Yini Ofuna Ukwazi Nge-Dementia?

-Delile

• Incazelo yokuwohloka komqondo
• Izimpawu zokuwohloka komqondo
• Izigaba zokuwohloka komqondo
• Ukukhubazeka okuncane kwengqondo
• Ukuwohloka komqondo okuncane
• Ukuwohloka komqondo okulingene
• Ukuwohloka komqondo okukhulu
• Yini ebangela ukuwohloka komqondo?
• Izifo ze-Neurodegenerative
• Ezinye izimbangela zokuwohloka komqondo
• Izinhlobo zokuwohloka komqondo
• Ukuhlolwa komqondo
• Ukwelashwa kokuwohloka komqondo
• Imithi yokwelashwa komqondo
• Ukuvimbela ukuwohloka komqondo
• Isikhathi sokuphila komqondo
• Ukuwohloka komqondo kuqhathaniswa nesifo i-Alzheimer's
• Ukuwohloka komqondo okuphuma otshwaleni
• Ingabe ukukhohlwa akuyona ingxenye ejwayelekile yokuguga?
• Kuvame kangakanani ukuwohloka komqondo?
• Yiluphi ucwaningo olwenziwayo?

Incazelo yokuwohloka komqondo

Ukuwohloka komqondo ukwehla kokusebenza kwengqondo. Ukuze kuthathwe njengokuwohloka komqondo, ukukhubazeka kwengqondo kufanele kuthinte okungenani imisebenzi emibili yobuchopho. Ukuwohloka komqondo kungathinta:

• inkumbulo
• ecabanga
• ulimi
• ukwahlulela
• ukuziphatha

Ukuwohloka komqondo akusona isifo. Kungabangelwa yizifo ezahlukahlukene noma ukulimala. Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo kungahle kusuka ebumnandini kuye kokubi. Kungadala nezinguquko zobuntu.

Amanye ama-dementias ayaqhubeka. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ziya ziba zimbi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Amanye ama-dementias ayelapheka noma abuyele emuva. Abanye ochwepheshe balinciphisa leli gama ukuwohloka komqondo ekuwohlokeni kwengqondo okungalungiseki.

Izimpawu zokuwohloka komqondo

Esigabeni sayo sokuqala, ukuwohloka komqondo kungadala izimpawu, njenge:

• Ukungabhekani kahle noshintsho. Ungaba nesikhathi esinzima ukwamukela ushintsho kumashejuli noma endaweni.
• Izinguquko ezicashile ekwenzeni imemori yesikhashana. Wena noma othandekayo ungakhumbula izehlakalo zeminyaka eyi-15 edlule njengoba bekulokhu kuyizolo, kodwa awukwazi ukukhumbula ukuthi ubudleni ngesidlo sasemini.
• Ukufinyelela amagama afanele. Ukukhumbula iZwi noma ukuhlangana kungaba nzima kakhulu.
• Ukuphindaphinda. Ungabuza umbuzo ofanayo, uqedele umsebenzi ofanayo, noma usho indaba efanayo kaningi.
• Umqondo odidayo wokuqondisa. Izindawo obukade uzazi kahle manje sezizwakala zingaphandle. Ungase futhi ulwe nemizila yokushayela oyithathe iminyaka ngoba ayisabonakali ijwayelekile.
• Ukushikashikeka ukulandela izindaba zezindaba. Ungakuthola kunzima ukulandela indaba noma incazelo yomuntu.
• Izinguquko zemizwa. Ukudana, ukukhungatheka, nentukuthelo akuyona into engavamile kubantu abane-dementia.
• Ukuphelelwa yintshisekelo. Ukunganaki kungenzeka kubantu abanesifo sengqondo esiyingozi. Lokhu kufaka ukulahlekelwa yintshisekelo kokuzilibazisa noma imisebenzi owake wayijabulela.

