Mayelana neNucleoside / Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs)

-Delile

• Isebenza kanjani i-HIV ne-NRTIs
• Ama-NRTI atholakalayo
• Amathiphu okusetshenziswa
• Imiphumela emibi engaba khona
• Izinhlobo zemiphumela emibi
• Ingozi yemiphumela emibi
• Ukuthatha

Ukubuka konke

I-HIV ihlasela amangqamuzana ngaphakathi kwamasosha omzimba omzimba. Ukuze lisabalale, igciwane kudingeka lingene kulawa maseli lizenzele amakhophi alo. Amakhophi abe esekhishwa kulawa maseli bese engena kwamanye amaseli.

Igciwane lesandulela ngculaza alelapheki, kepha kaningi lingalawulwa.

Ukwelashwa nge-nucleoside / nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (i-NRTIs) kungenye yezindlela zokusiza ukunqanda igciwane ekuziphindaphindeni nasekulawuleni ukutheleleka nge-HIV. Nakhu ama-NRTI, ukuthi asebenza kanjani, nemiphumela engemihle angayibangela.

Isebenza kanjani i-HIV ne-NRTIs

Ama-NRTI angesinye sezigaba eziyisithupha zemishanguzo yokulwa negciwane lengculazi esetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-HIV. Imishanguzo yokuthithibalisa igciwane iphazamisa ikhono legciwane lokwanda noma lokuzala kabusha. Ukwelapha i-HIV, ama-NRTI asebenza ngokuvimba i-enzyme i-HIV idinga ukuzenzela amakhophi ayo.

Imvamisa i-HIV ingena kumaseli athile emzimbeni ayingxenye yohlelo lokuzivikela komzimba. Lawa maseli abizwa ngokuthi amaseli e-CD4, noma ama-T cell.

Ngemuva kokuthi i-HIV ingene kumaseli e-CD4, igciwane liqala ukuzikopisha. Ukwenza kanjalo, idinga ukukopisha i-RNA yayo - ukwakheka kofuzo lwegciwane - kwi-DNA. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi yi-reverse transcript futhi idinga i-enzyme ebizwa nge-reverse transcriptase.

Ama-NRTI avimbela i-reverse transcriptase yegciwane ekukopisheni ngokunembile i-RNA yayo ibe yi-DNA. Ngaphandle kwe-DNA, i-HIV ayikwazi ukuzenzela amakhophi.

Ama-NRTI atholakalayo

Njengamanje, i-Food and Drug Administration (i-FDA) ivume ama-NRTI ayisikhombisa ekwelashweni nge-HIV. Le mithi iyatholakala njengezidakamizwa ngazinye nezinhlanganisela ezahlukahlukene. Lezi zakhiwo zifaka:

• i-zidovudine (i-Retrovir)
• i-lamivudine (Epivir)
• abacavir sulfate (Ziagen)
• i-didanosine (Videx)
• ukukhishwa okulibazisekile kwe-didanosine (Videx EC)
• I-stavudine (Zerit)
• emtricitabine (Emtriva)
• i-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Viread)
• i-lamivudine ne-zidovudine (Combivir)
• abacavir nelamivudine (Epzicom)
• abacavir, zidovudine, kanye lamivudine (Trizivir)
• i-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate ne-emtricitabine (iTruvada)
• i-tenofovir alafenamide ne-emtricitabine (Descovy)

Amathiphu okusetshenziswa

Wonke la ma-NRTI eza njengamaphilisi athathwa ngomlomo.

Ukwelashwa ngama-NRTI ngokuvamile kubandakanya ukufaka ama-NRTIs amabili kanye nomuthi owodwa ovela esigabeni esihlukile semithi yezidambisigciwane.

Umhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwempilo uzokhetha ukwelashwa ngokuya ngemiphumela yokuhlolwa enikeza imininingwane ebalulekile ngesimo esithile somuntu. Uma lowo muntu eke wadla imishanguzo yegciwane lengculazi phambilini, umhlinzeki wabo wezokunakekelwa kwempilo naye uzokufaka lokhu lapho ethatha isinqumo ngezindlela zokwelashwa.

Lapho kuqala ukwelashwa nge-HIV, umuthi udinga ukuphuzwa nsuku zonke njengoba nje kuyalelwe. Le yindlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokusiza ukuphatha amacala e-HIV. Izeluleko ezilandelayo zingasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukunamathela ekwelashweni:

• Thatha imithi ngasikhathi sinye usuku ngalunye.
• Sebenzisa ibhokisi lamaphilisi lamasonto onke onamagumbi wosuku ngalunye lweviki. Lawa mabhokisi ayatholakala emakhemisi amaningi.
• Hlanganisa ukuthatha umuthi nomsebenzi lokho kwenziwa nsuku zonke. Lokhu kwenza kube yingxenye yesimiso sansuku zonke.
• Sebenzisa ikhalenda ukuhlola izinsuku lapho kwakuthathwa khona umuthi.
• Setha isikhumbuzi se-alamu ngokuthatha umuthi ocingweni noma kukhompyutha.
• Landa uhlelo lokusebenza lwamahhala lokho kunganikeza izikhumbuzo uma sekuyisikhathi sokuphuza umuthi. Ukusesha "izinhlelo zokusebenza zezikhumbuzi" kuzohlinzeka ngezinketho eziningi. Nazi ezimbalwa ongazama.
• Cela ilungu lomndeni noma umngane ukuthi akunikeze izikhumbuzo ukuthatha imithi.
• Hlela ukuthola izikhumbuzo zombhalo noma zocingo kusuka kumhlinzeki wezempilo.

