Izinkinga Nezinkinga Ezivamile Ze-Thyroid

-Delile

• I-Hyperthyroidism
• Ukuxilongwa nokwelashwa kwe-Hyperthyroidism
• I-Hypothyroidism
• Ukuxilongwa nokwelashwa kwe-Hypothyroidism
• Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
• Ukuxilongwa nokwelashwa kukaHashimoto
• Isifo samathuna
• Ukuxilongwa nokwelashwa kwesifo samathuna
• Goiter
• Ukuxilongwa nokwelashwa kwe-Goiter
• Amaqhubu endlala yegilo
• Ukuxilongwa nokwelashwa kwamaqhuqhuva e-thyroid
• Izimo ezivamile ze-thyroid ezinganeni
• I-Hypothyroidism
• I-Hyperthyroidism
• Amaqhubu endlala yegilo
• Umdlavuza wegilo
• Ukuvimbela ukukhubazeka kwe-thyroid

Ukubuka konke

Indlala yegilo iyindlala encane, emise okwvemvane etholakala phansi entanyeni yakho ngaphansi nje kwe-apula lika-Adam. Iyingxenye yenethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yezindlala ebizwa ngokuthi i-endocrine system. Uhlelo lwe-endocrine lubhekele ukuxhumanisa imisebenzi eminingi yomzimba wakho. Indlala yegilo ikhiqiza amahomoni alawula umzimba wakho.

Kungaphakama izinkinga eziningana ezahlukahlukene lapho i-thyroid yakho ikhiqiza i-hormone eningi kakhulu (i-hyperthyroidism) noma inganele (i-hypothyroidism).

Izinkinga ezine ezivamile zegilo i-Hashimoto's thyroiditis, isifo se-Graves, i-goiter kanye namaqhubu e-thyroid.

I-Hyperthyroidism

Ku-hyperthyroidism, indlala yegilo isebenza ngokweqile. Ikhiqiza i-hormone yayo eningi kakhulu. I-Hyperthyroidism ithinta cishe iphesenti elilodwa labesifazane. Akuvamile kakhulu kwabesilisa.

Isifo samathuna yisona sizathu esivame kakhulu se-hyperthyroidism, esithinta cishe amaphesenti angama-70 abantu abane-thyroid engasebenzi ngokweqile. Amaqhuqhuva endlala yegilo - isimo esibizwa ngokuthi yi-toxic nodular goiter noma i-multinodular goiter - nawo angadala ukuthi le ndlala ikhiqize ngokweqile ama-hormone ayo.

Ukukhiqizwa ngokweqile kwehomoni yegilo kuholela ezimpawu ezinjengalezi:

• ukungahlaliseki
• uvalo
• inhliziyo egijimayo
• ukucasuka
• ukujuluka okwandayo
• eqhaqhazela
• ukukhathazeka
• inkathazo yokulala
• isikhumba esincane
• izinwele eziphuka nezinzipho
• ubuthakathaka bemisipha
• ukuncipha komzimba
• Amehlo aqhamukayo (isifo se-Graves)

Ukuxilongwa nokwelashwa kwe-Hyperthyroidism

Ukuhlolwa kwegazi kukala amazinga we-hormone ye-thyroid (thyroxine, noma i-T4) ne-hormone evuselela i-thyroid (TSH) egazini lakho. Indlala ye-pituitary ikhipha i-TSH ukuze ivuselele i-thyroid ikhiqize ama-hormone ayo. Izinga eliphezulu le-thyroxine namazinga aphansi e-TSH akhombisa ukuthi indlala yakho yegilo isebenza ngokweqile.

Udokotela wakho angakunika futhi iodine enemisebe yomlomo noma njengomjovo, bese ulinganisa ukuthi ingakanani indlala yakho yegilo eyenzayo. Indlala yakho yegilo ithatha iodine ukukhiqiza ama-hormone ayo. Ukuthatha i-iodine eningi enemisebe kuwuphawu lokuthi i-thyroid yakho isebenze ngokweqile. Izinga eliphansi le-radioactivity lixazululeka ngokushesha futhi aliyona ingozi kubantu abaningi.

