Usabalala Kanjani Umdlavuza

-Delile

• Ukubuka konke
• Kungani umdlavuza usakazeka
• Umdlavuza oshesha- futhi oshesha kakhulu ukusabalalisa
• Yiziphi izigaba ezihlobene nokusabalala komdlavuza
• Ukukhula kwesimila nokusabalala
• Izimila ze-Benign
• Izimila ezimbi
• Isebenza kanjani imishanguzo yokunqanda ukusabalala komdlavuza
• Ukuhlinzwa
• Ukwelashwa ngemisebe
• Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali
• Ukwelashwa okuhlosiwe
• I-Immunotherapy
• Ukufakelwa kwe-stem cell noma umnkantsha wethambo
• Ukuthatha

Ukubuka konke

Imizimba yethu yakhiwa izigidigidi zamaseli. Ngokuvamile, amangqamuzana amasha athatha indawo yamangqamuzana amadala noma alimele njengoba efa.

Kwesinye isikhathi, i-DNA yeseli iyalimala. Amasosha omzimba ngokuvamile angalawula inani elincane lamaseli angajwayelekile ekulimaleni okuqhubekayo emizimbeni yethu.

Umdlavuza wenzeka lapho kunamaseli amaningi angajwayelekile kunamasosha omzimba. Esikhundleni sokufa, amangqamuzana angajwayelekile aqhubeka nokukhula futhi ehlukana, enqwabelana ngesimo sezimila. Ekugcineni, lokho kukhula okungalawuleki kubangela ukuthi amaseli angajwayelekile ahlasele izicubu ezizungezile.

Kunezinhlobo zomdlavuza eziqanjwe izicubu noma izitho lapho zisuka khona. Zonke zinamandla okusabalalisa, kepha ezinye zinolaka kakhulu kunezinye.

Qhubeka ufunde ukuze ufunde ukuthi umdlavuza usakazeka kanjani, ukuthi uhlelwa kanjani, nokuthi izindlela zokwelapha ezahlukahlukene zisebenza kanjani.

Kungani umdlavuza usakazeka

Amaseli womdlavuza awaphenduli kwizimpawu ezibatshela ukuthi sekuyisikhathi sokufa, ngakho-ke aqhubeka ehlukanisa ngokushesha futhi ephindaphindeka. Futhi zinhle kakhulu ekucasheleni amasosha omzimba.

Lapho amangqamuzana omdlavuza esaqukethe izicubu lapho akhula khona, abizwa ngokuthi i-carcinoma in situ (CIS). Lapho lawo maseli ephuka ngaphandle kolwelwesi lwezicubu, ubizwa ngokuthi umdlavuza ongenayo.

Ukusabalala komdlavuza kusuka lapho uqale kwenye indawo kubizwa ngokuthi yi-metastasis. Akunandaba ukuthi usakazeka kuphi futhi emzimbeni, umdlavuza usabizwa ngendawo owavela kuyo. Isibonelo, umdlavuza we-Prostate osakazekele esibindi usengumdlavuza wendlala yesisu, hhayi umdlavuza wesibindi, futhi ukwelashwa kuzokukhombisa lokho.

Ngenkathi izicubu eziqinile ziyisici sezinhlobo eziningi zomdlavuza, akunjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Isibonelo, ama-leukemiya yimidlavuza yegazi odokotela abayibiza ngokuthi “izicubu eziwuketshezi.”

Ngokuqondile lapho amangqamuzana omdlavuza azosakazeka ngokulandelayo ancike endaweni yawo emzimbeni, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi asabalale eduze kuqala. Umdlavuza ungasakazeka ngokusebenzisa:

• Izicubu. Isimila esikhulayo singaphusha izicubu ezizungezile noma izitho. Amaseli womdlavuza aqhamuka esikhunjeni sokuqala angahle aphume futhi akhe izicubu ezintsha eduze.
• Uhlelo lwe-lymph. Amaseli omdlavuza avela ku-tumor angangena kuma-lymph node aseduze. Ukusuka lapho, bangahamba lonke uhlelo lwe-lymph futhi baqale izicubu ezintsha kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba.
• Ukugeleza kwegazi. Izicubu eziqinile zidinga umoya-mpilo nezinye izakhamzimba ukuze zikhule. Ngenqubo ebizwa nge-angiogenesis, izicubu zingashukumisela ukwakheka kwemithambo yegazi emisha ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iyaphila. Amaseli nawo angangena egazini bese eya ezindaweni ezikude.

