikhathi nokukhahlela
• Ukubamba ibhola eligxotshiwe
• Ukuphehla ibhayisikili elinamasondo amathathu (eminyakeni emithathu); ukwazi ukuhamba kahle eminyakeni engaba ngu-4
• Ukulindela ngonyawo olulodwa (cishe eminyakeni engu-4), bese kuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ulinganise ngonyawo olulodwa kuze kube yimizuzwana emihlanu
• Ukwenza isithende-to-toe walk (eminyakeni yobudala engu-5)

Izinyathelo ezinhle zokuthuthukiswa kwezimoto ezineminyaka engaba ngu-3 kufanele zifake:

• Ukudweba umbuthano
• Ukudweba umuntu onezingxenye ezi-3
• Ukuqala ukusebenzisa isikelo sezingane esibuthuntu
• Ukuzigqokisa (ngokugadwa)

Izinyathelo ezinhle zokuthuthukiswa kwezimoto ezineminyaka engaba ngu-4 kufanele zifake:

• Ukudweba isikwele
• Kusetshenziswa isikelo, futhi ekugcineni kusikwe umugqa oqondile
• Ukugqoka izingubo kahle
• Ukuphatha isipuni nemfoloko ngobunono ngenkathi udla

Izinyathelo ezinhle zokuthuthukiswa kwezimoto ezineminyaka engaba ngu-5 kufanele zifake:

• Ukusabalalisa ngommese
• Ukudweba unxantathu

UKUTHUTHUKISWA KOLIMI

Umntwana oneminyaka emithathu usebenzisa:

• Amagama nezabizwana kufanele ngokufanele
• Imisho yamagama amathathu
• Amagama amaningi

Ingane eneminyaka engu-4 iqala uku:

• Qonda ubudlelwano besayizi
• Landela umyalo wezinyathelo ezintathu
• Bala uye ku-4
• Yisho imibala emi-4
• Jabulela imilolotelo nokudlala kwamagama

Uneminyaka emihlanu:

• Ukhombisa ukuqonda kwasekuqaleni kwemiqondo yesikhathi
• Kubalwa kuye ku-10
• Uyayazi inombolo yocingo
• Uphendula imibuzo "kungani"

Ukungingiza kungahle kwenzeke ekukhuleni kolimi okujwayelekile kwezingane ezineminyaka engu-3 kuye kwengu-4. Kwenzeka ngoba imibono ifika engqondweni ngokushesha kunokuba ingane ikwazi ukuyiveza, ikakhulukazi uma ingane icindezelekile noma ijabule.

Lapho ingane ikhuluma, naka ngokugcwele, ngokushesha. Ungaphawuli ngokungingiza. Cabanga ukuthi ingane ihlolwe ngudokotela wezinkulumo uma:

• Kunezinye izimpawu ezinamalimi, njengama-tics, ama-grimacing, noma ukuzethemba ngokweqile.
• Ukungingiza kuhlala isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinyanga eziyisithupha.

UKUZIPHATHA

Ingane yesikole ifunda amakhono omphakathi adingekayo ukudlala nokusebenza nezinye izingane. Njengoba isikhathi sihamba, ingane ikwazi kangcono ukubambisana nenani elikhudlwana lontanga. Yize izingane ezineminyaka emi-4 kuya kwemihlanu zingakwazi ukuqala ukudlala imidlalo enemithetho, imithetho kungenzeka iguquke, imvamisa ithanda ingane evelele.

Kuvamile eqenjini elincane lezingane zasenkulisa ukubona kuvela ingane evelele ethambekele ekuphatheni ezinye izingane ngaphandle kokumelana nayo.

Kujwayelekile ngabasenkulisa ukuthi bahlole imingcele yabo ngokomzimba, ngokuziphatha nangokomzwelo. Ukuba nendawo ephephile, ehlelekile lapho ungahlola futhi ubhekane nezinselelo ezintsha kubalulekile. Noma kunjalo, izingane zasenkulisa zidinga imikhawulo echazwe kahle.

Ingane kufanele ikhombise ukuqala, ilukuluku, isifiso sokuhlola, nokuzijabulisa ngaphandle kokuzizwa inecala noma ivinjelwe.

Ukuziphatha kwasekuqaleni kuyakhula njengoba izingane zifuna ukujabulisa abazali bazo nabanye ngokubaluleka. Lokhu kwaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi isigaba "somfana omuhle" noma "intombazane enhle".

Ukulandisa okuningana kungadlulela ekuqambeni amanga. Uma lokhu kungabhekwana nakho ngesikhathi seminyaka yasenkulisa, lokhu kuziphatha kungaqhubeka kuze kube seminyakeni yabantu abadala. Ukukhuluma ngomlomo noma ukukhuluma emuva kaningi kuyindlela yokuba izingane zasenkulisa zithole ukunakwa nempendulo evela kumuntu omdala.

UKUPHEPHA

Ukuphepha kubaluleke kakhulu kwabasenkulisa.