Ukwelashwa kwe-hyperthyroidism kuqeda indlala yegilo noma kuyivimbe ekukhiqizeni ama-hormone ayo.

• Izidakamizwa ze-Antithyroid ezifana ne-methimazole (Tapazole) zivimbela i-thyroid ekukhiqizeni ama-hormone ayo.
• Umthamo omkhulu we-iodine enemisebe ulimaza indlala yegilo. Uyithatha njengephilisi ngomlomo. Njengoba indlala yakho yegilo ithatha iodine, ibuye idonse iodine enemisebe, elimaza indlala.
• Ungahlinzwa ukuze ususe indlala yegilo.

Uma uthola ukwelashwa kwe-iodine enemisebe noma ukuhlinzwa okubulala i-thyroid gland yakho, uzoba ne-hypothyroidism futhi udinga ukuthatha i-hormone yegilo nsuku zonke.

I-Hypothyroidism

I-Hypothyroidism iphikisana ne-hyperthyroidism. Indlala yegilo ayisebenzi, futhi ayikwazi ukukhiqiza ama-hormone ayo anele.

I-Hypothyroidism ivame ukubangelwa yi-Hashimoto's thyroiditis, ukuhlinzwa kukhishwe indlala yegilo, noma ukulimala ekwelashweni ngemisebe. E-United States, kuthinta cishe amaphesenti ama-4.6 wabantu abaneminyaka engu-12 ubudala nangaphezulu. Izimo eziningi ze-hypothyroidism zimnene.

Ukukhiqizwa okuncane kakhulu kwehomoni yegilo kuholela ezimpawu ezinjengalezi:

• ukukhathala
• isikhumba esomile
• ukwanda kokuzwela emakhazeni
• izinkinga zememori
• ukuqunjelwa
• ukudana
• ukuzuza kwesisindo
• ubuthakathaka
• ukushaya kwenhliziyo okuhamba kancane
• ikhoma

Ukuxilongwa nokwelashwa kwe-Hypothyroidism

Udokotela wakho uzokwenza ukuhlolwa kwegazi ukukala amazinga akho we-TSH nama-hormone e-thyroid. Izinga eliphakeme le-TSH nezinga le-thyroxine eliphansi kungasho ukuthi i-thyroid yakho ayisebenzi. Lawa mazinga angakhombisa nokuthi indlala yakho ye-pituitary ikhipha i-TSH engaphezulu ukuzama ukuvuselela indlala yegilo ukwenza i-hormone yayo.

Ukwelashwa okuyinhloko kwe-hypothyroidism ukuthatha amaphilisi e-hormone ye-thyroid. Kubalulekile ukuthola umthamo kahle, ngoba ukuthatha i-hormone yegilo ngokweqile kungadala izimpawu ze-hyperthyroidism.

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

IHashimoto’s thyroiditis yaziwa nangokuthi i-lymphocytic thyroiditis engapheli. Yimbangela ejwayelekile kakhulu ye-hypothyroidism e-United States, ethinta abantu baseMelika abangaba yizigidi eziyi-14. Kungenzeka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, kodwa kuvame kakhulu kwabesifazane abaneminyaka ephakathi. Lesi sifo senzeka lapho amasosha omzimba ehlasela ngephutha futhi ebulala kancane kancane indlala yegilo nekhono layo lokukhiqiza ama-hormone.

Abanye abantu abanezimo ezimnene zeHashimoto’s thyroiditis kungenzeka bangabi nazimpawu ezisobala. Lesi sifo singahlala sizinzile iminyaka, futhi izimpawu zihlala zicashile. Futhi azicacisiwe, okusho ukuthi zilingisa izimpawu zezinye izimo eziningi. Izimpawu zifaka:

• ukukhathala
• ukudana
• ukuqunjelwa
• ukuzuza kwesisindo esincane
• isikhumba esomile
• izinwele ezomile, ezinciphile
• ubuso obuphaphathekile, obukhukhumele
• ukuya esikhathini okunzima nokungajwayelekile
• ukungabekezelelani emakhazeni
• i-thyroid eyandisiwe, noma i-goiter

