Ukuhlola nokuxilonga i-HIV

Ngokuvamile, ukuhlolwa kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi (i-HIV) kuyinqubo yezinyathelo ezimbili ebandakanya ukuhlolwa kokuhlolwa nokuhlolwa kokulandelwa.

Ukuhlolelwa i-HIV kungenziwa ngalokhu:

• Ukudweba igazi emthanjeni
• Isampula yegazi elihlaba ngomunwe
• I-swab yomlomo yomlomo
• Isampula yomchamo

UKUHLOLA IZIVIVINYO

Lokhu ukuhlolwa okuhlola ukuthi ungenwe yini yi-HIV. Ukuhlolwa okuvame kakhulu kuchazwe ngezansi.

Ukuhlolwa kwama-antibody (okubizwa nangokuthi i-immunoassay) kubheka amasosha omzimba egciwane le-HIV. Umhlinzeki wakho wezokunakekelwa kwempilo angaku-oda ukuhlolwa ukuthi ukwenze elebhu. Noma, kungenzeka ukuthi ukwenzile esikhungweni sokuhlola noma usebenzise ikithi lasekhaya. Lezi zivivinyo zingathola amasosha omzimba aqala emasontweni ambalwa ngemuva kokutheleleka ngegciwane. Ukuhlolwa kwama-antibody kungenziwa kusetshenziswa:

• Igazi - Lokhu kuhlolwa kwenziwa ngokudonsa igazi emthanjeni, noma ngomunwe. Ukuhlolwa kwegazi kunembe kakhulu ngoba igazi linezinga lama-antibodies eliphakeme kunamanye uketshezi lomzimba.
• Uketshezi lomlomo - Lokhu kuhlolwa kubheka amasosha omzimba kumaseli omlomo. Kwenziwa ngokuswayipha izinsini naphakathi kwezihlathi. Lokhu kuhlolwa akunembe kangako kunokuhlolwa kwegazi.
• Umchamo - Lokhu kuhlolwa kubheka amasosha omzimba emchameni. Lokhu kuhlolwa nakho akunembile kunokuhlolwa kwegazi.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-antigen kuhlola igazi lakho ukuthola i-antigen ye-HIV, ebizwa nge-p24. Lapho uqala ukutheleleka nge-HIV, nangaphambi kokuba umzimba wakho ube nethuba lokwenza amasosha omzimba aleli gciwane, igazi lakho linezinga eliphakeme le-p24. Ukuhlolwa kwe-p24 antigen kunembile ezinsukwini eziyi-11 kuya kwinyanga eyi-1 ngemuva kokutheleleka. Lokhu kuhlolwa kaningi akusetshenziswanga kukodwa ukuhlola ukutheleleka nge-HIV.

Ukuhlolwa kwegazi le-antibody-antigen kubheka amazinga womabili ama-antibodies e-HIV kanye ne-p24 antigen. Lokhu kuhlola kungathola igciwane masonto amathathu ngemuva kokungenwa yileli gciwane.

IZIVIVINYO ZOKULANDELA

Ukuhlolwa kokulandelela kubizwa nangokuthi ukuhlolwa okuqinisekisayo. Kuvame ukwenziwa lapho ukuhlolwa kokuhlolwa kutholakala. Izinhlobo eziningi zokuhlola zingasetshenziselwa:

• Thola igciwane uqobo
• Thola amasosha omzimba ngokunembile kunokuhlolwa kokuhlolwa
• Tshela umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo ezi-2 zegciwane, i-HIV-1 ne-HIV-2

Akukho ukulungiselela okudingekayo.

Lapho uthatha isampula yegazi, abanye abantu bezwa ubuhlungu obulinganiselayo. Abanye bazizwa beshaywa noma betinyelwa kuphela. Ngemuva kwalokho, kungahle kube nokushaywa okuthile noma ukulimazeka okuncane. Lokhu maduzane kuyaphela.