Imiphumela emibi engaba khona

Ama-NRTI angadala imiphumela emibi. Eminye imiphumela emibi ivame ukwedlula eminye, futhi le mithi ingathinta abantu abahlukile ngokuhlukile. Ukuphendula komuntu ngamunye kuncike engxenyeni yokuthi imuphi umhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwempilo amnikezayo nokuthi yiziphi ezinye izidakamizwa lowo muntu aziphuzayo.

Ngokuvamile, ama-NRTI amasha, afana ne-tenofovir, emtricitabine, lamivudine, ne-abacavir, adala imiphumela emibi embalwa kunama-NRTI amadala, njenge-didanosine, i-stavudine, ne-zidovudine.

Izinhlobo zemiphumela emibi

Imiphumela emibi ejwayelekile ivame ukuhamba nesikhathi. Lokhu kungafaka:

• ikhanda
• isicanucanu
• ukuhlanza
• isifo sohudo
• isisu esibuhlungu

Kodwa-ke, kubikwe imiphumela emibi ethile emibi. Imiphumela emibi ejwayelekile ingafaka:

• ukuqhuma okukhulu
• ukuncipha kwamathambo
• isifo sezinso esisha noma esibe sibi kakhulu
• i-hepatic steatosis (isibindi esinamafutha)
• i-lipodystrophy (ukusatshalaliswa okungajwayelekile kwamafutha omzimba)
• imiphumela yesistimu yezinzwa, kufaka phakathi ukukhathazeka, ukudideka, ukudangala, noma isiyezi
• i-lactic acidosis

Yize le miphumela emibi ingajwayelekile, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi kungenzeka futhi uyixoxe nomhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwempilo. Eminye imiphumela emibi ingagwenywa noma ilawulwe.

Noma ngubani ohlangabezana nale miphumela emibi kufanele axhumane nomhlinzeki wakhe wezokunakekelwa kwezempilo ngokushesha ukuze anqume ukuthi kufanele yini aqhubeke nokuthatha umuthi. Akufanele bayeke ukuthatha umuthi bebodwa.

Ukubhekana nemiphumela engemihle kungaba yinto engathandeki, kepha ukumisa umuthi kungavumela igciwane ukuba likwazi ukumelana nalo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umuthi ungayeka ukusebenza nokuvikela igciwane ekuziphindaphindeni. Umhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwempilo angakwazi ukushintsha ukuhlanganiswa kwemithi ukuze anciphise imiphumela emibi.

Ingozi yemiphumela emibi

Ubungozi bemiphumela emibi bungaba bukhulu ngokuya ngomlando wezokwelapha womuntu nempilo yakhe. Ngokusho kwe-NIH, ubungozi bemiphumela emibi ethile bungaba ngaphezulu uma umuntu:

• ngowesifazane noma okhuluphele (okuwukuphela kwengozi ephakeme nge-lactic acidosis)
• uthatha ezinye izidakamizwa
• unezinye izimo zezokwelapha

Futhi, ukuphuza ngokweqile kungandisa ingozi yokulimala kwesibindi. Umuntu onalezi zici zobungozi kufanele akhulume nomhlinzeki wakhe wezokunakekelwa kwempilo ngaphambi kokuthatha ama-NRTI.

Ukuthatha

Ama-NRTI ngeminye yemithi eyenza ukwelashwa kwe-HIV kwenzeke. Kulezi zidakamizwa ezibalulekile, izinhlobo ezintsha zibanga imiphumela emibi embalwa kakhulu kunezinguqulo zangaphambilini, kepha eminye imiphumela emibi isengahle yenzeke kunoma iyiphi yale mithi.

Kubalulekile kubantu abahlinzeki babo bezempilo abanikeze ama-NRTI ukuthi banamathele ohlelweni lwabo lokwelashwa lokuphatha i-HIV. Uma benemiphumela emibi etholakala ekwelashweni ngezidambisigciwane, bangazama lezi zeluleko zokunciphisa leyo miphumela emibi. Okubaluleke kakhulu, bangakhuluma nomhlinzeki wabo wezokunakekelwa kwempilo, ongenza iziphakamiso noma aguqule uhlelo lwabo lokwelashwa ukusiza ukuqeda imiphumela emibi.