Ukuxilongwa nokwelashwa kukaHashimoto

Ukuhlola izinga le-TSH ngokuvamile kuyisinyathelo sokuqala lapho uhlola noma yiluphi uhlobo lwesifo se-thyroid. Udokotela wakho angalalela ukuhlolwa kwegazi ukuze ahlole amazinga akhuphukile we-TSH kanye namazinga aphansi e-hormone yegilo (T3 noma T4) uma uhlangabezana nezinye zezimpawu ezingenhla. IHashimoto’s thyroiditis yisifo sokuzilimaza komzimba, ngakho-ke ukuhlolwa kwegazi kungakhombisa namasosha omzimba angajwayelekile angahle ahlasele i-thyroid.

Alikho ikhambi elaziwayo le-Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Imithi yokufaka esikhundleni seHormone ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukukhuphula amazinga e-hormone ye-thyroid noma amazinga aphansi e-TSH. Kungasiza futhi ekunciphiseni izimpawu zesifo. Ukuhlinzwa kungadingeka ukuthi kususwe ingxenye noma yonke indlala yegilo ezimweni ezingandile eziphambili zeHashimoto's. Lesi sifo sivame ukutholwa sisencane futhi sihlala sizinzile iminyaka ngoba siqhubeka kancane.

Isifo samathuna

Isifo samathuna saqanjwa ngodokotela owasichaza okokuqala eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-150 edlule. Yimbangela ejwayelekile kakhulu ye-hyperthyroidism e-United States, ethinta cishe umuntu oyedwa kwabangu-200.

IGraves ’yisifo sokuzilimaza komzimba esenzeka lapho amasosha omzimba ehlasela ngephutha indlala yegilo. Lokhu kungadala ukuthi indlala ikhiqize ngokweqile i-hormone ebhekele ukulawula umzimba.

Lesi sifo siwufuzo futhi singakhula nganoma yisiphi isikhathi emadodeni noma kwabesifazane, kodwa sivame kakhulu kwabesifazane abaneminyaka engama-20 kuya kwengama-30, ngokusho kuka. Ezinye izinto ezinobungozi zibandakanya ukucindezeleka, ukukhulelwa nokubhema.

Uma kunezinga eliphezulu le-hormone yegilo egazini lakho, amasistimu omzimba wakho ayashesha futhi abangele izimpawu ezijwayele i-hyperthyroidism. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:

• ukukhathazeka
• ukucasuka
• ukukhathala
• ukuthuthumela kwesandla
• ukushaya kwenhliziyo okwenyukile noma okungajwayelekile
• ukujuluka okweqile
• ubunzima bokulala
• uhudo noma ukuhamba kwamathumbu kaningi
• kushintshe umjikelezo wokuya esikhathini
• isikhwehlela
• Amehlo aqhamukayo nezinkinga zokubona

Ukuxilongwa nokwelashwa kwesifo samathuna

Ukuhlolwa okulula komzimba kungaveza i-thyroid enwetshiwe, amehlo akhulisiwe, nezimpawu zokunyuka komzimba, kufaka phakathi i-pulse esheshayo nomfutho wegazi ophakeme. Udokotela wakho uzophinde a-oda ukuhlolwa kwegazi ukuze ahlole amazinga aphezulu we-T4 namazinga aphansi e-TSH, zombili okuyizimpawu zesifo se-Graves. Ukuhlolwa kokutholwa kwe-iodine enemisebe kungasetshenziswa futhi ukukala ukuthi igilo yakho ithatha iodine ngokushesha kangakanani. Ukuthathwa okuphezulu kwe-iodine kuyahambisana nesifo se-Graves.

