Izinguquko zokuguga ekukhiqizeni ama-hormone

Uhlelo lwe-endocrine lwakhiwe izitho nezicubu ezikhiqiza ama-hormone. AmaHormone amakhemikhali emvelo akhiqizwa endaweni eyodwa, akhishwe angene egazini, bese esetshenziswa ezinye izitho nezinhlelo eziqondiwe.

AmaHormoni alawula izitho eziqondiwe. Ezinye izinhlelo zomzimba zinezinhlelo zazo zokulawula ngaphakathi kanye, noma esikhundleni samahomoni.

Njengoba sikhula, izinguquko zenzeka ngokwemvelo endleleni izinhlelo zomzimba ezilawulwa ngayo. Ezinye izicubu ezihlosiwe azizweli kakhulu ku-hormone yazo elawulayo. Inani lamahomoni akhiqizwayo nalo lingashintsha.

Izinga legazi lamahomoni athile liyakhula, amanye ancipha, kanti amanye awashintshi. AmaHormone abuye ehlukaniswe (ahlanganiswe) kancane kancane.

Izitho eziningi ezikhiqiza ama-hormone zilawulwa ngamanye ama-hormone. Ukuguga nakho kuyayiguqula le nqubo. Isibonelo, isicubu se-endocrine singaveza i-hormone engaphansi kunaleyo esayenza sisencane, noma singakhipha inani elifanayo ngezinga elincane.

IZINGUQUKO EZIKHULU

I-hypothalamus itholakala ebuchosheni. Ikhiqiza ama-hormone alawula ezinye izakhiwo ohlelweni lwe-endocrine, kufaka phakathi i-pituitary gland. Inani lala mahomoni alawulayo lihlala lilingana, kepha impendulo yezitho ze-endocrine ingashintsha njengoba sikhula.

Indlala ye-pituitary itholakala ngezansi nje (kwe-anterior pituitary) noma ku- (posterior pituitary) ebuchosheni. Le ndlala ifinyelela usayizi wayo osezingeni eliphakathi nendawo bese kancane kancane iba ncanyana. Inezingxenye ezimbili:

• Ingxenye engemuva (ngemuva) igcina ama-hormone akhiqizwa kwi-hypothalamus.
• Ingxenye engaphambili (ngaphambili) ikhiqiza ama-hormone athinta ukukhula, i-thyroid gland (TSH), i-adrenal cortex, ama-ovari, ama-testes namabele.

Indlala yegilo ikhona entanyeni. Ikhiqiza ama-hormone asiza ukulawula imetabolism. Ngokuguga, indlala yegilo ingaba nesigaxa (nodular). I-Metabolism yehla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iqala cishe eminyakeni yobudala engama-20. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-hormone e-thyroid akhiqizwa futhi ahlukaniswe (ahlanganiswe) ngesilinganiso esifanayo, izivivinyo zomsebenzi wegilo zivame ukuba yinto ejwayelekile. Kwabanye abantu, amazinga e-hormone yegilo angakhuphuka, okuholele engcupheni eyengeziwe yokushona ngenxa yesifo senhliziyo.

Izindlala ze-parathyroid yizindlala ezine ezincane ezisendaweni ezungeze i-thyroid. I-Parathyroid hormone ithinta amazinga e-calcium ne-phosphate, athinta amandla amathambo. Izinga lama-hormone e-Parathyroid likhula ngokukhula, okungahle kube nomthelela ekuthambekeleni kwamathambo.

I-insulin ikhiqizwa amanyikwe. Isiza ushukela (i-glucose) ukusuka egazini kuya ngaphakathi kwamaseli, lapho kungasetshenziswa khona amandla.

Izinga le-glucose elisheshayo lokuzila likhuphuka ngama-milligram ayi-6 kuye kwayi-14 nge-deciliter (mg / dL) njalo eminyakeni eyi-10 ngemuva kweminyaka yobudala engama-50 njengoba amaseli engazweli kakhulu emiphumeleni ye-insulin. Lapho izinga selifinyelele ku-126 mg / dL noma ngaphezulu, lowo muntu ubhekwa njengesifo sikashukela.

Izindlala ze-adrenal zitholakala ngenhla nje kwezinso. I-adrenal cortex, ungqimba olungaphezulu, ikhiqiza ama-hormone i-aldosterone, i-cortisol, ne-dehydroepiandrosterone.

• I-Aldosterone ilawula ibhalansi ye-fluid ne-electrolyte.
• ICortisol yihomoni "yokuphendula ukucindezeleka". Kuthinta ukuwohloka koshukela, amaprotheni, namafutha, futhi kunemiphumela yokulwa nokuvuvukala nokulwa nokungezwani komzimba.

Ukukhishwa kwe-Aldosterone kuyehla ngeminyaka. Lokhu kwehla kungaba nomthelela ebunzimeni nokwehla kwengcindezi yegazi ngokushintsha kwesimo okungazelelwe (i-orthostatic hypotension). Ukukhishwa kweCortisol nakho kuyehla ngokuguga, kepha izinga legazi lale hormone lihlala licishe lifane. Amazinga e-Dehydroepiandrosterone nawo ehla. Imiphumela yalokhu kwehla emzimbeni ayicaci.

Amaqanda nama-testes anemisebenzi emibili. Akhiqiza amaseli wokuzala (i-ova nesidoda). Futhi bakhiqiza ama-hormone ocansi alawula izici zobulili zesibili, njengamabele nezinwele zobuso.

• Ngokuguga, amadoda avame ukuba nezinga eliphansi le-testosterone.
• Abesifazane banamazinga aphansi e-estradiol namanye ama-hormone e-estrogen ngemuva kokunqamuka kokuya esikhathini.

UMPHUMELA WOKUGUQUKA

Sekukonke, amanye ama-hormone ancipha, amanye awashintshi, kanti amanye akhula ngeminyaka. AmaHormone avame ukwehla afaka:

• I-Aldosterone
• I-Calcitonin
• Ozokusebenzisa
• URenin

Kwabesifazane, amazinga e-estrogen neprolactin ngokuvamile ancipha kakhulu.

AmaHormoni avame ukuhlala engashintshi noma ancipha kancane afaka:

• ICortisol
• I-Epinephrine
• I-insulini
• Ama-hormone endlala yegilo T3 no-T4

Amazinga e-testosterone ngokuvamile ancipha kancane kancane njengoba amadoda ekhula.

AmaHormone angakhuphuka afaka:

• I-hormone evuselela i-follicle (FSH)
• I-hormone yeLuteinizing (LH)
• I-Norepinephrine
• I-hormone ye-Parathyroid

IZIHLOKO EZIHLOBENE

• Izinguquko zokuguga ekuzivikeleni komzimba
• Izinguquko zokuguga ezithweni, kwizicubu nasemangqamuzaneni
• Izinguquko zokuguga ohlelweni lokuzala lwabesilisa
• Ukunqamuka kokuya esikhathini

• Ukunqamuka kokuya esikhathini
• I-anatomy yokuzala yabesifazane

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UWalston JD. I-sequelae ejwayelekile yomtholampilo yokuguga. Ku: IGoldman L, iSchafer AI, ama-eds. Imithi yeGoldman-Cecil. Umhla ka-26. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 22.