I-Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM)

-Delile

• Kungenzeka kusebenze ...
• Kungenzeka kungasebenzi ku ...
• Ubufakazi obanele bokukala ukusebenza kwe ...
• Ukuqapha okukhethekile nezixwayiso:

I-Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) yikhemikhali etholakala ezitshalweni eziluhlaza, ezilwaneni nakubantu. Kungenziwa futhi elabhoratri.

I-MSM yaduma ngenxa yencwadi ebizwa ngokuthi "Isimangaliso seMSM: Isixazululo Semvelo Sobuhlungu." Kepha kuncane okushicilelwe kwesayensi okuxhasa ukusetshenziswa kwayo. Eminye imibhalo ekhuthaza i-MSM ithi i-MSM ingaphatha ukushoda kwesulfure. Kepha akukho Okunconyiwe Kwe-Dietary Allowance (i-RDA) ye-MSM noma isulfure, futhi ukushoda kwesibabule akukachaziwe ezincwadini zezokwelapha.

Abantu basebenzisa i-MSM ye-osteoarthritis. Ibuye isetshenziselwe ubuhlungu, ukuvuvukala, isikhumba esiguga, nezinye izimo eziningi. Kepha abukho ubufakazi obuhle besayensi bokuxhasa okuningi kwalokhu kusetshenziswa.

Imibhalo Yemvelo Yemininingwane Ephelele ukukala ukusebenza ngokuncike ebufakazini besayensi ngokwesilinganiso esilandelayo: Okusebenzayo, Okungenzeka Kusebenze, Okungenzeka Kusebenze, Okungenzeka Kungasebenzi, Cishe Okungaphumeleli, Ukungasebenzi, Nobufakazi Obunganele Bokulinganisa.

Izilinganiso zokusebenza ze I-METHYLSULFONYLMETHANE (MSM) zimi kanje:

Kungenzeka kusebenze ...

• I-osteoarthritis. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ukuthatha i-MSM ngomlomo ngemithamo emibili kuya kwemithathu ehlukanisiwe nsuku zonke, kungaba yodwa noma ihlangene ne-glucosamine, kunganciphisa kancane ubuhlungu nokuvuvukala futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kubantu abane-osteoarthritis. Kepha ukuthuthuka kungenzeka kungabaluleki emtholampilo. Futhi, i-MSM ingahle ingathuthukisi ukuqina noma izimpawu zizonke. Olunye ucwaningo lubheke ukuthatha i-MSM nezinye izithako. Ukuthatha umkhiqizo we-MSM (Lignisul, Laborest Italia S.p.A.) kanye ne-boswellic acid (iTriterpenol, iLaborest Italia S.p.A.) nsuku zonke izinsuku ezingama-60 kunganciphisa isidingo semithi elwa nokuvuvukala kepha akubunciphisi ubuhlungu. Ukuthatha i-MSM, i-boswellic acid, ne-vitamin C (Artrosulfur C, Laborest Italia SpA) izinsuku ezingama-60 kunganciphisa ubuhlungu futhi kuthuthukise ibanga lokuhamba. Imiphumela ibonakala iqhubeka kuze kube izinyanga ezingama-4 ngemuva kokuyeka ukwelashwa. Ukuthatha i-MSM, i-glucosamine, ne-chondroitin amasonto ayi-12 kunganciphisa nobuhlungu kubantu abane-osteoarthritis. Futhi, ucwaningo lwakuqala luphakamisa ukuthi ukuthatha umkhiqizo ohlanganisiwe oqukethe i-MSM (AR7 Joint Complex, iRobinson Pharma) ngomlomo amasonto ayi-12 kuthuthukisa izikolo zokulinganisa izinhlungu ezihlangene nobumnene kubantu abane-osteoarthritis, kepha akukuthuthukisi ukubukeka kwamalunga.

Kungenzeka kungasebenzi ku ...