Akukho ukwelashwa okuvimba amasosha omzimba ekuhlaseleni indlala yegilo nokuyibangela ukuthi ikhiqize ngokweqile ama-hormone. Kodwa-ke, izimpawu zesifo se-Graves zingalawulwa ngezindlela eziningana, imvamisa ngokuhlanganiswa kwemithi:

• beta-blockers ukulawula ukushaya kwenhliziyo okusheshayo, ukukhathazeka nokujuluka
• imithi ye-antithyroid yokuvimbela i-thyroid yakho ekukhiqizeni ama-hormone amaningi
• iodine enemisebe yokubhubhisa yonke noma ingxenye yegilo lakho
• ukuhlinzwa ukuze ususe i-thyroid gland, inketho ehlala njalo uma ungakwazi ukubekezelela izidakamizwa ze-antithyroid noma iodine enemisebe

Ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo kwe-hyperthyroidism kuvame ukuholela ku-hypothyroidism. Kuzofanele uthathe imishanguzo ebuyisela ama-hormone kusuka kulelo phuzu phambili. Isifo samathuna singaholela ezinkingeni zenhliziyo nasemathanjeni aqhekekile uma singalashwa.

Goiter

I-Goiter ingukukhulisa okungeyona umdlavuza wendlala yegilo. Isizathu esivame kakhulu se-goiter emhlabeni wonke ukuntuleka kwe-iodine ekudleni. Abaphenyi balinganisela ukuthi i-goiter ithinta abantu abayizigidi ezingama-200 kwabangu-800 abantula i-iodine emhlabeni jikelele.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-goiter ivame ukubangelwa yi-futhi uphawu lwe-hyperthyroidism e-United States, lapho usawoti we-iodized unikeza iodine eningi.

I-Goiter ingathinta noma ngubani kunoma yimuphi ubudala, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zomhlaba lapho ukudla okunothe nge-iodine kungatholakali khona. Kodwa-ke, ama-goiters ajwayelekile kakhulu ngemuva kweminyaka yobudala engama-40 nakwabesifazane, okungenzeka babe nezinkinga ze-thyroid. Ezinye izinto ezinobungozi zifaka umlando wezokwelapha womndeni, ukusetshenziswa kwemithi ethile, ukukhulelwa, nokuvezwa ngemisebe.

Kungase kungabikho zimpawu uma i-goiter ingenamandla. I-goiter ingadala eyodwa noma ngaphezulu yalezi zimpawu ezilandelayo uma ikhula ngokwanele, kuya ngosayizi:

• ukuvuvukala noma ukuqina entanyeni yakho
• ubunzima bokuphefumula noma ukugwinya
• ukukhwehlela noma ukuphefumula
• ukushuba kwezwi

Ukuxilongwa nokwelashwa kwe-Goiter

Udokotela wakho uzozwa indawo yakho yentamo futhi akugwinye ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa komzimba okujwayelekile. Ukuhlolwa kwegazi kuzoveza amazinga e-hormone yegilo, i-TSH, nama-antibody egazini lakho. Lokhu kuzoxilonga izifo ze-thyroid ezivame ukuba imbangela ye-goiter. I-ultrasound yegilo ingahlola ukuvuvukala noma amaqhubu.

I-Goiter ivame ukwelashwa kuphela uma iba nzima ngokwanele ukudala izimpawu. Ungathatha amanani amancane we-iodine uma i-goiter ingumphumela wokushoda kwe-iodine. Iodine enemisebe inganciphisa indlala yegilo. Ukuhlinzwa kuzosusa yonke noma ingxenye yendlala. Ukwelashwa kuvame ukuhlangana ngoba i-goiter ivame ukuba uphawu lwe-hyperthyroidism.

I-Goiters ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuphazamiseka kwe-thyroid okwelapheka kakhulu, njengesifo se-Graves. Yize ama-goiters ngokuvamile engeyona imbangela yokukhathazeka, angadala izinkinga ezinkulu uma eshiywe engalashwa. Lezi zinkinga zingabandakanya ubunzima bokuphefumula nokugwinya.

Amaqhubu endlala yegilo

Amaqhuqhuva endlala yegilo yizimbewu ezakheka endlaleni yegilo. Cishe iphesenti elilodwa lamadoda namaphesenti ama-5 abesifazane abahlala emazweni anele iodine banezigaxa zegilo ezikhulu ngokwanele ukuzizwa. Cishe abantu abangamaphesenti angama-50 bazoba namaqhubu amancane kakhulu ukuzwa.

Izimbangela azaziwa njalo kepha zingabandakanya ukushoda kwe-iodine kanye ne-Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Amaqhuqhuva angaqina noma agcwale uketshezi.