Akukho ukungaphatheki kahle ngokuhlolwa kwe-swab ngomlomo noma ukuhlolwa komchamo.

Ukuhlolelwa ukutheleleka nge-HIV kwenziwa ngezizathu eziningi, kufaka phakathi:

• Abantu abasebenza ngokocansi
• Abantu abafuna ukuhlolwa
• Abantu abaseqenjini elisengozini enkulu (amadoda alala namadoda, abasebenzisa izidakamizwa zomjovo kanye nabalingani babo bezocansi, nabathengisi bezocansi bezentengiselwano)
• Abantu abanezimo ezithile kanye nezifo (njenge-Kaposi sarcoma noma i-Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia)
• Abesifazane abakhulelwe, ukubasiza ukubavimbela ekudluliseleni leli gciwane enganeni

Umphumela wokuhlolwa ongemuhle uvamile. Abantu abanegciwane lesandulela ngculaza bangathola imiphumela engemihle yokuhlolwa.

Umphumela otholakalayo ekuhlolweni kokuhlolwa akuqinisekisi ukuthi lowo muntu une-HIV. Kudingeka ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe ukuqinisekisa ukutheleleka nge-HIV.

Umphumela wokuhlolwa ongemuhle awukunqandi ukutheleleka nge-HIV. Kunenkathi yesikhathi, ebizwa ngokuthi iwindi, phakathi kokutheleleka nge-HIV kanye nokuvela kwama-anti-HIV antibodies. Ngalesi sikhathi, amasosha omzimba ne-antigen kungenzeka angalinganiswa.

Uma umuntu engahle abe nokutheleleka nge-HIV okunamandla noma okuyisisekelo futhi usesikhathini sewindi, ukuhlolwa kokuhlolwa okungekuhle akuthethi ukutheleleka nge-HIV. Ukuhlolwa kokulandelelwa kwe-HIV kuyadingeka.

Ngokuhlolwa kwegazi, imithambo nemithambo iyahluka ngosayizi kusuka kwesinye isiguli kuye kwesinye, futhi kusukela kolunye uhlangothi lomzimba kuye kolunye. Ukuthatha igazi kwabanye abantu kungaba nzima kakhulu ukwedlula kwabanye. Ezinye izingozi ezihambisana nokudonswa igazi zincane, kepha zingafaka:

• Ukopha ngokweqile
• Ukuquleka noma uzizwe unekhanda elincane
• Ukubhoboza okuningi ukuthola imithambo
• I-hematoma (ukuqoqwa kwegazi ngaphansi kwesikhumba)
• Ukutheleleka (ingozi encane noma kunini lapho isikhumba siphukile)

Azikho izingozi ngokuhlolwa komlomo nomchamo.

Ukuhlolelwa i-HIV; Ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV; Ukuhlolwa kokuhlolwa kwe-HIV; Isivivinyo sokuqinisekisa i-HIV

• Ukuhlolwa kwegazi

UBartlett JG, uRedfield RR, uPham PA. Ukuhlolwa kwelabhoratri. Ku: Bartlett JG, Redfield RR, Pham PA, ama-eds. Ukuphathwa Kwezokwelapha kwe-HIV nguBartlett. Umhlaka 17. I-Oxford, eNgilandi: I-Oxford University Press; 2019: isahluko 2.

Izikhungo Zokulawulwa Nokuvimbelwa Kwezifo iwebhusayithi. Ukuhlolelwa i-HIV. www.cdc.gov/hiv/guidelines/testing.html. Kubuyekezwe ngoMashi 16, 2018. Kufinyelelwe ngoMeyi 23, 2019.

I-Moyer VA; I-US Preventive Services Task Force. Ukuhlolelwa i-HIV: Isitatimende sezincomo se-US Preventive Services Task Force. U-Ann Intern Med. 2013; 159 (1): 51-60. I-PMID: 23698354 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23698354.