• Izigaba zokuwohloka komqondo

  Ezimweni eziningi, ukuwohloka komqondo kuyaqhubeka, kuba kubi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuwohloka komqondo kuqhubeka ngokuhlukile kuwo wonke umuntu. Kodwa-ke, iningi labantu lihlangabezana nezimpawu zalezi zigaba ezilandelayo zokuwohloka komqondo:

  
  

  Ukukhubazeka okuncane kwengqondo

  Abantu asebekhulile bangaba nokukhubazeka okuncane kwengqondo (MCI) kepha bangaze badlulele ekuwohlokeni komqondo noma okunye ukukhubazeka kwengqondo. Abantu abane-MCI bavame ukukhohlwa, banenkinga yokukhumbula amagama, nezinkinga zememori zesikhashana.

  Ukuwohloka komqondo okuncane

  Kulesi sigaba, abantu abanokuwohloka komqondo okuncane bangakwazi ukusebenza ngokuzimela. Izimpawu zifaka:

  • inkumbulo yesikhashana iyaphela
  • izinguquko zobuntu, kufaka phakathi intukuthelo noma ukudangala
  • ukubeka izinto ngokungafanele noma ukukhohlwa
  • ubunzima ngemisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi noma ukuxazulula izinkinga
  • ulwela ukuveza imizwa noma imibono

  Ukuwohloka komqondo okulingene

  Kulesi sigaba sokuwohloka komqondo, abantu abathintekile bangadinga usizo kothandekayo noma umhlinzeki wokunakekelwa. Lokho kungenxa yokuthi ukuwohloka komqondo manje kungaphazamisa imisebenzi nemisebenzi yansuku zonke. Izimpawu zifaka:

  • ukwahlulela kabi
  • ukwanda kokudideka nokukhungatheka
  • ukulahleka kwememori okufinyelela phambili kokwedlule
  • ukudinga usizo ngemisebenzi efana nokugqoka nokugeza
  • izinguquko eziphawulekayo zobuntu

  Ukuwohloka komqondo okukhulu

  Kulesi sigaba sekwephuzile sokuwohloka komqondo, izimpawu ezingokwengqondo nezingokomzimba zalesi simo ziyaqhubeka nokwehla. Izimpawu zifaka:

  
  
  • ukungakwazi ukugcina ukusebenza komzimba, kufaka phakathi ukuhamba futhi ekugcineni ukugwinya nokulawula isinye
  • ukungakwazi ukuxhumana
  • edinga usizo lwesikhathi esigcwele
  • ingozi eyengeziwe yokutheleleka

  Abantu abanokuwohloka komqondo bazothuthuka ngezigaba zokuwohloka komqondo ngamazinga ahlukene. Ukuqonda izigaba zokuwohloka komqondo kungakusiza ukuthi ulungiselele ikusasa.

  Yini ebangela ukuwohloka komqondo?

  Ziningi izimbangela zokuwohloka komqondo. Ngokuvamile, kubangelwa ukonakala kwama-neuron (amangqamuzana obuchopho) noma ukuphazamiseka kwezinye izinhlelo zomzimba ezithinta indlela ama-neurons asebenza ngayo.

  Izimo eziningana zingadala ukuwohloka komqondo, kufaka phakathi izifo zobuchopho. Izimbangela ezinjalo ezivame kakhulu yisifo i-Alzheimer's kanye ne-dementia ye-vascular.

  I-Neurodegenerative kusho ukuthi ama-neurons kancane kancane ayayeka ukusebenza noma ukusebenza ngokungafanele futhi ekugcineni afe.

  Lokhu kuthinta ukuxhumana kwe-neuron-to-neuron, okubizwa ngokuthi ama-synapses, okuyimilayezo evela ngaleyo ndlela edluliswa ebuchosheni bakho. Lokhu kunqanyulwa kungaholela ebangeni lokungasebenzi kahle.