• Abasafunda esikoleni bahamba kakhulu futhi bayakwazi ukungena ngokushesha ezimweni eziyingozi. Ukuqapha kwabazali kulesi sikhathi kubalulekile, njengoba kwakunjalo nangeminyaka yokuqala.
• Ukuphepha kwezimoto kubalulekile. Umuntu ofunda esikoleni kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi afake ibhande futhi abe esihlalweni semoto esifanele lapho egibela emotweni. Kule minyaka izingane zingagibela nabazali bezinye izingane. Kubalulekile ukubuyekeza imithetho yakho yokuphepha kwezimoto nabanye okungenzeka ukuthi bagade ingane yakho.
• Ukuwa kuyimbangela enkulu yokulimala kwabasenkulisa. Ukukhuphukela ezindaweni eziphakeme nezintsha, izingane ezisafunda esikoleni zingawela ezintweni zokudlala, emabhayisikili, ezansi ezitebhisini, ezihlahleni, ngaphandle kwamafasitela nasophahleni. Iminyango yokukhiya enikeza ukufinyelela ezindaweni eziyingozi (njengophahla, amafasitela asophahleni, nezitebhisi ezisezingeni eliphakeme). Yiba nemithetho eqinile yengane yesikole mayelana nezindawo ezingavunyelwe.
• Amakhishi ayindawo ephambili lapho izingane zasenkulisa zishiswa khona, noma ngabe uzama ukusiza ukupheka noma ukuxhumana nemishini esashisayo. Khuthaza ingane ukuthi isize ukupheka noma ifunde amakhono okupheka ngezindlela zokupheka zokudla okubandayo. Iba neminye imisebenzi ezothokoziswa yingane egumbini eliseduze ngenkathi upheka. Gcina ingane kude nesitofu, ukudla okushisayo, nezinye izinto zokusebenza.
• Gcina yonke imikhiqizo yasekhaya nemithi kukhiyiwe ngokuphepha lapho izingane ezingafunda khona zingafinyeleli khona. Yazi inombolo yesikhungo sakho sendawo sokulawula ubuthi. I-National Poison Control Hotline (1-800-222-1222) ingashayelwa kusuka kunoma yikuphi e-United States. Shayela uma unemibuzo mayelana nobuthi noma ukuvimbela ubuthi. Akudingeki ukuthi kube yisimo esiphuthumayo. Ungashayela nganoma yisiphi isizathu, amahora angama-24 ngosuku, izinsuku eziyi-7 ngeviki.

AMACEBISO OKUKHULISA ABAZALI

• Isikhathi se-TV noma sesikrini kufanele sikhawulelwe emahoreni ama-2 ngosuku wezinhlelo zekhwalithi.
• Ukuthuthukiswa kwendima yezocansi kusekelwe eminyakeni encane. Kubalulekile ukuthi ingane ibe nezibonelo ezifanele zabo bobubili ubulili. Abazali abangabodwa kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi ingane inethuba lokuchitha isikhathi nesihlobo noma umngane wobulili obuhlukile bomzali. Ungalokothi ugxeke ngomunye umzali. Lapho ingane idlala ngocansi noma ihlolwa nontanga, iqondise kabusha umdlalo bese utshela ingane ukuthi ayifanele. Ungayihlazisi ingane. Lokhu ilukuluku lemvelo.
• Ngenxa yokuthi amakhono olimi akhula masinyane enkulisa, kubalulekile ukuthi abazali bafundele ingane futhi bakhulume nayo njalo usuku lonke.
• Ukuqondiswa kwezigwegwe kufanele kunikeze ithuba lokufunda esikoleni ukuthi lenze izinqumo futhi libhekane nezinselelo ezintsha ngenkathi kugcinwa imikhawulo ecacile. Ukwakheka kubalulekile kwengane esenkulisa. Ukuba nenqubo yansuku zonke (kufaka phakathi imisebenzi efanele iminyaka yobudala) kungasiza ingane ukuthi izizwe njengengxenye ebalulekile yomndeni futhi ithuthukise ukuzethemba. Ingane ingadinga izikhumbuzo nokugadwa ukuze iqede imisebenzi. Yazi futhi uvume lapho ingane iziphatha kahle, noma yenza umsebenzi ngendlela efanele noma ngaphandle kwezikhumbuzi ezingeziwe. Thatha isikhathi sokubheka futhi uvuze ukuziphatha okuhle.
• Kusukela eminyakeni engu-4 kuye kwengu-5, izingane eziningi zibuye zikhulume. Bhekisa lezi zimilo ngaphandle kokuphendula emagameni noma ezimweni zengqondo. Uma ingane izwa ukuthi la mazwi azoyinika amandla phezu komzali, isimilo sizoqhubeka. Imvamisa kunzima ngabazali ukuhlala bezolile ngenkathi bezama ukubhekana nokuziphatha.
• Lapho ingane iqala isikole, abazali kufanele bakhumbule ukuthi kungaba nomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezingane ezineminyaka engu-5 kuye kwengu-6 ngokuya kwesikhathi sokunaka, ukulungela ukufunda, namakhono amahle emoto. Kokubili umzali okhathazeke ngokweqile (okhathazeke ngamakhono engane ehamba kancane) kanye nomzali ovelele ngokweqile (amakhono okusunduza ukwenza ingane ithuthuke kakhulu) angalimaza inqubekela phambili ejwayelekile yengane esikoleni.

Amarekhodi entuthuko - iminyaka emi-3 kuye kwengu-6; Kahle ingane - iminyaka emi-3 kuye kwengu-6

• Ukuthuthuka kwabasenkulisa

Iwebhusayithi yaseAmerican Academy of Pediatrics. Izincomo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo kokuvikela izingane. www.aap.org/en-us/Documents/periodicity_schedule.pdf. Kubuyekezwe uFebhuwari 2017. Kufinyelelwe ngoNovemba 14, 2018.

Feigelman S. Iminyaka yasenkulisa. Ku: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St Geme JW, Schor NF, ama-eds. Incwadi kaNelson Yezingane. Umhla ka-20. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: isahluko 12.

UMarcdante KJ, uKliegman RM. Ukuthuthuka okujwayelekile. Ku: UMarcdante KJ, uKliegman RM, ama-eds. UNelson Essentials Pediatrics. Umhlaka 8. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019: isahluko 7.