• Ukusebenza kwezemidlalo. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ukuthatha i-MSM nsuku zonke izinsuku ezingama-28 akukuthuthukisi ukusebenza kokuzivocavoca umzimba. Futhi, ukusebenzisa ukhilimu oqukethe i-MSM ngaphambi kokuzelula akubonakali kuthuthukisa ukuguquguquka noma ukukhuthazela.
• Ukusakazeka okungalungile okungadala ukuthi imilenze ivuvukale (ukungapheli kahle kwe-venous noma i-CVI). Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa i-MSM ne-EDTA esikhunjeni kunganciphisa ukuvuvukala kwethole, iqakala, nezinyawo kubantu abanokwenama okungamahlalakhona okungapheli. Kepha ukusebenzisa i-MSM kuphela kubonakala kukhulisa ukuvuvukala.

Ubufakazi obanele bokukala ukusebenza kwe ...

• Isikhumba esiguga. Ucwaningo lokuqala lubonisa ukuthi ukuthatha i-MSM kungasiza ekunciphiseni imibimbi ebusweni nokwenza isikhumba sibonakale sibushelelezi.
• Imfiva ethimulisayo. Ucwaningo lokuqala lubonisa ukuthi ukuthatha i-MSM (OptiMSM 650 mg) ngomlomo izinsuku ezingama-30 kunganciphisa ezinye izimpawu ze-hay fever.
• Ukulimala kwemisipha okubangelwa ukuzivocavoca umzimba. Olunye ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ukuthatha i-MSM nsuku zonke ukuqala izinsuku eziyi-10 ngaphambi kokuzivocavoca okusebenzayo kungasiza ekunciphiseni ukulimala kwemisipha. Kodwa olunye ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi alunciphisi ukulimala kwemisipha.
• Isimo sesikhumba esidala ubomvu ebusweni (i-rosacea). Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ukufaka ukhilimu we-MSM esikhunjeni kabili nsuku zonke inyanga eyodwa kungathuthukisa ububomvu nezinye izimpawu ze-rosacea.
• Ukulimala kwemizwa ezandleni nasezinyaweni okudalwe ukwelashwa komdlavuza.
• Ama-hemorrhoids.
• Ubuhlungu obuhlangene.
• Ubuhlungu ngemuva kokuhlinzwa.
• Izimo ezibuhlungu ezibangelwa ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwamathenda (tendinopathy).
• Ukungezwani komzimba.
• Isifo i-Alzheimer.
• Isifuba Somoya.
• Ukuphazamiseka okuzenzakalelayo.
• Umdlavuza.
• Ubuhlungu obungapheli.
• Ukuqunjelwa.
• Isifo samazinyo.
• Ukuvuvukala kwamehlo.
• Ukukhathala.
• Ukulahleka kwezinwele.
• Hangover.
• Ukuphathwa yikhanda kanye ne-migraines.
• Umfutho wegazi ophezulu.
• I-cholesterol ephezulu.
• I-HIV / AIDS.
• Ukulunywa izinambuzane.
• Amajaqamba omlenze.
• Izinkinga zesibindi.
• Izinkinga zamaphaphu.
• Ukuphakama kwemizwelo.
• Izinkinga zemisipha namathambo.
• Ukukhuluphala ngokweqile.
• Ukutheleleka ngama-parasite.
• Ukusakazwa kabi.
• I-Premenstrual syndrome (i-PMS).
• Ukuvikelwa ekushisweni yilanga / umoya.
• Ubuthi bemisebe.
• Izicubu ezibomvu.
• Ukuhogela.
• Isisu sicasukile.
• Amamaki wokunweba.
• Thayipha 2 sikashukela.
• Amanxeba.
• Ukutheleleka ngemvubelo.
• Ezinye izimo.

Kudingeka ubufakazi obuningi ukukala i-MSM ngalokhu kusetshenziswa.

I-MSM ingahlinzeka ngesibabule ukwenza amanye amakhemikhali emzimbeni.

Lapho ithathwa ngomlomo: I-MSM iyi OKUNGENZEKA UKUPHEPHA kubantu abaningi lapho bethathwa ngomlomo izinyanga ezifika kwezintathu. Kwabanye abantu, i-MSM ingadala isicanucanu, uhudo, ukuqunjelwa, ukukhathala, ikhanda, ukuqwasha, ukulunywa, noma ukuwohloka kwezimpawu zokungezwani komzimba.