  
  

  Ezinye zezimbangela ezivame kakhulu zokuwohloka komqondo zifaka:

  Izifo ze-Neurodegenerative

  • Isifo i-Alzheimer's
  • Isifo sikaParkinson esinokuwohloka komqondo
  • Ukuwohloka komqondo ngemithambo yegazi
  • imiphumela emibi yemithi
  • ukuphuza ngokweqile
  • izimila noma izifo ezithile zobuchopho

  Enye imbangela ukuwohloka kwe-lobar frontotemporal, okuyigama lokulala lezimo ezahlukahlukene ezidala ukulimala kobuchopho bangaphambili nobesikhashana bobuchopho. Kubandakanya:

  • ukuwohloka komqondo kwangaphambili
  • Isifo sikaPick
  • ukukhubazeka okungaphezulu kwamandla enyukliya
  • ukonakala kwe-corticobasal

  Ezinye izimbangela zokuwohloka komqondo

  Ukuwohloka komqondo nakho kungadalwa ezinye izimo, kufaka phakathi:

  • ukuphazamiseka kobuchopho kwesakhiwo, okufana nengcindezi ejwayelekile ye-hydrocephalus ne-subdural hematoma
  • ukuphazamiseka komzimba, njenge-hypothyroidism, ukushoda kukavithamini B-12, nokuphazamiseka kwezinso nesibindi
  • ubuthi, njengomthofu

  Amanye alawa ma-dementias angahle abuyele emuva. Lezi zimbangela ezelaphekayo zokuwohloka komqondo zingaguqula izimpawu uma zibanjwe kusenesikhathi ngokwanele. Lesi ngesinye sezizathu eziningi zokuthi kungani kubalulekile ukubona udokotela wakho bese uthola ukuxilongwa kwezokwelapha ngokushesha lapho izimpawu ziqala.

  Izinhlobo zokuwohloka komqondo

  Izimo eziningi zokuwohloka komqondo ziwuphawu lwesifo esithile. Izifo ezahlukahlukene zidala izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuwohloka komqondo. Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zokuwohloka komqondo zifaka:

  • Isifo i-Alzheimer's. Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lokuwohloka komqondo, isifo i-Alzheimer sakha amaphesenti angama-60 kuye kwangama-80 amacala okuwohloka komqondo.
  • Lolu hlobo lokuwohloka komqondo lubangelwa ukwehla kokugeleza kwegazi ebuchosheni. Kungaba umphumela wokwakheka kocwecwe emithanjeni edlisa igazi ebuchosheni noma kohlangothi.
  • Ukuwohloka komqondo komzimba kaLewy. Amaprotheni afakwa kumaseli ezinzwa avimbela ubuchopho ekuthumeleni izimpawu zamakhemikhali. Lokhu kuphumela kumilayezo elahlekile, ukusabela okubambezelekile, nokulahleka kwememori.
  • Isifo sikaParkinson. Abantu abanesifo seParkinson esithuthukile bangakhula ukuwohloka komqondo. Izimpawu zalolu hlobo oluthile lokuwohloka komqondo zifaka phakathi izinkinga zokucabanga nokwahlulela, kanye nokwanda kokucasuka, ukuphambana nokucindezeleka.
  • Ukuwohloka komqondo kwangaphambili. Izinhlobo eziningana zokuwohloka komqondo ziwela kulesi sigaba. Ngamunye wabo uthinteka yizinguquko ezingxenyeni ezingaphambili neziseceleni zobuchopho. Izimpawu zifaka ubunzima olimini nasekuziphatheni, kanye nasekulahlekelweni kokuvimbela.

  Ezinye izinhlobo zokuwohloka komqondo zikhona. Kodwa-ke, abavamile kakhulu. Eqinisweni, uhlobo olulodwa lokuwohloka komqondo lwenzeka kubantu abayi-1 kwabayisigidi esisodwa. Funda kabanzi ngalolu hlobo olungavamile lokuwohloka komqondo nokunye.

  Ukuhlolwa komqondo

  Akukho sivivinyo esisodwa esingaqinisekisa ukuxilongwa komqondo.Esikhundleni salokho, umhlinzeki wezempilo uzosebenzisa uchungechunge lwezivivinyo nezivivinyo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:

  • umlando ophelele wezokwelapha
  • ukuhlolwa komzimba ngokucophelela
  • ukuhlolwa kwelabhoratri, kufaka phakathi ukuhlolwa kwegazi
  • ukubuyekezwa kwezimpawu, kufaka phakathi izinguquko kwimemori, ekuziphatheni, nasekusebenzeni kobuchopho
  • umlando womndeni

  Odokotela banganquma ukuthi ngabe wena noma umuntu omthandayo ubhekene nezimpawu zokuwohloka komqondo ngezinga eliphakeme lokuqiniseka. Kodwa-ke, kungenzeka bangakwazi ukuthola uhlobo oluqondile lokuwohloka komqondo. Ezimweni eziningi, izimpawu zezinhlobo zokuwohloka komqondo ziyagqagqana. Lokho kwenza ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili kube nzima.

