Kusuka Emetabolism Kuya ku-LSD: Abaphenyi abangu-7 Abazame Kubo Ngokwabo

-Delile

• Okuhle noma okubi, laba bacwaningi bashintshe isayensi
• I-Santorio Santorio (1561-1636)
• UJohn Hunter (1728-1793)
• UDaniel Alcides Carrión (1857-1885)
• UBarry Marshall (1951–)
• UDavid Pritchard (1941–)
• Agasti Bier (1861-1949)
• U-Albert Hofmann (1906–2008)
• Ngokujabulisayo, isayensi ikude kakhulu

Okuhle noma okubi, laba bacwaningi bashintshe isayensi

Ngokumangalisa kwemithi yesimanje, kulula ukukhohlwa ukuthi okuningi kwayo kwakungaziwa.

Eqinisweni, ezinye zezindlela zokwelapha eziphambili zanamuhla (njenge-anesthesia yomgogodla) nezinqubo zomzimba (njenge-metabolism yethu) zaqondakala kuphela ngokuzilinga-okusho ukuthi, ososayensi ababenesibindi "sokuzama ekhaya."

Ngenkathi sinenhlanhla manje yokuba nezilingo zomtholampilo ezilawulwa kakhulu, lokhu bekungeyona njalo njalo. Kwesinye isikhathi ngesibindi, kwesinye isikhathi kudukisiwe, labososayensi abayisikhombisa bazihlolela bona futhi banikela emkhakheni wezokwelapha njengoba sazi namuhla.

I-Santorio Santorio (1561-1636)

Wazalelwa eVenice ngo-1561, uSantorio Santorio wanikela kakhulu emkhakheni wakhe ngenkathi esebenza njengodokotela wangasese kubahlonishwa futhi kamuva waba ngusihlalo wemithi yethiyori eNyuvesi yasePadua eyayidunyiswa ngaleso sikhathi - kufaka phakathi omunye wabaqaphi bokuqala bokushaya kwenhliziyo.

Kepha isimangalo sakhe esikhulu sodumo kwakuwukukhathazeka kwakhe okukhulu ngokuzikala.

Wasungula isihlalo esikhulu angahlala kuso ukuqapha isisindo sakhe. Umdlalo wakhe wokugcina bekungukulinganisa isisindo sakho konke ukudla akudlayo bese ubona ukuthi wehlise isisindo esingakanani ngenkathi kugaywa.

Kuyamangaza njengoba kuzwakala, wayenakisisa, futhi izilinganiso zakhe zazinembile.

Uthathe amanothi anemininingwane yokuthi udla kangakanani nokuthi wehlise kangakanani isisindo usuku ngalunye, ekugcineni waphetha ngokuthi ulahlekelwa uhhafu wephawundi usuku ngalunye phakathi nesikhathi sokudla nesikhathi sethoyilethi.

Engakwazi ukuphendula ukuthi "okukhiphayo" kwakhe kwakungaphansi kanjani kokudla kwakhe, ekuqaleni wakushaya lokhu kwaba "ukujuluka okungazwakali," okusho ukuthi siphefumula futhi sijuluke sikuthole okunye kwalokho okugaywa yimizimba yethu njengezinto ezingabonakali.

Leyo hypothesis yayinenkinga ngaleso sikhathi, kepha manje siyazi ukuthi wayenokuqonda kwasekuqaleni ngenqubo yokwakheka komzimba. Cishe bonke odokotela namuhla bangabonga iSantorio ngokubeka isisekelo sokuqonda kwethu le nqubo ebaluleke kakhulu yomzimba.

UJohn Hunter (1728-1793)

Akuzona zonke izivivinyo zokuzihlola ezihamba kahle kakhulu, noma kunjalo.

Ngekhulu le-18, inani labantu baseLondon lase likhule kakhulu. Ngenkathi umsebenzi wezocansi wanda kakhulu futhi amakhondomu ayengakabi khona, izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi (STDs) zasakazeka ngokushesha kunokuba abantu bengafunda ngazo.