Lapho isetshenziswa esikhunjeni: I-MSM iyi OKUNGENZEKA UKUPHEPHA kubantu abaningi lapho isetshenziswa esikhumbeni ngokuhlangana nezinye izithako, njenge-silymarin noma i-hyaluronic acid kanye no-oyela wetiye, kuze kube yizinsuku ezingama-20.

Ukuqapha okukhethekile nezixwayiso:

Ukukhulelwa nokuncelisa ibele: Alukho ulwazi olwanele olunokwethenjelwa lokwazi ukuthi ngabe i-MSM iphephile ukusetshenziswa uma ukhulelwe noma uncelisa ibele. Hlala ohlangothini oluphephile futhi ugweme ukusetshenziswa.

Imithambo ye-Varicose nezinye izinkinga zokujikeleza kwegazi (ukungasebenzi kahle okungapheli): Ukufaka i-lotion equkethe i-MSM ezinyaweni ezingezansi kungakhuphula ukuvuvukala nobuhlungu kubantu abanezilonda ze-varicose nezinye izinkinga zokujikeleza kwegazi.

Akwaziwa ukuthi lo mkhiqizo uyaxhumana yini nemithi ethile.

Ngaphambi kokuthatha lo mkhiqizo, khuluma nodokotela wakho wezempilo uma usebenzisa noma imiphi imithi.

Akukho ukuxhumana okwaziwayo ngamakhambi nezengezo.

Akukho ukuxhumana okwaziwayo nokudla.

Imithamo elandelayo ifundwe ocwaningweni lwesayensi:

NGOMLOMO:

• Okwe-osteoarthritisKusetshenziswe amagremu ama-1.5 kuye kwangama-6 e-MSM nsuku zonke ethathwe ngemithamo ehlukaniswe kathathu kuze kube amasonto ayi-12. Kusetshenziswe ama-gramu ama-5 we-MSM kanye no-7.2 mg we-boswellic acid ethathwe nsuku zonke izinsuku ezingama-60. Kusetshenziswe umkhiqizo othile (i-Artrosulfur C, iLaborest Italia S.p.A) equkethe i-MSM 5 gram, i-boswellic acid 7.2 mg, ne-vitamin C ethathwa nsuku zonke izinsuku ezingama-60. I-capsule eyodwa yenhlanganisela yohlobo lwe-collagen II ne-MSM, i-cetyl myristoleate, i-lipase, i-vitamin C, i-turmeric, ne-bromelain (i-AR7 Joint Complex, iRobinson Pharma), esetshenziswe nsuku zonke amasonto ayi-12, isetshenzisiwe. Kusetshenziswe ama-1.5 amagremu e-MSM athathwa nsuku zonke kanye no-1.5 amagremu we-glucosamine ngemithamo emithathu ehlukanisiwe nsuku zonke amaviki ama-2. Kusetshenziswe i-MSM 500 mg, i-glucosamine sulfate 1500 mg, ne-chondroitin sulfate 1200 mg ethathwa nsuku zonke amasonto ayi-12.

I-Crystalline DMSO, Dimethylsulfone, Diméthylsulfone, Dimethyl Sulfone MSM, DMSO2, Methyl Sulfone, Methyl Sulfonyl Methane, Methyl Sulphonyl Methane, Méthyle Sulfonyle Méthane, Méthyle Sulphonyle Méthane, Méthylthulf Sulfone, Mylthyl Sulfone

Ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngokuthi le ndatshana ibhalwe kanjani, sicela ubheke ifayela le- Imibhalo Yemvelo Yemininingwane Ephelele indlela.