Iningi linobungozi, kepha futhi lingaba nomdlavuza kumaphesenti amancane wamacala. Njengezinye izinkinga ezihlobene nendlala yegilo, amaqhuqhuva ajwayelekile kubantu besifazane kunabesilisa, futhi ingozi kwabobulili bobabili iyakhula ngokuguga.

Iningi lamaqhubu endlala yegilo awabangeli zimpawu. Kodwa-ke, uma zikhula ngokwanele, zingadala ukuvuvukala entanyeni yakho futhi ziholele ekuphefumuleni nasekugwinye ubunzima, ubuhlungu, kanye ne-goiter.

Amanye amaqhubu akhiqiza i-hormone yegilo, edala amazinga aphezulu ngokungajwayelekile egazini. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, izimpawu ziyefana ne-hyperthyroidism futhi zingafaka:

• izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo eliphezulu
• uvalo
• ukwanda kwesifiso sokudla
• ukuthuthumela
• ukuncipha komzimba
• isikhumba se-clammy

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izimpawu zizofana ne-hypothyroidism uma amaqhuqhuva ehlotshaniswa nesifo sikaHashimoto. Lokhu kufaka:

• ukukhathala
• ukuzuza kwesisindo
• ukulahleka kwezinwele
• isikhumba esomile
• ukungabekezelelani okubandayo

Ukuxilongwa nokwelashwa kwamaqhuqhuva e-thyroid

Iningi lamaqhubu liyatholakala ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa komzimba okujwayelekile. Zingatholwa futhi ngesikhathi se-ultrasound, CT scan, noma nge-MRI. Lapho kutholakala i-nodule, ezinye izinqubo - ukuhlolwa kwe-TSH nokuskena kwe-thyroid - kungabheka i-hyperthyroidism noma i-hypothyroidism. I-biopsy aspiration biopsy enhle isetshenziselwa ukuthatha isampula lamaseli kusuka ku-nodule bese unquma ukuthi i-nodule inomdlavuza yini.

Amaqhubu we-Benign thyroid awasongeli impilo futhi imvamisa awadingi ukwelashwa. Ngokuvamile, akukho okwenziwayo ukususa i-nodule uma ingashintshi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Udokotela wakho angenza enye i-biopsy futhi ancome iodine enemisebe ukunciphisa amaqhuqhuva uma ikhula.

Amaqhuqhuva omdlavuza awavamile - ngokusho kweNational Cancer Institute, umdlavuza wegilo uthinta amaphesenti angaphansi kwamane abantu. Ukwelashwa okunconywa udokotela wakho kuzohluka ngokuya ngohlobo lwesimila. Ukususa i-thyroid ngokuhlinzwa ngokuvamile kuyindlela yokwelashwa oyithandayo. Ukwelashwa ngemisebe kwesinye isikhathi kusetshenziswa ngokuhlinzwa noma ngaphandle kokuhlinzwa. I-Chemotherapy ivame ukudingeka uma umdlavuza usakazekela kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba.

Izimo ezivamile ze-thyroid ezinganeni

Izingane nazo zingathola izimo ze-thyroid, kufaka phakathi:

• i-hypothyroidism
• i-hyperthyroidism
• amaqhubu egilo
• umdlavuza wegilo

Kwesinye isikhathi izingane zizalwa zinenkinga yegilo. Kwezinye izimo, ukuhlinzwa, izifo, noma ukwelashwa kwesinye isimo kubangela lokho.

I-Hypothyroidism

Izingane zingathola izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-hypothyroidism:

• I-hypothyroidism ezalwa nayo ivela lapho indlala yegilo ingekho’t ukukhula ngendlela efanele ngesikhathi sokuzalwa. Ithinta cishe ingane eyodwa kwezingu-2 500 kuya kwezingu-3 000 ezizalwa e-United States.
• I-autoimmune hypothyroidism ibangelwa yisifo esizimele lapho amasosha omzimba ehlasela indlala yegilo. Lolu hlobo luvame ukubangelwa i-lymphocytic thyroiditis engapheli. I-autoimmune hypothyroidism ivame ukuvela phakathi neminyaka yobusha, futhi’zivame kakhulu emantombazaneni kunabafana.
• Iatrogenic hypothyroidism yenzeka ezinganeni ezisuswe indlala yegilo noma zabhujiswa - ngokwesibonelo, ngokuhlinzwa.