Bambalwa abantu ababazi ukuthi la magciwane namagciwane asebenza kanjani ngaphezu kokudluliswa kwawo ngokuhlangana ngokocansi. Ayikho isayensi eyayikhona ngokuthi bakhule kanjani noma ngabe omunye wayehlobene yini nomunye.

UJohn Hunter, udokotela owaziwa kangcono ngokusiza umjovo wengxibongo, wayekholelwa ukuthi i-STD gonorrhea yayisigaba sokuqala sogcunsula. Wabonisa ukuthi uma i-gonorrhea ingasheshe yelashwe, izovimbela izimpawu zayo ukuthi zingakhuli futhi zibe ugcunsula.

Ukwenza lo mehluko kungabonakala kubucayi. Ngenkathi i-gonorrhea yayelapheka futhi ingabulali, ugcunsula lwalunokuguqulwa okuguqula impilo futhi lubulale nokufa.

Ngakho-ke, uHunter oshisekayo wafaka uketshezi kwesinye seziguli zakhe esine-gonorrhea ekuzilimazeni kowakhe umthondo ukuze abone ukuthi lesi sifo sihamba kanjani. Ngenkathi uHunter eqala ukukhombisa izimpawu zazo zombili izifo, wacabanga ukuthi uzokwenza intuthuko.

Kuvele ukuthi ubenjalo kakhulu akulungile.

Empeleni, isiguli okusolwa ukuthi uthathe ubomvu kuso sasinaso Kokubili Ama-STD.

UHunter uzinikeze isifo esibuhlungu socansi futhi uvimbele ucwaningo lwe-STD cishe isigamu sekhulu leminyaka ngaphandle kokuphikiswa. Okubi kakhulu ukuthi uqinisekise odokotela abaningi ukuthi bamane basebenzise umusi we-mercury futhi banqume izilonda ezinegciwane, bekholelwa ukuthi kuzovimba ugcunsula ukuthi ungakhuli.

Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengama-50 ngemuva "kokutholakala" kwakhe, umbono kaHunter wagcina ungavunyelwanga lapho udokotela waseFrance uPhilippe Ricord, oyingxenye yenani elikhulayo labaphenyi abaphikisana nombono kaHunter (kanye nendlela yakhe eyimpikiswano yokwethula ama-STD kubantu ababengenawo), amasampula ahlolwe ngokuqinile kusuka ezilondeni kubantu abanesifo esisodwa noma zombili.

URicord ekugcineni uthole ukuthi lezi zifo ezimbili zihlukene. Ukucwaninga ngala ma-STD amabili athuthuke kakhulu kusuka lapho.

UDaniel Alcides Carrión (1857-1885)

Abanye abazihlola ngokwabo bakhokha inani eliphakeme ngokufuna ukuqonda impilo yabantu nezifo. Futhi bambalwa abalingana nalomthethosivivinywa kanye noDaniel Carrión.

Ngenkathi efunda eMayor de San Marcos e-Universidad eLima, ePeru, umfundi wezokwelapha uCarrión wezwa ngokuqubuka komkhuhlane ongaqondakali edolobheni laseLa Oroya. Abasebenzi bakajantshi lapho babethole i-anemia enamandla njengengxenye yesimo esaziwa nge- "Oroya fever."

Bambalwa abebeqonda ukuthi lesi simo sidalwe noma sadluliselwa kanjani. Kodwa uCarrión wayenombono wokuthi: Kungenzeka kube nokuhlobana phakathi kwezimpawu ezinzima zomkhuhlane we-Oroya ne- "verruga peruana" evamile, noma "izinsumpa zasePeru." Futhi wayenombono wokuhlola lo mbono: ukuzijova ngezicubu zensumpa onegciwane bese ubona ukuthi uyawuthola yini umkhuhlane.

Ngakho yilokho akwenza.

Ngo-Agasti 1885, wathatha izicubu ezinesifo esigulini esineminyaka engu-14 ubudala futhi wenza ozakwabo bamjova ngazo zombili izingalo zakhe. Isikhathi esingaphezu kwenyanga kamuva, uCarrión wakha izimpawu ezinzima, njengomkhuhlane, amakhaza nokukhathala okukhulu. Ekupheleni kukaSeptemba 1885, wabulawa ngumkhuhlane.