1. UCrawford P, uCrawford A, uNielson F, uLystrup R. Methylsulfonylmethane ekwelashweni kobuhlungu obuphansi emuva: Ukuhlaziywa kokuphepha kwesilingo esingahleliwe, esilawulwayo. Qedelela iTher Med. 2019; 45: 85-88. Buka okungaqondakali.
2. UMuizzuddin N, Benjamin R. Ubuhle obuvela ngaphakathi: Ukuphathwa ngomlomo kwesithako esine-sulphur methylsulfonylmethane kuthuthukisa izimpawu zokuguga kwesikhumba. I-Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2020: 1-10. Buka okungaqondakali.
3. UDesideri I, uFrancolini G, u-Becherini C, et al. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-alpha lipoic, methylsulfonylmethane kanye ne-bromelain yokudla okungeziwe (i-Opera) yokuphathwa kwamakhemikhali okuphathwa kwamakhemikhali okuphathwa ngamakhemikhali, isifundo esizoba khona. IMed Oncol. 2017 Mar; 34: 46. Bheka okungaqondakali.
4. I-Withee ED, i-Tippens KM, i-Dehen R, i-Tibbitts D, i-Hanes D, i-Zwickey H. Imiphumela ye-methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) ekucindezelekeni kwe-oxidative okubangelwa ukuzivocavoca umzimba, ukulimala kwemisipha, nobuhlungu obulandela uhhafu wemarathon: -ilingo elilawulwayo. J Int Soc Ezemidlalo Umsoco. 2017 Julayi 21; 14: 24. Buka okungaqondakali.
5. I-Lubis AMT, i-Siagian C, i-Wonggokusuma E, i-Marsetyo AF, i-Setyohadi B. Ukuqhathaniswa kwe-glucosamine-chondroitin sulfate ene-methylsulfonylmethane ebangeni I-II i-osteoarthritis yamadolo: isilingo esilawulwa kabili esingahleliwe esilawulwa ngokungahleliwe. I-Acta Med Indonesia. 2017 Apri; 49: 105-11. Buka okungaqondakali.
6. UNotarnicola A, uMaccagnano G, uMoretti L, et al. I-Methylsulfonylmethane ne-boswellic acid kuqhathaniswa ne-glucosamine sulfate ekwelapheni i-knee arthritis: isilingo esingahleliwe. I-Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2016 Mar; 29: 140-6. Buka okungaqondakali.
7. UHwang JC, Khine KT, Lee JC, uBoyer DS, uFrancis BA. I-Methyl-sulfonyl-methane (MSM) -yenze ukuvalwa kwe-engeli ebukhali. J Glaucoma. 2015 Ephreli-Meyi; 24: e28-30. Buka okungaqondakali.
8. I-Nieman DC, i-Shanely RA, i-Luo B, i-Dew D, i-MP ye-Meaney, u-Sha W. Isengezo sokuthengisa esidayiswayo sidambisa izinhlungu ezihlangene kubantu abadala bomphakathi: icala lomphakathi elilawulwa izimpumputhe, elilawulwa yi-placebo Umsoco J 2013; 12: 154. Buka okungaqondakali.
9. UBeilke, M. A., Collins-Lech, C., noSohnle, P. G. Imiphumela ye-dimethyl sulfoxide emsebenzini we-oxidative wama-neutrophils womuntu. UJ Lab Clin Med 1987; 110: 91-96. Buka okungaqondakali.
10. Lopez, H. L. Ukungenelela kokudla okunomsoco ukuvimbela nokwelapha i-osteoarthritis. Ingxenye II: gxila kuma-micronutrients kanye ne-nutraceuticals esekelayo. PM.R. 2012; 4 (5 Suppl): S155-S168. Buka okungaqondakali.
11. UHorvath, K., Noker, P. E., Somfai-Relle, S., Glavits, R., Financsek, I., noSchauss, A. G. Ubuthi be-methylsulfonylmethane kumagundane. Ukudla Chem Toxicol 2002; 40: 1459-1462. Buka okungaqondakali.
12. Layman, D. L. noJacob, S. W. Ukumuncwa, imetabolism kanye nokukhishwa kwe-dimethyl sulfoxide ngezinkawu ze-rhesus. Impilo Sci 12-23-1985; 37: 2431-2437. Buka okungaqondakali.