Izimpawu ze-hypothyroidism ezinganeni zifaka:

• ukukhathala
• ukuzuza kwesisindo
• ukuqunjelwa
• ukungabekezelelani emakhazeni
• izinwele ezomile, ezondile
• isikhumba esomile
• ukushaya kwenhliziyo okuhamba kancane
• izwi elihoshozelayo
• ubuso obukhukhumele
• ukwanda kokuhamba kokuya esikhathini kwabesifazane abasebasha

I-Hyperthyroidism

Kunezimbangela eziningi ze-hyperthyroidism ezinganeni:

• Isifo samathuna akuvamile ezinganeni kunabantu abadala. Isifo samathuna sivame ukuvela phakathi neminyaka yobusha, futhi sithinta amantombazane amaningi kunabafana.
• Ukungasebenzi kahle kwamaqhuqhuva e-thyroid kukhona ukukhula emgodini wegciwane lengane okhiqiza i-hormone yegilo eningi kakhulu.
• Indlala yegilo kubangelwa ukuvuvukala kwendlala yegilo eyenza i-hormone yegilo iphume iye egazini.

Izimpawu ze-hyperthyroidism ezinganeni zifaka:

• ukushaya kwenhliziyo okusheshayo
• eqhaqhazela
• Amehlo aqhamukayo (ezinganeni ezinezifo ze-Graves)
• ukungahlaliseki nokucasuka
• ukulala kabi
• ukwanda kwesifiso sokudla
• ukuncipha komzimba
• ukunyuka kwamathumbu
• ukungabekezelelani ekushiseni
• isikhwehlela

Amaqhubu endlala yegilo

Amaqhubu endlala yegilo ayivelakancane ezinganeni, kodwa uma zenzeka, maningi amathuba okuthi abe nomdlavuza. Uphawu oluyinhloko lwe-nodule yegilo enganeni yisigaxa entanyeni.

Umdlavuza wegilo

Umdlavuza wegilo luhlobo oluvame kakhulu lomdlavuza we-endocrine ezinganeni, nokho kusengavamile kakhulu. Kutholakala ezinganeni ezingaphansi kwesisodwa kwezingu-1 ezingaphansi kweminyaka eyi-10 unyaka ngamunye. Lesi sehlakalo siphezulu kancane ebusheni, ngesilinganiso samacala angaba ngu-15 esigidini ngasinye kwabaneminyaka engu-15 kuya kwengu-19.

Izimpawu zomdlavuza wegilo ezinganeni zifaka:

• isigaxa entanyeni
• izindlala ezivuvukele
• ukuzwa okuqinile entanyeni
• inkinga yokuphefumula noma ukugwinya
• izwi elihoshozelayo

Ukuvimbela ukukhubazeka kwe-thyroid

Ezimweni eziningi, awukwazi ukuvimbela i-hypothyroidism noma i-hyperthyroidism. Emazweni asathuthuka, i-hypothyroidism ivame ukubangelwa ukuntuleka kwe-iodine. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokwengezwa kwe-iodine kusawoti wethebula, lokhu kushoda akuvamile e-United States.

I-Hyperthyroidism ivame ukubangelwa yisifo se-Graves, isifo esizimele somzimba esingavinjelwe. Ungasusa i-thyroid engasebenzi ngokweqile ngokuthatha i-hormone yegilo eningi kakhulu. Uma unikezwe i-hormone ye-thyroid, qiniseka ukuthatha umthamo ofanele. Ezimweni ezingavamile, i-thyroid yakho ingasebenza ngokweqile uma udla ukudla okuningi kakhulu okuqukethe i-iodine, njengosawoti wetafula, inhlanzi nolwandle.

Yize ungeke ukwazi ukuvimbela isifo se-thyroid, ungavimbela izinkinga zayo ngokutholakala ngokushesha bese ulandela ukwelashwa okuyalelwa ngudokotela.