  Abanye abahlinzeki bezempilo bazoxilonga ukuwohloka komqondo ngaphandle kokuchaza uhlobo. Uma kunjalo, ungafisa ukubona udokotela ogxile ekuhloleni nasekwelapheni ukuwohloka komqondo. Labodokotela babizwa ngokuthi ngabezinzwa zemizwa. Abanye odokotela bezokwelapha nabo bakhethekile kulolu hlobo lokuxilongwa.

  Ukwelashwa kokuwohloka komqondo

  Izindlela zokwelapha ezimbili eziyinhloko zisetshenziselwa ukunciphisa izimpawu zokuwohloka komqondo: imithi yokwelashwa engeyona eyezidakamizwa. Akuyona yonke imithi evunyelwe uhlobo ngalunye lokuwohloka komqondo, futhi alukho umuthi owelaphayo.

  Imithi yokwelashwa komqondo

  Izinhlobo ezimbili zemithi zisetshenziselwa ukwelapha izimpawu zesifo i-Alzheimer's:

  • I-Cholinesterase inhibitors. Le mithi inyusa ikhemikhali ebizwa nge-acetylcholine. Leli khemikhali lingasiza ekwakheni izinkumbulo futhi lithuthukise ukwahlulela. Kungase futhi kubambezele izimpawu eziba zimbi zesifo i-Alzheimer's (AD).

  • Ukuvimbela ukuwohloka komqondo

    Kwaphela amashumi eminyaka, odokotela nabaphenyi bakholelwa ukuthi ukuwohloka komqondo akunakuvinjelwa noma kwelashwe. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo olusha lukhombisa ukuthi kungenzeka kungabi njalo.

    Ukubuyekezwa kwango-2017 kutholakale ukuthi ngaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zamacala okuwohloka komqondo kungaba umphumela wezinto zokuphila. Ngokuqondile, abacwaningi bathole izici eziyisishiyagalolunye zobungozi ezingakhuphula amathuba omuntu okuba nokuwohloka komqondo. Kubandakanya:

    • ukuntuleka kwemfundo
    • umfutho ophakeme wegazi ophakathi
    • ukukhuluphala phakathi kwempilo
    • ukulahlekelwa ukuzwa
    • ukucindezeleka okwenzeka sekwedlule isikhathi
    • isifo sikashukela
    • ukungasebenzi
    • ukubhema
    • ukuzihlukanisa emphakathini

    Abaphenyi bakholelwa ukuthi ukubhekisa lezi zinto ezinobungozi ngokwelashwa noma ukungenelela kungabambezela noma kuvimbele ezinye izimo zokuwohloka komqondo.

    Amacala okuwohloka komqondo kulindeleke ukuthi acishe abe kathathu ngonyaka ka-2050, kepha ungathatha izinyathelo zokubambezela ukuqala kokuwohloka komqondo namuhla.

    Isikhathi sokuphila komqondo

    Abantu abaphila nokuwohloka komqondo bangaphila iminyaka eminingi ngemuva kokuxilongwa. Kungabonakala sengathi ukuwohloka komqondo akusona isifo esibulalayo ngenxa yalokhu. Kodwa-ke, ukuwohloka komqondo sekwephuzile kubhekwa njengokufa.

    Kunzima kodokotela nabahlinzeki bokunakekelwa kwezempilo ukubikezela okulindelwe impilo kubantu abanokuwohloka komqondo. Ngokunjalo, izinto ezithonya iminyaka yokuphila zingaba nomthelela ohlukile kubude bempilo kumuntu ngamunye.

    Ku, abesifazane abatholwe benesifo i-Alzheimer's baphila ngokwesilinganiso ngemuva kokuxilongwa. Amadoda ayephila. Ukulindelwa kwempilo, ucwaningo lutholile, lufushane kubantu abanezinye izinhlobo zokuwohloka komqondo.

