Uyini Umphumela We-Placebo futhi Ingabe Ungokoqobo?

-Delile

• I-psychology iwuchaza kanjani umphumela we-placebo
• Isimo se-Classical
• Okulindelekile
• Umphumela we-nocebo
• Izibonelo ezivela ezifundweni zangempela
• Migraine
• Ukukhathala okuhlobene nomdlavuza
• Ukucindezeleka
• Yini esingayiqondi namanje?
• Imibuzo eqhubekayo mayelana nomphumela we-placebo
• Okubalulekile

Kwezokwelapha, i-placebo yinto, iphilisi, noma okunye ukwelashwa okubonakala kungukungenelela kwezokwelapha, kodwa akuyona eyodwa. Ama-Placebos abaluleke kakhulu ezivivinyweni zomtholampilo, lapho zivame ukunikezwa ababambiqhaza eqenjini lokulawula.

Ngoba i-placebo ayilona ikhambi elisebenzayo, akufanele ibe nomthelela omkhulu esimweni. Abaphenyi bangaqhathanisa imiphumela kusuka ku-placebo naleyo evela kumuthi uqobo. Lokhu kubasiza ukuthi babone ukuthi umuthi omusha uyasebenza yini.

Kungenzeka ujwayelene negama elithi “i-placebo” ngokubhekisele kokuthile okubizwa ngokuthi yi-placebo effect. Umphumela we-placebo kulapho kubonakala ukuthuthuka, yize umuntu ethola i-placebo ngokungafani nokwelashwa okusebenzayo.

Kulinganiselwa ukuthi umuntu oyedwa kwabathathu uhlangabezana nomphumela we-placebo. Qhubeka ufunde ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngomphumela we-placebo, ukuthi ungasebenza kanjani, nezinye izibonelo zocwaningo.

I-psychology iwuchaza kanjani umphumela we-placebo

Umphumela we-placebo umele ukuxhumana okuthakazelisayo phakathi kwengqondo nomzimba okungakaqondakali ngokuphelele. Ngezansi, sizoxoxa ngezincazelo ezithile zomphumela we-placebo.

Isimo se-Classical

Isimo se-Classical uhlobo lokufunda. Kwenzeka lapho uhlobanisa into nempendulo ethile. Isibonelo, uma ugula ngemuva kokudla ukudla okuthile, ungahlanganisa lokho kudla nokuthi uke wagula futhi ukugweme ngokuzayo.

Ngoba izinhlangano ezifundwe ngesimo se-classical zingathinta ukusebenza, zingadlala indima kumthelela we-placebo. Ake sibheke izibonelo ezimbalwa:

• Uma uthatha iphilisi elithile lekhanda, ungaqala ukuhlobanisa lelo philisi nokukhululeka kobuhlungu. Uma uthola iphilisi le-placebo elibukeka ngendlela efanayo ekhanda, usengabika ukwehla kobuhlungu ngenxa yalokhu kuhlangana.
• Ungahlobanisa ihhovisi likadokotela nokuthola ukwelashwa noma ukuzizwa ungcono. Le nhlangano nayo ingathonya indlela ozizwa ngayo ngempatho oyitholayo.

Okulindelekile

Umphumela we-placebo unezimpande ezinkulu kulokho okulindelwe umuntu. Uma ulindele okuthile kwangaphambilini, zingaba nomthelela ekuboneni kwakho ngakho. Ngakho-ke, uma ulindele ukuthi iphilisi likwenze uzizwe ungcono, ungazizwa ungcono ngemuva kokuliphuza.

Ungakha okulindelwe kokuthuthuka kusuka ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezinkomba. Ezinye izibonelo zifaka:

• Ngomlomo. Udokotela noma umhlengikazi angakutshela ukuthi iphilisi lizosebenza ekwelapheni isimo sakho.
• Izenzo. Ungazizwa ungcono uma wenze okuthile ngenkuthalo ukubhekana nesimo sakho, njengokuthatha iphilisi noma ukuthola umjovo.
• Komphakathi. Iphimbo likadokotela wakho lezwi, ukukhuluma komzimba, nokuxhumana kwamehlo kungaba okuqinisekisayo, kukwenze uzizwe unethemba ngokwelashwa.

Umphumela we-nocebo

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi akuyona yonke imiphumela ye-placebo enenzuzo. Kwezinye izimo, izimpawu zingase zibe nzima esikhundleni sokuthuthuka lapho uthola i-placebo.

Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi-nocebo effect. Izindlela zokusebenza kwe-placebo ne-nocebo kukholakala ukuthi ziyafana, zombili zibandakanya izinto ezifana nokulungiswa nokulindelwe.

Izibonelo ezivela ezifundweni zangempela

Ngezansi, sizohlola izibonelo ezintathu zomphumela we-placebo kusuka ezifundweni zangempela.

Migraine

Kuhlolwe ukuthi ukufakwa kwezidakamizwa kuthinte kanjani i-episodic migraine kubantu abangama-66. Nakhu ukuthi isifundo sihlelwe kanjani:

1. Ababambiqhaza babuzwa ukuthi baphuze iphilisi leziqephu eziyisithupha ezahlukahlukene ze-migraine. Phakathi nalezi ziqephu, banikezwa i-placebo noma umuthi we-migraine obizwa ngeMaxalt.
2. Ukuphawulwa kwamaphilisi kwakwehlukahluka esifundweni sonke. Zingabhalwa njenge-placebo, iMaxalt, noma uhlobo (olungathathi hlangothi).
3. Ababambiqhaza babuzwa ukuthi balinganise ubuhlungu obukhulu emaminithini we-30 kusiqephu se-migraine, bathathe iphilisi ababelwe lona, ​​bese belinganisa ubukhulu bezinhlungu emahoreni ama-2.5 kamuva.

Abaphenyi bathola ukuthi okulindelwe okusethwe ilebuli yamaphilisi (i-placebo, iMaxalt, noma ukungathathi hlangothi) kube nomthelela ebunzimeni obubikiwe obubikiwe. Nayi imiphumela:

• Njengoba bekulindelekile, uMaxalt unikeze usizo olungaphezulu kune-placebo. Kodwa-ke, amaphilisi e-placebo abonwa ukuhlinzeka ngokukhululeka kunokulawula ukwelashwa.
• Ukulebula kubalulekile! Kokubili iMaxalt ne-placebo, isilinganiso sokukhululeka si-odwe ngokususelwa ekubhaleni. Kuwo womabili amaqembu, amaphilisi abhalwe ukuthi iMaxalt ayephakeme kakhulu, engathathi hlangothi ayephakathi nendawo, kanti i-placebo yayiphansi kakhulu.
• Lo mphumela wawunamandla kangangokuba iMaxalt ebhalwe njenge-placebo yalinganiswa ukuhlinzeka cishe ngenani elifanayo lokukhululeka njenge-placebo ebhalwe njengoMaxalt.

Ukukhathala okuhlobene nomdlavuza

Ukukhathala kusengaba wuphawu oluqhubekayo kwabanye abasinde emdlalweni womdlavuza. Kubhekwe imiphumela ye-placebo uma kuqhathaniswa nokwelashwa njengokujwayelekile kwabasindile bomdlavuza abangama-74 bekhathele. Ucwaningo luhlelwe ngale ndlela elandelayo:

1. Amaviki amathathu, ababambiqhaza bathola iphilisi elibhalwe ngokusobala njenge-placebo noma bathola ukwelashwa kwabo njengokujwayelekile.
2. Ngemuva kwamasonto amathathu, abantu abathatha amaphilisi e-placebo bayeka ukuwaphuza. Okwamanje, labo abathola ukwelashwa okujwayelekile babenenketho yokuphuza amaphilisi e-placebo amasonto amathathu.

Ngemuva kokuphela kocwaningo, abacwaningi babona ukuthi i-placebo, yize ibhalwe ukuthi injalo, inomthelela kuwo womabili amaqembu ababambiqhaza. Imiphumela kwaba:

• Ngemuva kwamasonto amathathu, iqembu le-placebo labika izimpawu ezithuthukisiwe uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo abathola ukwelashwa njengokujwayelekile. Baqhubeka nokubika izimpawu ezithuthukisiwe ngaphezulu kwamasonto e-3 ngemuva kokuyeka.
• Abantu abathola ukwelashwa njengokujwayelekile abathathe isinqumo sokuthatha iphilisi le-placebo amasonto amathathu baphinde babika nokuthuthuka kwezimpawu zabo zokukhathala ngemuva kwamasonto amathathu.