Kodwa isifiso sakhe sokufunda ngalesi sifo nokusiza labo abasingenayo saholela ocwaningweni olunzulu phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elilandelayo, kwaholela ososayensi ukuthola amabhaktheriya abangela umkhuhlane nokufunda ukwelapha lesi sifo. Abalandela ngemuva kwakhe baqamba lo mbandela ukukhumbula umnikelo wakhe.

UBarry Marshall (1951–)

Akuzona zonke izivivinyo zokuzibeka engozini ezigcina ngenhlekelele, noma kunjalo.

Ngo-1985, uBarry Marshall, uchwepheshe wezokwelapha ngaphakathi eRoyal Perth Hospital e-Australia, kanye nomlingani wakhe ocwaningweni, uJ. Robin Warren, bakhungatheka iziphakamiso zeminyaka eminingi zokuhluleka kocwaningo mayelana namathumbu egciwane.

Umbono wabo wawuthi amathumbu amabhaktheriya angadala izifo zesisu - kulokhu, I-Helicobacter pylori - kodwa iphephabhuku ngemuva kwephephabhuku lazichitha izimangalo zabo, bathola ubufakazi babo obuvela kumasiko elabhoratri bungagculisi.

Umkhakha wezokwelapha awukholwanga ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi amabhaktheriya angaphila ku-asidi esiswini. Kepha uMarshall wayenjalo. Ngakho-ke, wazithathela ezandleni zakhe izindaba. Noma kulokhu, isisu sakhe.

Uphuze isixazululo esiqukethe H. pylori, ecabanga ukuthi uzothola isilonda esiswini ngesinye isikhathi esikhathini esizayo esisekude. Kepha ngokushesha waba nezimpawu ezincane, njengesicanucanu nokuphefumula kabi. Futhi esikhathini esingaphansi kwesonto, waqala ukuhlanza, naye.

Ngesikhathi se-endoscopy kungekudala ngemuva kwalokho, kwatholakala ukuthi H. pylori wayesevele egcwalise isisu sakhe ngamakholoni ethuthukile egciwane. UMarshall kwakudingeka athathe ama-antibiotic ukugcina ukutheleleka kungabangeli ukuvuvukala okungaba yingozi kanye nesifo samathumbu.

Kwavela ukuthi: Amagciwane angadala izifo zesisu.

Lokhu kuhlupheka kwakukufanele ngesikhathi yena noWarren beklonyeliswa ngeNobel Prize kwezokwelapha ngokutholwa kwabo ngezindleko zikaMarshall (eziseduze nokubulala).

Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, kuze kube yilolu suku, ama-antibiotic wezimo zesisu ezinjengezilonda ezinama-peptic ezibangelwa H. pylori amabhaktheriya manje atholakala kabanzi kubantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyisithupha abathola ukuxilongwa kwalezi zilonda unyaka nonyaka.

UDavid Pritchard (1941–)

Uma ukuphuza ama-bacterium emathunjini kwakungekubi ngokwanele, uDavid Pritchard, uprofesa we-parasite immunology e-University of Nottingham e-United Kingdom, wadlulela phambili ukufakazela iphuzu.

UPritchard uthinte ama-hookworms angama-50 engalweni yakhe wawavumela angene ngesikhumba sakhe ukumthelela.

Ukuphola.

Kodwa uPritchard wayenenhloso ethize engqondweni ngenkathi enza lokhu kuhlola ngo-2004. Wayekholelwa ukuthi uzithelele kuwe I-Necator americanus ama-hookworms angenza ukungezwani komzimba kwakho kube ngcono.

Wathola kanjani umqondo ongajwayelekile?

UPritchard osemusha wadabula iPapua New Guinea ngeminyaka yama-1980 futhi wabona ukuthi abantu bendawo ababenalolu hlobo lokutheleleka nge-hookworm babenezimpawu zokungezwani komzimba ezimbalwa kakhulu kunontanga yabo ababengenalo igciwane.

Uqhubeke nokuthuthukisa lo mbono cishe eminyakeni engamashumi amabili, waze wanquma ukuthi sekuyisikhathi sokuba azihlole yena.

