Okufanele Ukwazi Ngokukhubazeka Kwezingqondo

-Delile

• Izimpawu zokukhubazeka kwengqondo
• Izinga lokukhubazeka kwengqondo
• Ukukhubazeka okuphakathi kwengqondo
• Ukukhubazeka okulingene ngokwengqondo
• Ukukhubazeka okukhulu kwengqondo
• Ukukhubazeka okujulile kwengqondo
• Okunye ukukhubazeka kwengqondo
• Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo okungachazwanga
• Yini ebangela ukukhubazeka kwengqondo?
• Kutholakala kanjani ukukhubazeka kwengqondo?
• Izinketho zokwelashwa zokukhubazeka kwengqondo
• Uyini umbono wesikhathi eside?

Ukubuka konke

Uma ingane yakho inokukhubazeka kwengqondo (ID), ubuchopho bayo abukakhuli kahle noma bulimale ngandlela thile. Ingqondo yabo ingahle ingasebenzi ngaphakathi kobubanzi obujwayelekile bokusebenza kwengqondo nokuguquguquka. Esikhathini esedlule, ochwepheshe bezokwelapha babebiza lesi simo ngokuthi "ukukhubazeka kwengqondo."

Kunamazinga amane e-ID:

• imnene
• ngokulinganisela
• ezinzima
• kujulile

Kwesinye isikhathi, i-ID ingahlukaniswa njenge:

• “Okunye”
• "Akucacisiwe"

I-ID ifaka phakathi i-IQ ephansi nezinkinga ezijwayela impilo yansuku zonke. Kungenzeka futhi kube nokukhubazeka kokufunda, kwenkulumo, kwezenhlalo nokukhubazeka komzimba.

Amacala abucayi e-ID angatholakala ngokushesha ngemuva kokuzalwa. Kodwa-ke, ungahle ungaboni ukuthi ingane yakho ine-ID emincane ize yehluleke ukuhlangabezana nezinhloso ezifanayo zokuthuthuka. Cishe wonke amacala omazisi atholakala ngesikhathi ingane ifinyelela eminyakeni eyi-18.

Izimpawu zokukhubazeka kwengqondo

Izimpawu ze-ID zizohluka ngokuya ngeleveli yokukhubazeka kwengane yakho futhi zingafaka:

• ukwehluleka ukuhlangabezana nezingqophamlando zobuhlakani
• ukuhlala, ukukhasa, noma ukuhamba kamuva kunezinye izingane
• izinkinga zokufunda ukukhuluma noma ukukhathazeka ukukhuluma kahle
• izinkinga zememori
• ukungakwazi ukuqonda imiphumela yezenzo
• ukungakwazi ukucabanga ngokunengqondo
• ukuziphatha kobuntwana okungahambisani neminyaka yengane
• ukuntula ilukuluku
• ubunzima bokufunda
• IQ engaphansi kwama-70
• ukwehluleka ukuphila impilo ezimele ngokuphelele ngenxa yezinselelo zokuxhumana, ukuzinakekela, noma ukuxhumana nabanye

Uma ingane yakho ine-ID, ingahle ithole ezinye zezinkinga zokuziphatha ezilandelayo:

• ulaka
• ukuncika
• ukuhoxa emisebenzini yomphakathi
• ukuziphatha okufuna ukunakwa
• ukudangala ngesikhathi seminyaka yobusha nentsha
• ukungabi namandla okulawula umfutho
• ukungasebenzi
• ukuthambekela kokuzilimaza
• inkani
• ukuzenyeza
• ukubekezelelana okuphansi kokukhungatheka
• ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo
• kunzima ukunaka

Abanye abantu abane-ID nabo bangaba nezici ezithile zomzimba. Lokhu kungabandakanya ukuba nesiqu esifushane noma ukungajwayelekile kobuso.

Izinga lokukhubazeka kwengqondo

I-ID ihlukaniswe ngamazinga amane, ngokuya nge-IQ yengane yakho nezinga lokulungiswa komphakathi.