    Izici ezithile zobungozi zandisa amathuba okufa kubantu abanesifo sengqondo esiyingozi. Lezi zinto zifaka:

    • ukukhula kweminyaka
    • ukuba ngowobulili besilisa
    • ukuncipha kwamakhono nokusebenza
    • izimo ezengeziwe zezokwelapha, izifo, noma ukuxilongwa, njengesifo sikashukela noma umdlavuza

    Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukuwohloka komqondo akulandeli umugqa wesikhathi othize. Wena noma othandekayo wakho ningathuthuka ngezigaba zokuwohloka komqondo kancane, noma ukuqhubeka kungashesha futhi kungalindelekile. Lokhu kuzothinta isikhathi sokuphila.

    Ukuwohloka komqondo kuqhathaniswa nesifo i-Alzheimer's

    I-Dementia ne-Alzheimer's's disease (AD) azifani. I-Dementia yigama lesambulela elisetshenziselwa ukuchaza iqoqo lezimpawu ezihlobene nememori, ulimi, kanye nokwenza izinqumo.

    I-AD uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lokuwohloka komqondo. Kubangela ubunzima ngememori yesikhashana, ukudangala, ukudideka, izinguquko zokuziphatha, nokuningi.

    Ukuwohloka komqondo kubangela izimpawu ezinjengokukhohlwa noma ukukhubazeka kwememori, ukulahlekelwa isiqondiso, ukudideka, nobunzima ngokunakekelwa komuntu siqu. Ukuqoqwa ngqo kwezimpawu kuzoya ngohlobo lokuwohloka komqondo onalo.

    I-AD nayo ingadala lezi zimpawu, kepha ezinye izimpawu ze-AD zingafaka ukucindezeleka, ukwahlulela okungakhuli kahle, nobunzima bokukhuluma.

    Ngokufanayo, izindlela zokwelashwa komqondo zixhomeke ohlotsheni onalo. Kodwa-ke, ukwelashwa kwe-AD kuvame ukuhlangana nezinye izindlela zokwelashwa komqondo ezingezona ezemithi.

    Endabeni yezinhlobo ezithile zokuwohloka komqondo, ukwelapha imbangela eyisisekelo kungasiza ekunciphiseni noma ekumiseni izinkinga zememori nokuziphatha. Kodwa-ke, akunjalo nge-AD.

    Ukuqhathanisa lezi zimo ezimbili kungakusiza ukuthi uhlukanise phakathi kwezimpawu wena noma othandekayo ongahlangabezana nazo.

    Ukuwohloka komqondo okuphuma otshwaleni

    Ukusetshenziswa kotshwala kungaba yinto engavikeleka kakhulu ekuwohlokeni komqondo. Kutholwe ukuthi iningi lamacala okuwohloka komqondo okuqala ahlobene nokusetshenziswa kotshwala.

    Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi amacala okuwohloka komqondo kwasekuqaleni axhumene ngqo notshwala. Futhi, amaphesenti ayi-18 abantu abasesifundweni babetholwe ukuthi banenkinga yokusebenzisa utshwala.

    Izinkinga zokusebenzisa utshwala, abacwaningi bathola, zandisa ubungozi bomuntu bokuwohloka komqondo

    Akukhona konke ukuphuza okuyingozi ezinkumbulweni zakho nasempilweni yengqondo. Amazinga okuphuza amaphakathi (angadluli ingilazi eyodwa ngosuku kwabesifazane nezingilazi ezimbili ngosuku kwabesilisa) angaba yinzuzo empilweni yenhliziyo yakho.

    Utshwala bungaba nobuthi ngaphezu kwezinkumbulo zakho, kodwa ukuthi uphuza kangakanani kubalulekile. Thola ukuthi yini ephephile ongayiphuza uma ufuna ukwehlisa ubungozi bokuwohloka komqondo.

    Ingabe ukukhohlwa akuyona ingxenye ejwayelekile yokuguga?

    Kujwayelekile impela ukukhohlwa izinto ngezikhathi ezithile. Ukulahleka kwememori kukodwa akusho ukuthi une-dementia. Kunomehluko phakathi kokukhohlwa ngezikhathi ezithile nokukhohlwa okuyimbangela yokukhathazeka okukhulu.