Ukuhlolwa kukaPritchard kukhombisile ukuthi ukutheleleka okuncane kwe-hookworm kunganciphisa izimpawu zokungezwani komzimba ngezifo ezingezinye ezizodala ukuvuvukala, njengalezo eziholela ezimeni ezifana ne-asthma.

Izifundo eziningi ezihlola umbono kaPritchard selokhu zenziwa, futhi kwaba nemiphumela exubile.

Ucwaningo lwango-2017 lweClinical and Translational Immunology luthole ukuthi ama-hookworms akhipha iprotheni ebizwa nge-anti-inflammatory protein 2 (AIP-2), engaqeqesha amasosha akho omzimba ukuthi angavusi izicubu uma udonsa ukungezwani komzimba noma izimbangela zesifuba somoya. Le protein ingasetshenziswa ekwelashweni kwesifuba esizayo.

Kepha i-Clinical & Experimental Allergy yayingathembisi kangako. Ayitholanga umthelela wangempela kusuka kuma-hookworms kwizimpawu ze-asthma ngaphandle kokuthuthuka okuncane kakhulu ekuphefumuleni.

Okwamanje, ungadutshulwa nge-hookworms ngokwakho - ngentengo engabizi ka- $ 3,900.

Kepha uma usesikhathini lapho ucabangela khona ama-hookworms, sincoma ukulandela izindlela zokwelashwa ezibekiwe ezingaphezulu, ezifana ne-allergen immunotherapy noma ama-antihistamines angaphezulu kwamakhompiyutha.

Agasti Bier (1861-1949)

Ngenkathi abanye ososayensi beguqula inkambo yezokwelapha ukufakazela umbono ocindezelayo, abanye, njengodokotela ohlinzayo waseJalimane u-August Bier, bakwenza lokho ukuze kuzuze iziguli zabo.

Ngo-1898, esinye seziguli zikaBier esibhedlela iRoyal Surgical Hospital saseYunivesithi yaseKiel eJalimane sanqaba ukuhlinzwa ngenxa yokutheleleka eqakaleni, njengoba sasinokuthinteka okunzima ku-anesthesia ejwayelekile ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa kwangaphambilini.

Ngakho-ke uBier waphakamisa enye indlela: i-cocaine ejojowe ngqo emgogodleni.

Futhi kwasebenza. Njengoba i-cocaine emgogodleni wayo, isiguli sasihlala siphapheme ngesikhathi senqubo ngaphandle kokuzwa ukukhotha kobuhlungu. Kepha ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, isiguli saba nokuhlanza okubi kanye nobuhlungu.

Ezimisele ukuthuthuka ekutholeni kwakhe, uBier wazibophezela ukuthi uzophelelisa indlela yakhe ngokucela umsizi wakhe, u-August Hildebrandt, ukuthi ajove indlela yalesixazululo se-cocaine emgogodleni wakhe.

Kodwa uHildebrandt wacupha umjovo ngokusebenzisa usayizi wenaliti ongalungile, okwenza ukuthi uketshezi lwe-cerebrospinal ne-cocaine kuphume enaliti ngenkathi kusabambeke emgogodleni ka-Bier. Ngakho-ke uBier wathola umqondo wokuzama umjovo ku-Hildebrandt esikhundleni salokho.

Futhi kwasebenza. Kwaphela amahora ambalwa, uHildebrandt wazizwa engelutho neze. U-Bier wakuhlola lokhu ngezindlela ezinenhlamba kakhulu. Wadonsa izinwele zikaHildebrandt, washisa isikhumba sakhe, waze wacindezela namasende akhe.

Ngenkathi imizamo kaBier noHildebrandt ibeletha i-anesthesia yomgogodla ijojowe ngqo emgogodleni (njengoba isasetshenziswa nanamuhla), la madoda azizwa kabi isonto noma ngaphezulu ngemuva kwalokho.

Kodwa ngenkathi uBier esahlala ekhaya futhi eba ngcono, uHildebrandt, njengomsizi, kwakudingeka akhokhele uBier esibhedlela ngesikhathi elulama. UHildebrandt akazange anqobe (ngokuqondakalayo kanjalo), futhi wanqamula ubudlelwane bakhe nobuchwepheshe noBier.