Umdlavuza oshesha- futhi oshesha kakhulu ukusabalalisa

Amaseli womdlavuza anokulimala okuningi kofuzo (okungafani kahle) uvame ukukhula ngokushesha kunamaseli omdlavuza anomonakalo omncane wofuzo (ohlukaniswe kahle). Ngokuya ngokuthi avele kanjani angajwayelekile ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu, izicubu zibekwa ngokulandelayo:

• I-GX: ayinqunyelwe
• I-G1: ihlukaniswe kahle noma ibanga eliphansi
• I-G2: lihlukaniswe ngokulingene noma ibanga eliphakathi
• I-G3: ihlukaniswe kabi noma ibanga eliphakeme
• I-G4: okungahlukanisiwe noma ibanga eliphakeme

Eminye imidlavuza evame ukukhula kancane yile:

• umdlavuza webele, njenge-estrogen receptor-positive (ER +) kanye ne-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-)
• i-lymphocytic leukemia engapheli (CLL)
• Umdlavuza wekoloni nowesikhumba
• izinhlobo eziningi zomdlavuza wesinye

Eminye imidlavuza, njengomdlavuza wendlala yesinye, ingakhula kancane kangangoba udokotela wakho angancoma indlela "yokulinda ngokuqapha" kunokwelashwa ngokushesha. Abanye kungenzeka bangalokothi badinge ukwelashwa.

Izibonelo zomdlavuza okhula ngokushesha zifaka:

• i-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) kanye ne-acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
• ezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza webele, njengomdlavuza webele wokuvuvukala (IBC) nomdlavuza webele onezinhliziyo ezintathu (i-TNBC)
• i-B-cell lymphoma enkulu
• umdlavuza wamaphaphu
• Umdlavuza ongaziwa wendlala yesinye njengama-cell-carcinomas amancane noma ama-lymphomas

Ukuba nomdlavuza okhula ngokushesha akusho ukuthi unesibikezelo esibi. Iningi lalawa mdlavuza lingelashwa ngempumelelo. Futhi eminye imidlavuza ayikhuli ngokushesha, kodwa mancane kakhulu amathuba okuthi itholwe kuze kube yilapho i-metastasized.

Yiziphi izigaba ezihlobene nokusabalala komdlavuza

Umdlavuza uhlelwa ngokosayizi wesimila nokuthi ususabalale kangakanani ngesikhathi sokuxilongwa. Izigaba zisiza odokotela ukuthi banqume ukuthi iziphi izindlela zokwelashwa ezingase zisebenze futhi zinikeze umbono ojwayelekile.

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinhlelo zokubeka esiteji kanti ezinye ziqonde izinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza. Okulandelayo yizigaba eziyisisekelo zomdlavuza:

• Esimweni. Amangqamuzana anomdlavuza atholakele, kodwa awakasakazeki ezicutshini ezizungezile.
• Kwenziwe kwaba okwasendaweni. Amaseli womdlavuza awasabalalisanga ngalapho aqala khona.
• Okwesifunda. Umdlavuza usabalalele kuma-lymph node, izicubu noma izitho eziseduze.
• Kude. Umdlavuza usufinyelele kwizitho noma izicubu ezikude.
• Akwaziwa. Alukho ulwazi olwanele lokunquma isiteji.