    Amafulegi abomvu angaba khona wokuwohloka komqondo afaka:

    • ukukhohlwa i-WHO umuntu ukhona
    • ukukhohlwa Kanjani ukwenza imisebenzi ejwayelekile, njengokusebenzisa ucingo noma ukuthola indlela eya ekhaya
    • ukungakwazi ukuqonda noma ukugcina imininingwane enikezwe ngokucacile

    Funa usizo lwezokwelapha uma uhlangabezana nanoma yikuphi kwalokhu okungenhla.

    Ukulahleka ezindaweni ezijwayelekile kuvame ukuba ngesinye sezimpawu zokuqala zokuwohloka komqondo. Isibonelo, ungaba nenkinga yokushayela uye esitolo.

    Kuvame kangakanani ukuwohloka komqondo?

    Cishe amaphesenti ayi-10 abantu abaneminyaka engama-65 kuya kwengama-74 futhi abanohlobo oluthile lokuwohloka komqondo.

    Isibalo sabantu abatholakale benokuwohloka komqondo noma abahlala naso siyanda. Lokhu kukhuphuka kungenxa yokwanda kwesikhathi sokuphila.

    Ngo-2030, ubukhulu besibalo sabantu abaneminyaka engama-65 ubudala nangaphezulu e-United States kulindeleke ukuthi sicishe siphindwe kabili kusuka kubantu abayizigidi ezingama-37 ngo-2006 kuya kwabalinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-74 ngonyaka ka-2030, ngokusho kweFederal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics Older Americans .

    Yiluphi ucwaningo olwenziwayo?

    Ososayensi emhlabeni wonke basebenza kanzima ukuthola ukuqonda okungcono kwezici eziningi ezahlukahlukene zokuwohloka komqondo. Lokhu kungasiza ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokuzivikela, kuthuthukiswe amathuluzi okuxilonga okutholwa kusenesikhathi, ukwelashwa okungcono nokuhlala isikhathi eside, ngisho nokwelashwa.

    Isibonelo, ucwaningo lwakuqala luphakamisa umuthi ojwayelekile wesifuba obizwa ngokuthi i-zileuton ungahle wehlise, ume, futhi ubuyisele emuva emuva ukukhula kwamaprotheni ebuchosheni. Lawa maprotheni ajwayelekile kubantu abanesifo i-Alzheimer's.

    Okunye ukuthuthukiswa kocwaningo kwakamuva kusikisela ukuthi ukukhuthazeka kobuchopho okujulile kungaba yindlela ephumelelayo yokunciphisa izimpawu ze-Alzheimer ezigulini ezindala. Le ndlela isetshenziselwe ukwelapha izimpawu zesifo sikaParkinson, njengokuthuthumela, amashumi eminyaka.

    Manje, abacwaningi babheka ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukubambezela ukuqhubeka kwe-Alzheimer's.

    Ososayensi baphenya izinto ezahlukahlukene abacabanga ukuthi zingaba nomthelela ekukhuleni komqondo, kubandakanya:

    • izici zofuzo
    • ama-neurotransmitters ahlukahlukene
    • ukuvuvukala
    • izici ezinomthelela ekufeni kweseli okuhleliwe ebuchosheni
    • tau, iphrotheni etholakala kuma-neurons wesistimu yezinzwa emaphakathi
    • ukucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative, noma ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okungalimaza amaprotheni, i-DNA, nama-lipids ngaphakathi kwamaseli

    Lolu cwaningo lungasiza odokotela nososayensi ukuthi baqonde kangcono ukuthi yini ebangela ukuwohloka komqondo, bese bethola ukuthi ilashwa kanjani futhi mhlawumbe ivimbele lesi sifo.

    Kukhona nobufakazi obukhulayo bokuthi izindlela zokuphila zingasebenza ekunciphiseni ubungozi bokuhlaselwa yisifo sengqondo. Izici ezinjalo zingabandakanya ukuvivinya umzimba njalo nokugcina ukuxhumana nabantu.