Ukucindezeleka

Uphenye umphumela we-placebo kubantu abangama-35 abanokudangala. Abahlanganyeli bebengathathi noma imiphi eminye imishanguzo yokudangala ngaleso sikhathi. Ucwaningo lusethwe kanjena:

1. Umhlanganyeli ngamunye uthole amaphilisi e-placebo. Kodwa-ke, amanye abhalwe njenge-antidepressant esebenza ngokushesha (i-placebo esebenzayo) kanti amanye abhalwe njenge-placebo (i-placebo engasebenzi). Iqembu ngalinye laphuza amaphilisi isonto lonke.
2. Ekupheleni kwesonto, ukuskena kwe-PET kukala umsebenzi wobuchopho. Ngesikhathi sokuskena, iqembu le-placebo elisebenzayo lathola umjovo we-placebo, litshelwa ukuthi lingathuthukisa imizwa yabo. Iqembu le-placebo elingasebenzi alitholanga umjovo.
3. La maqembu womabili ashintshele izinhlobo zamaphilisi elinye isonto. Iskena se-PET sesibili esenziwe ekupheleni kwesonto.
4. Bonke ababambiqhaza babe sebethola ukwelashwa ngemithi elwa nokucindezelwa amasonto ayi-10.

Abaphenyi bathole ukuthi abanye abantu babone umphumela we-placebo nokuthi lo mphumela waba nomthelela ekusebenzeni kobuchopho babo nasekuphenduleni kuma-anti-depressants. Imiphumela kwaba ukuthi:

• Ukwehla kwezimpawu zokudangala kubikwe ngenkathi abantu bethatha i-placebo esebenzayo.
• Ukuthatha i-placebo esebenzayo (kufaka phakathi umjovo we-placebo) kwakuhlotshaniswa nokuskena kwe-PET okukhombisa ukwanda kokusebenza kobuchopho ezindaweni ezihambisana nomthethonqubo womzwelo nengcindezi.
• Abantu abahlangabezana nokusebenza okwandayo kobuchopho kule ndawo bavame ukuba nempendulo ethuthukisiwe kuma-anti-depressants asetshenziswa ekugcineni kwesifundo.

Yini esingayiqondi namanje?

Ngenkathi umphumela we-placebo ubonwe ezimeni eziningi, kusenokuningi ngakho esingakuqondi. Izifundo ziyaqhubeka futhi sifunda kabanzi minyaka yonke.

Omunye wemibuzo emikhulu ukuxhumana phakathi kwengqondo nomzimba. Ingabe izici ezingokwengqondo njengokulindelwe zikuthinta kanjani okwenzeka ngaphakathi kithi?

Siyazi ukuthi umphumela we-placebo ungaholela ekukhishweni kwama-molecule amancane ahlukahlukene afana nama-neurotransmitters namahomoni. Lokhu kungasebenzelana nezinye izitho zomzimba ukudala ushintsho. Kodwa-ke, sisadinga ukuthola imininingwane eminingi mayelana nokucacile kwalokhu kuhlangana okuyinkimbinkimbi.

Ngokwengeziwe, umphumela we-placebo ubonakala unethonya elikhulu kwezinye izimpawu, ezinjengobuhlungu noma ukudangala, hhayi ezinye. Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo eminingi.

Imibuzo eqhubekayo mayelana nomphumela we-placebo

• Yiziphi izimpawu ezithintekayo ngomphumela we-placebo? Uma kunjalo, yini ubukhulu bomphumela?
• Ingabe ukusebenzisa i-placebo yalezi zimpawu kuyasebenza noma kusebenza kangcono kunokusebenzisa imishanguzo?
• Umphumela we-placebo ungathuthukisa ezinye izimpawu kodwa awulona ikhambi. Ingabe kuyisimilo ukusebenzisa i-placebo esikhundleni semithi?

Okubalulekile

I-placebo yiphilisi, umjovo, noma into ebonakala iyindlela yokwelashwa, kodwa kungenjalo. Isibonelo se-placebo kungaba iphilisi likashukela elisetshenziswa eqenjini lokulawula ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa komtholampilo.

Umphumela we-placebo kulapho kubonakala ukuthuthukiswa kwezimpawu, yize usebenzisa ukwelashwa okungasebenzi. Kukholelwa ukuthi kwenzeka ngenxa yezici ezingokwengqondo njengokulindelwe noma isimo se-classical.

Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi umphumela we-placebo unganciphisa izinto ezifana nobuhlungu, ukukhathala, noma ukucindezeleka. Kodwa-ke, asikazazi izindlela eziqondile emzimbeni ezinomthelela kulo mphumela. Ososayensi njengamanje basebenzela ukuphendula lo mbuzo nokuningi.