Noma:

• Isiteji 0 noma i-CIS. Kutholakale amangqamuzana angajwayelekile kepha awazange asabalale abe izicubu ezizungezile. Lokhu kubizwa nangokuthi i-precancer.
• Izigaba 1, 2, no-3. Ukuxilongwa komdlavuza kuyaqinisekiswa. Izinombolo zimelela ukuthi sikhulu kangakanani isimila sokuqala nokuthi umdlavuza ususabalale kangakanani.
• Isigaba 4. Umdlavuza ususele ezingxenyeni ezikude zomzimba.

Umbiko wakho we-pathology ungasebenzisa uhlelo lwe-TNM staging system, olunikeza imininingwane eningiliziwe ngokulandelayo:

T: Usayizi wesimila sokuqala

• I-TX: isimila sokuqala asinakulinganiswa
• I-T0: isimila sokuqala asikwazi ukutholakala
• I-T1, T2, T3, T4: ichaza ubukhulu besimila sokuqala nokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ikhule kangakanani yaba izicubu ezizungezile

N: Inani lama-lymph node wesifunda athintwe ngumdlavuza

• I-NX: umdlavuza kuma-lymph node aseduze awunakulinganiswa
• I-N0: awukho umdlavuza otholakala kuma-lymph node aseduze
• I-N1, N2, N3: ichaza inani nendawo yama-lymph node athintwe ngumdlavuza

M: Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umdlavuza usetshenzisiwe noma cha

• I-MX: i-metastasis ayinakulinganiswa
• I-M0: umdlavuza awusabalalanga kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba
• M1: umdlavuza usakazekile

Ngakho-ke, isigaba sakho somdlavuza singabukeka kanjena: T2N1M0.

Ukukhula kwesimila nokusabalala

Izimila ze-Benign

Izicubu zeBenign azinomdlavuza.Zimbozwe ngamaseli ajwayelekile futhi azikwazi ukungena ezicutshini eziseduze noma ezinye izitho. Izicubu zeBenign zingadala izinkinga ezimbalwa uma:

• zinkulu ngokwanele ukuthi zingacindezela ezithweni, zibangele ubuhlungu, noma zibukeke zibukeke
• zitholakala ebuchosheni
• khipha ama-hormone athinta izinhlelo zomzimba

Izicubu zeBenign ngokuvamile zingasuswa ngokuhlinzwa futhi akunakwenzeka ukuthi zikhule futhi.

Izimila ezimbi

Izicubu zomdlavuza zibizwa ngokuthi ziyingozi. Amaseli omdlavuza akha lapho ukungajwayelekile kwe-DNA kubangela ukuthi ufuzo luziphathe ngendlela ehlukile kunalokho obekufanele. Zingakhula zibe izicubu eziseduze, zisabalale ngokuhamba kwegazi noma nge-lymph system, futhi zisabalale emzimbeni. Izicubu ezinobungozi zivame ukukhula ngokushesha kunezicubu ezinobungozi.

Isebenza kanjani imishanguzo yokunqanda ukusabalala komdlavuza

Ngokuvamile, kulula ukwelapha umdlavuza ngaphambi kokuba ube nethuba lokusabalala. Ukwelashwa kuya ngohlobo oluthile lomdlavuza kanye nasesiteji. Ezimweni eziningi, ukwelashwa kuzoba nokwelashwa okungaphezu kokukodwa.

Ukuhlinzwa

Ngokuya ngohlobo lomdlavuza onawo, ukuhlinzwa kungaba yindlela yokwelashwa komugqa wokuqala. Lapho ukuhlinzwa kusetshenziselwa ukususa isimila, udokotela ohlinzayo ususa neceke elincane lezicubu ezizungeze isimila ukunciphisa amathuba okushiya amangqamuzana omdlavuza ngemuva.

Ukuhlinzwa kungasiza futhi ekudlaleni umdlavuza. Isibonelo, ukuhlola ama-lymph node eduze kwesimila sokuqala kungathola ukuthi umdlavuza usakazekile yini endaweni.

Ungadinga futhi i-chemotherapy noma i-radiation therapy ngemuva kokuhlinzwa. Lokhu kungaba ukuqapha okungeziwe uma kwenzeka noma yimaphi amangqamuzana omdlavuza ashiywa ngemuva noma esefinyelele egazini noma kuhlelo lwe-lymph.