13. Brien, S., Prescott, P., Bashir, N., Lewith, H., noLewith, G. Ukubuyekezwa okuhlelekile kwezithako zokudla okunomsoco i-dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) kanye ne-methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) ekwelapheni i-osteoarthritis. I-Osteoarthritis.Cartilage. 2008; 16: 1277-1288. Buka okungaqondakali.
14. Ameye, L. G. noCee, W. S. Osteoarthritis nokudla okunempilo. Kusuka kuma-nutraceuticals kuya ekudleni okusebenzayo: ukubuyekezwa okuhlelekile kobufakazi besayensi. I-Arthritis Res Ther 2006; 8: R127. Buka okungaqondakali.
15. UNakhostin-Roohi B, uBarmaki S, Khoshkhahesh F, et al. Umphumela wokwengezwa okungapheli nge-methylsulfonylmethane ekucindezelekeni kwe-oxidative kulandela ukuzivocavoca okunamandla emadodeni angaqeqeshiwe anempilo. UJ Pharm Pharmacol. 2011 Okthoba; 63: 1290-4. Buka okungaqondakali.
16. UGumina S, uPassaretti D, uGurzì MD, et al. I-Arginine L-alpha-ketoglutarate, i-methylsulfonylmethane, uhlobo lwe-hydrolyzed I collagen ne-bromelain ku-rotator cuff ukulungisa izinyembezi: isifundo esingahle senziwe ngokungahleliwe. I-Curr Med Res Opin. 2012 uNov; 28: 1767-74. Buka okungaqondakali.
17. UNotarnicola A, uPesce V, uVicenti G, et al. Ucwaningo lwe-SWAAT: i-extracorporeal shock wave therapy kanye ne-arginine supplementation kanye namanye ama-nutraceuticals wokufaka i-Achilles tendinopathy. U-Adv Ther. 2012 Sep; 29: 799-814. Buka okungaqondakali.
18. UBarmaki S, Bohlooli S, Khoshkhahesh F, et al. Umphumela we-methylsulfonylmethane supplementation ekusebenzeni - Ukulimala kwemisipha okubangelwa namandla we-antioxidant aphelele. J Ezemidlalo Med Fitness Fitness. 2012 Ephreli; 52: 170-4. Buka okungaqondakali.
19. UBerardesca E, uCameli N, uCavallotti C, et al. Imiphumela ehlanganisiwe ye-silymarin ne-methylsulfonylmethane ekuphathweni kwe-rosacea: ukuhlolwa komtholampilo nezinsimbi. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2008 Mar; 7: 8-14. Buka okungaqondakali.
20. UJoksimovic N, uSpasovski G, uJoksimovic V, et al. Ukusebenza nokubekezeleleka kwe-hyaluronic acid, uwoyela wesihlahla seti kanye ne-methyl-sulfonyl-methane kudivayisi entsha yezokwelapha ye-gel yokwelashwa kwama-haemorrhoids esivivinyweni somtholampilo esilawulwa izimpumputhe kabili. Ukuvuselelwa kweSurg 2012; 64: 195-201. Buka okungaqondakali.
21. UGulick DT, u-Agarwal M, uJosephs J, et al. Imiphumela yeMagPro ekusebenzeni kwemisipha. J Amandla Cond Res 2012; 26: 2478-83. Buka okungaqondakali.
22. UKalman DS, uFeldman S, uScheinberg AR, et al. Ithonya le-methylsulfonylmethane kumamaki wokululama kokuzivocavoca nokusebenza kwamadoda anempilo: isifundo somshayeli. J Int Soc Ezemidlalo Umsoco. 2012 Sep 27; 9: 46. Buka okungaqondakali.
23. UTripathi R, uGupta S, uRai S, et al. Umphumela wokusetshenziswa kwezingqangi kwe-methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), i-EDTA ngokufaka i-edema kanye nengcindezi ye-oxidative esifundweni esilawulwa nge-placebo esiphindwe kabili. Iseli Mol Biol (Enomsindo-le-grand). 2011 Feb 12; 57: 62-9. Buka okungaqondakali.
24. UXie Q, Shi R, Xu G, et al. Imiphumela ye-AR7 Joint Complex ku-arthralgia yeziguli ezine-osteoarthritis: imiphumela yocwaningo lwezinyanga ezintathu eShanghai, eChina. Umsoco J. 2008 Oct 27; 7: 31. Buka okungaqondakali.
25. UNotarnicola A, uTafuri S, uFusaro L, et al. Ucwaningo lwe- "MESACA": i-methylsulfonylmethane ne-boswellic acid ekwelapheni i-gonarthrosis. U-Adv Ther. 2011 Okthoba; 28: 894-906. Buka okungaqondakali.