Ukukhubazeka okuphakathi kwengqondo

Ezinye zezimpawu zokukhubazeka kwengqondo okuncane zifaka:

• ukuthatha isikhathi eside ukufunda ukukhuluma, kepha ukuxhumana kahle uma sebekwazi ukuthi bakwenza kanjani
• ukuzimela ngokuphelele ekuzinakekeleni lapho sebekhulile
• unezinkinga ngokufunda nokubhala
• ukungavuthwa komphakathi
• ubunzima obukhulayo ngemithwalo yemfanelo yomshado noma yokuba ngumzali
• ukuhlomula ezinhlelweni zemfundo ezikhethekile
• ukuba nebanga le-IQ lama-50 kuye kwangama-69

Ukukhubazeka okulingene ngokwengqondo

Uma ingane yakho ine-ID elinganiselayo, ingaveza ezinye zalezi zimpawu ezilandelayo:

• bayaphuza ukuqonda nokusebenzisa ulimi
• ingaba nezinkinga ezithile ngokuxhumana
• bangafunda amakhono ayisisekelo okufunda, ukubhala nokubala
• ngokuvamile abakwazi ukuhlala bodwa
• bavame ukuzenzela bodwa ezindaweni ezijwayelekile
• angabamba iqhaza ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zemisebenzi yomphakathi
• ngokuvamile enebanga le-IQ lama-35 kuye kwangama-49

Ukukhubazeka okukhulu kwengqondo

Izimpawu ze-ID enzima zifaka:

• ukukhubazeka okubonakalayo kwezimoto
• ukulimala kanzima, noma ukukhula okungavamile kohlelo lwazo lwemizwa oluphakathi
• ngokuvamile enebanga le-IQ lama-20 kuye kwangama-34

Ukukhubazeka okujulile kwengqondo

Izimpawu ze-ID ejulile zifaka:

• ukungakwazi ukuqonda noma ukuhambisana nezicelo noma imiyalo
• ukungakwazi ukuhamba
• ukungazibambi
• ukuxhumana okuyisisekelo okungenangqondo
• ukungakwazi ukuzinakekela izidingo zabo ngokuzimela
• isidingo sosizo nokugadwa njalo
• ukuba ne-IQ engaphansi kuka-20

Okunye ukukhubazeka kwengqondo

Abantu abakulesi sigaba bavame ukukhubazeka ngokomzimba, babe nokungezwa, bangakhulumi, noma bakhubazeke ngokomzimba. Lezi zinto zingavimbela udokotela wengane yakho ekuhloleni ukuhlolwa.

Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo okungachazwanga

Uma ingane yakho ine-ID engacacisiwe, izokhombisa izimpawu ze-ID, kodwa udokotela wayo akanalo ulwazi olwanele lokuthola izinga lokukhubazeka kwakhe.

Yini ebangela ukukhubazeka kwengqondo?

Odokotela abakwazi ngaso sonke isikhathi ukukhomba imbangela ethile ye-ID, kepha izimbangela ze-ID zingafaka:

• ukuhlukumezeka ngaphambi kokuzalwa, njengokutheleleka noma ukuvezwa utshwala, izidakamizwa, noma obunye ubuthi
• ukuhlukumezeka ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, njengokuncishwa komoya-mpilo noma ukulethwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi
• ukuphazamiseka okuzuzwe njengefa, njenge-phenylketonuria (PKU) noma isifo seTay-Sachs
• ukungajwayelekile kwe-chromosome, njenge-Down syndrome
• ukuhola noma ubuthi be-mercury
• ukungondleki okukhulu noma ezinye izindaba zokudla
• izimo ezinzima zokugula kwasebuntwaneni, njengokukhwehlela, isimungumungwane, noma i-meningitis
• ukulimala ebuchosheni

Kutholakala kanjani ukukhubazeka kwengqondo?

Ukuze kutholakale ukuthi une-ID, ingane yakho kumele ibe namakhono obuhlakani angaguquki aphansi ngokwesilinganiso. Udokotela wengane yakho uzokwenza ukuhlolwa kwezingxenye ezintathu okubandakanya:

• izingxoxo nawe
• ukubonwa kwengane yakho
• ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile

Ingane yakho izonikezwa izivivinyo ezijwayelekile zobuhlakani, njengeStanford-Binet Intelligence Test. Lokhu kuzosiza udokotela ukunquma i-IQ yengane yakho.