Uma isimila singeke sisuswe ngokuphelele, udokotela wakho ohlinzayo usengasusa ingxenye yaso. Lokhu kungasiza uma isimila besibangela ingcindezi esithweni noma sibangela ubuhlungu.

Ukwelashwa ngemisebe

Imisebe isebenzisa imisebe yamandla aphezulu ukubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza noma ukunciphisa ukukhula kwawo. Imisebe ibhekise endaweni ethile yomzimba lapho umdlavuza utholakale khona.

Imisebe ingasetshenziswa ukuqeda isimila noma ukudambisa izinhlungu. Ingasetshenziswa futhi ngemuva kokuhlinzwa ukukhomba noma yimaphi amangqamuzana omdlavuza okungenzeka ashiywe ngemuva.

Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali

I-Chemotherapy yindlela yokwelashwa okuhlelekile. Izidakamizwa ze-Chemo zingena egazini lakho bese zihamba emzimbeni wakho wonke ukuthola nokucekela phansi amaseli ahlukanisa ngokushesha.

I-Chemotherapy isetshenziselwa ukubulala umdlavuza, inciphise ukukhula kwayo, futhi inciphise nethuba lokuthi kwakheke izicubu ezintsha. Kuyasiza lapho umdlavuza usabalele ngaphesheya kwesimila sokuqala noma uma unohlobo lomdlavuza okungekho ukwelashwa okubhekiswe kulo.

Ukwelashwa okuhlosiwe

Izindlela zokwelashwa ezihlosiwe zixhomeke ohlotsheni oluthile lomdlavuza, kepha akuwona wonke umdlavuza oqonde izindlela zokwelashwa. Le mithi ihlasela amaprotheni athile avumela izicubu ukuthi zikhule futhi zisabalale.

Ama-angiogenesis inhibitors aphazamisa amasignali avumela izicubu ukuthi zakhe imithambo yegazi emisha futhi iqhubeke nokukhula. Le mithi ingadala nokuthi imithambo yegazi esivele ikhona ife, okunganciphisa isimila.

Ezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza, njenge-prostate kanye nomdlavuza omningi webele, zidinga ama-hormone ukuze zikhule. Ukwelashwa kweHormone kungamisa umzimba wakho ekukhiqizeni ama-hormone ondla umdlavuza. Abanye bayamisa lawo mahomoni ekuxhumaneni namaseli womdlavuza. Ukwelashwa kweHormone nakho kusiza ukuvikela ukuphindeka.

I-Immunotherapy

Ama-immunotherapies akhulisa amandla omzimba wakho wokulwa nomdlavuza. Le mithi ingaqinisa amasosha akho omzimba futhi iwusize uqaphele amaseli womdlavuza.

Ukufakelwa kwe-stem cell noma umnkantsha wethambo

Ukufakelwa kwe-stem cell, kwesinye isikhathi okubizwa ngokuthi ukufakelwa umnkantsha wethambo, kushintsha amangqamuzana akha igazi kulimale anempilo. Inqubo yenzeka ngokulandela i-chemotherapy enkulu noma i-radiation therapy ukubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza nokumisa amaseli akho ama-stem ekukhiqizeni amangqamuzana anomdlavuza.

Ukufakelwa kwama-stem cell kungasetshenziselwa izinhlobo eziningana zomdlavuza, kufaka phakathi i-myeloma eminingi nezinhlobo ezithile ze-leukemia.

Ukuthatha

Umdlavuza akusona isifo esisodwa. Kunezinhlobo eziningi - kanye nezinhlayiyana - zomdlavuza. Abanye banolaka kakhulu kunabanye, kepha kunokuhlukahluka okuningi okuholela kuzimpawu zomdlavuza ezihlukile.

I-oncologist yakho ingakunika ukuqonda okungcono kokuziphatha okujwayelekile kohlobo oluthile lomdlavuza ngokususelwa emininingwaneni yombiko wakho wokugula.