U-Albert Hofmann (1906–2008)

Yize i-lysergic acid diethylamide (eyaziwa kangcono njenge-LSD) ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nama-hippies, i-LSD iya ngokuya ithandwa futhi ifundelwa kabanzi. Abantu bathatha ama-microdoses e-LSD ngenxa yezinzuzo zayo ezibhekwayo: ukukhiqiza kakhulu, ukuyeka ukubhema, nokuthola ezinye izinkomba zakwamanye amazwe ngempilo.

Kodwa i-LSD njengoba siyazi namuhla kungenzeka ibingeke ibe khona ngaphandle kuka-Albert Hofmann.

Futhi uHofmann, usokhemisi owazalelwa eSwitzerland owayesebenza embonini eyenza imithi, wayithola ngokuphelele ngengozi.

Konke kwaqala ngosuku olulodwa ngo-1938, ngenkathi uHofmann ehumushela emsebenzini eSandoz Laboratories eBasel, eSwitzerland. Ngenkathi ehlanganisa izingxenye zezitshalo ezizosetshenziswa emithini, wahlanganisa izinto ezithathwe ku-lysergic acid nezinto ezivela ku-squill, isitshalo eselaphayo esasetshenziswa amaGibhithe, amaGrikhi nabanye abaningi amakhulu eminyaka.

Ekuqaleni, akazange enze lutho ngengxube leyo. Kodwa eminyakeni emihlanu kamuva, ngo-Ephreli 19, 1943, uHofmann wayezama futhi futhi, ethinta ubuso bakhe ngokungacabangi ngeminwe yakhe, ngephutha waqeda ezinye.

Ngemuva kwalokho, ubike ukuthi uzizwa engenakho ukuthula, enesiyezi, futhi edakiwe kancane. Kodwa lapho evala amehlo akhe futhi eqala ukubona izithombe ezicacile, izithombe, nemibala engqondweni yakhe, wabona ukuthi le ngxube eyinqaba ayeyidale emsebenzini yayinekhono elingakholeki.

Ngakho ngosuku olulandelayo, wazama ngisho nangokwengeziwe. Futhi ngenkathi egibela ibhayisikili lakhe eya ekhaya, wezwa imiphumela futhi: uhambo lokuqala lwe-LSD.

Lolu suku manje selwaziwa njengoSuku lweBhayisikili (ngo-Ephreli 19, 1943) ngenxa yokuthi i-LSD izobaluleka kanjani kamuva: Isizukulwane sonke "sezimbali zezimbali" sathatha i-LSD "ukukhulisa izingqondo zabo" kungakapheli amashumi amabili eminyaka kamuva, futhi muva nje, hlola ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwezokwelapha.

Ngokujabulisayo, isayensi ikude kakhulu

Kulezi zinsuku, asikho isizathu sokuba umcwaningi onolwazi - ingasaphathwa eyomuntu wansuku zonke - ukubeka imizimba yakhe engcupheni ngezindlela ezeqisayo.

Ngenkathi umzila wokuzihlola wena, ikakhulukazi ngendlela yamakhambi asekhaya nezithasiselo, ngokuqinisekile ungalinga, kuyingozi engadingekile. Umuthi namuhla udlula ekuhlolweni okunzima ngaphambi kokuthi ufike emashalofini. Sinenhlanhla futhi yokuthola umzimba okhulayo wocwaningo lwezokwelapha olusinika amandla okwenza izinqumo eziphephile nezinempilo.

Laba bacwaningi benza le mihlatshelo ukuze iziguli zesikhathi esizayo kungadingeki. Ngakho-ke, indlela engcono kakhulu yokubabonga ukuzinakekela - futhi ushiye i-cocaine, ukuhlanza, kanye nama-hookworms kochwepheshe.

UTim Jewell ungumbhali, umhleli, futhi ungusolimi ozinze eChino Hills, CA. Umsebenzi wakhe uvele ezincwadini ezivela ezinkampanini eziningi ezihola phambili zezempilo nezokusakaza, ezihlanganisa iHealthline neThe Walt Disney Company.