Udokotela futhi angafaka ezinye izivivinyo ezifana neVineland Adaptive Behaeve Scales. Lokhu kuhlolwa kunikeza ukuhlolwa kwamakhono okuphila engane yakho nsuku zonke namakhono omphakathi, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izingane eziseqenjini elifanayo.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi izingane eziqhamuka emasikweni ahlukene nasezimeni zezomnotho zingenza ngokuhlukile kulezi zivivinyo. Ukwenza ukuxilongwa, udokotela wengane yakho uzobheka imiphumela yokuhlolwa, izingxoxo nawe, kanye nokubona kwengane yakho.

Inqubo yokuhlola yengane yakho ingafaka ukuvakashelwa kochwepheshe, abangafaka:

• isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo
• udokotela wezifo zokukhuluma
• usonhlala kahle
• udokotela wezinzwa wezingane
• udokotela wezingane okhulayo
• owelapha ngokomzimba

Ukuhlolwa kwelabhorethri nemifanekiso nakho kungenziwa. Lokhu kungasiza udokotela wengane yakho ukuthi abone ukuphazamiseka komzimba kanye nezakhi zofuzo, kanye nezinkinga zesakhiwo ngengqondo yengane yakho.

Ezinye izimo, njengokulahlekelwa ukuzwa, ukuphazamiseka kokufunda, ukuphazamiseka kwemithambo yegazi, nezinkinga ezingokomzwelo nakho kungadala ukubambezeleka kokuthuthuka. Udokotela wengane yakho kufanele akhiphe lezi zimo ngaphambi kokuxilonga ingane yakho nge-ID.

Wena, isikole sengane yakho, nodokotela wakho nizosebenzisa imiphumela yalezi zivivinyo nokuhlolwa ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lokwelashwa nokufundiswa kwengane yakho.

Izinketho zokwelashwa zokukhubazeka kwengqondo

Ingane yakho mhlawumbe izodinga ukwelulekwa okuqhubekayo ukuyisiza ikwazi ukubhekana nokukhubazeka kwayo.

Uzothola uhlelo lwensizakalo yomndeni oluchaza izidingo zengane yakho. Lolu hlelo luzophinda lunikeze imininingwane yezinsizakalo ingane yakho ezodinga ukuzisiza ngazo ngokukhula okujwayelekile. Izidingo zomndeni wakho nazo zizobhekelelwa ohlelweni.

Lapho ingane yakho isilungele ukuya esikoleni, kuzobekwa Uhlelo Lokufunda Oluhlukile (i-IEP) oluzobasiza ngezidingo zabo zemfundo. Zonke izingane ezinomazisi ziyahlomula emfundweni ekhethekile.

I-federal Individual Disability Act (IDEA) idinga ukuthi izikole zikahulumeni zinikeze imfundo yamahhala nefanele ezinganeni ezine-ID nokunye ukukhubazeka kokuthuthuka.

Inhloso enkulu yokwelashwa ukusiza ingane yakho ifinyelele amandla ayo ngokuya:

• imfundo
• amakhono omphakathi
• amakhono empilo

Ukwelashwa kungafaka:

• ukwelashwa kokuziphatha
• ukwelashwa emsebenzini
• ukwelulekwa
• imithi, kwezinye izimo

Uyini umbono wesikhathi eside?

Lapho i-ID yenzeka nezinye izinkinga ezingathi sína ngokomzimba, ingane yakho ingahle ibe nesikhathi sokuphila esingaphansi kwesilinganiso. Kodwa-ke, uma ingane yakho ine-ID emnene kuya kwelinganiselwe, cishe iyoba nesikhathi sokuphila esijwayelekile.

Lapho ingane yakho ikhula, ingakwazi ukusebenza umsebenzi ogcwalisa izinga labo le-ID, iphile ngokuzimela, futhi izondle.

Izinsizakalo zokusekelwa ziyatholakala ukusiza abantu abadala abane-ID baphile impilo ezimele neyanelisayo.