26. UDebbi EM, u-Agar G, uFichman G, et al. Ukusebenza kwe-methylsulfonylmethane supplementation ku-osteoarthritis yamadolo: isifundo esilawulwa ngokungahleliwe. I-BMC Complement Altern Med. 2011 uJuni 27; 11: 50. Buka okungaqondakali.
27. UBrien S, Prescott P, Lewith G. Meta-analysis of the related supplements supplements dimethyl sulfoxide and methylsulfonylmethane in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. I-Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2009 Meyi 27. [Epub ngaphambi kokuphrinta]. Buka okungaqondakali.
28. UKim LS, Axelrod LJ, Howard P, et al. Ukusebenza kwe-methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) ebuhlungwini be-osteoarthritis emadolweni: isilingo somtholampilo somshayeli. I-Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006; 14: 286-94. Buka okungaqondakali.
29. Usha PR, Naidu MU. I-Randomised, Double-Blind, Parallel, Placebo-Controled Study ye-Oral Glucosamine, iMethylsulfonylmethane kanye nenhlanganisela yabo ku-Osteoarthritis. Umphenyi Wezidakamizwa Zasemtholampilo. 2004; 24: 353-63. Buka okungaqondakali.
30. ULin A, Nguy CH, uShic F, uRoss BD. Ukuqoqwa kwemethylsulfonylmethane ebuchosheni bomuntu: ukukhonjwa yi-multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. I-Toxicol Lett 2001; 123: 169-77. Buka okungaqondakali.
31. UGaby AR. I-Methylsulfonylmethane njengokwelashwa kwe-rhinitis yonyaka yokungezwani: idatha engaphezulu iyadingeka ekubalweni kwempova nasembuzweni wemibuzo. J Altern Complement Med 2002; 8: 229.
32. UHucker HB, u-Ahmad PM, uMiller EA, et al. I-Metabolism ye-dimethyl sulphoxide kuya ku-dimethyl sulphone kumagundane nendoda. Imvelo 1966; 209: 619-20.
33. U-Allen LV. I-Methyl sulfonylmethane yokubamba. I-US Pharm 2000; 92-4.
34. UMurav'ev IuV, uVenikova MS, uPleskovskaia GN, et al. Umphumela we-dimethyl sulfoxide ne-dimethyl sulfone kunqubo ebhubhisayo emajoyini amagundane ane-arthritis ezenzakalelayo. IPatol Fiziol Eksp Ter 1991; 37-9. Buka okungaqondakali.
35. UJacob S, uLawrence RM, uZucker M. Isimangaliso seMSM: Isixazululo Semvelo Sobuhlungu. ENew York: IPenguin-Putnam, ngo-1999.
36. UBarrager E, uVeltmann JR Jr, uSchauss AG, uSchiller RN. Isivivinyo esine-multicentered, evulekile-ilebula ekuphepheni nasekusebenzeni kwe-methylsulfonylmethane ekwelapheni i-rhinitis ye-allergen yonyaka. J Altern Complement Med 2002; 8: 167-73. Buka okungaqondakali.
37. UKlandorf H, et al. Ukushintshaniswa kwe-Dimethyl sulfoxide yesifo sikashukela ku-NOD amagundane. Isifo sikashukela 1998; 62: 194-7.
38. UMcCabe D, et al. Izixazululo zePolar ekwenziweni kwamakhemikhali omdlavuza we-dimethylbenzanthracene-indened mammary umdlavuza. I-Arch Surg 1986; 62: 1455-9. Buka okungaqondakali.
39. U-O'Dwyer PJ, et al. Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali awuketshezi we-polar ekhemoprevention yomdlavuza we-colon obangelwa yi-1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Umdlavuza 1988; 62: 944-8. Buka okungaqondakali.
40. I-Richmond VL. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-methylsulfonylmethane sulphur kumaphrotheni we-Guinea pig serum. Impilo Sci 1986; 39: 263-8. Buka okungaqondakali.

Kugcine ukubuyekezwa - 08/21/2020