Izinguquko zokuguga enhliziyweni nasemithanjeni yegazi

Olunye ushintsho enhliziyweni nasemithanjeni yegazi luvame ukwenzeka ngokukhula. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinguquko eziningi ezijwayelekile ngokuguga kungenxa noma zenziwa zimbi izinto ezingaguquguquka. Uma zingelashwa, lokhu kungaholela esifweni senhliziyo.

ISENDLALELO

Inhliziyo inezinhlangothi ezimbili. Uhlangothi lwangakwesokudla lupompa igazi emaphashini ukuze lithole umoya-mpilo futhi lususe isikhutha. Uhlangothi lwesobunxele lupompa igazi eligcwele umoya-mpilo emzimbeni.

Igazi liphuma liphuma enhliziyweni, liqale liye nge-aorta, bese liphuma ngemithambo yegazi, ephuma bese iba mincane futhi incane njengoba ingena ezicutshini. Ezicubu, ziba ngama-capillaries amancane.

Ama-capillaries kulapho igazi linikela khona i-oksijeni nezakhi zomzimba ezicutshini, futhi lithola i-carbon dioxide nokulahla kubuya ezicutshini. Ngemuva kwalokho, izitsha ziqala ukuhlangana zibe yimithambo emikhulu futhi emikhulu, ebuyisela igazi enhliziyweni.

IZINGUQUKO EZIKHULU

Inhliziyo:

• Inhliziyo inohlelo lwemvelo lokulawula ukushaya kwenhliziyo olulawula ukushaya kwenhliziyo. Eminye yemikhondo yalolu hlelo ingahle ithuthukise izicubu zemicu namafutha. I-pacemaker yemvelo (i-sinoatrial noma i-node ye-SA) ilahlekelwa amanye amaseli ayo. Lezi zinguquko zingadala ukushaya kwenhliziyo okuhamba kancane.
• Ukwanda okuncane ngosayizi wenhliziyo, ikakhulukazi i-ventricle yangakwesobunxele kwenzeka kwabanye abantu. Udonga lwenhliziyo luyaqina, ngakho-ke inani legazi ikamelo elingalibamba lingahle lehle naphezu kokukhula kukasayizi wenhliziyo jikelele. Inhliziyo ingagcwalisa kancane.
• Izinguquko zenhliziyo zivame ukudala ukuthi i-electrocardiogram (ECG) yomuntu omdala ojwayelekile, onempilo ihluke kancane kune-ECG yomuntu omdala omncane onempilo. Izigqi ezingavamile (arrhythmias), njenge-atrial fibrillation, zivame kakhulu kubantu asebekhulile. Zingabangelwa izinhlobo eziningana zesifo senhliziyo.
• Izinguquko ezijwayelekile enhliziyweni zifaka phakathi imali "yesikhumba esikhulayo," i-lipofuscin. Amaseli emisipha yenhliziyo ayawohloka kancane. Ama-valve angaphakathi kwenhliziyo, alawula lapho kuhamba khona ukugeleza kwegazi, ajiye futhi abe lukhuni. Ukububula kwenhliziyo okubangelwa ukuqina kwe-valve kujwayelekile kubantu abadala.

Imithambo yegazi:

• Abamukeli ababizwa ngokuthi ama-baroreceptor baqapha umfutho wegazi futhi benze izinguquko ukusiza ukugcina umfutho wegazi njalo lapho umuntu eshintsha izikhundla noma enza eminye imisebenzi. Ama-baroreceptor aqala ukuzwela ngokuguga. Lokhu kungachaza ukuthi kungani abantu abaningi asebekhulile bene-orthostatic hypotension, isimo lapho umfutho wegazi wehla lapho umuntu esuka ekuqambeni amanga noma ehleli ekumeni. Lokhu kubangela isiyezi ngoba kuncane ukugeleza kwegazi okuya ebuchosheni.
• Izindonga ze-capillary zikhula kancane. Lokhu kungadala ukwehla kancane kokushintshana kwezakhamzimba nodoti.
• Umthambo omkhulu osuka enhliziyweni (aorta) uyajiya, uqine, futhi ungabi bhetyebhetye. Lokhu mhlawumbe kuhlobene nezinguquko ezicutshini ezixhumanisayo zodonga lwemithambo yegazi. Lokhu kwenza umfutho wegazi ukhuphuke futhi kwenze inhliziyo isebenze kanzima, okungaholela ekuqineni kwemisipha yenhliziyo (hypertrophy). Eminye imithambo yegazi nayo iyajiya futhi iqine. Ngokuvamile, abantu abaningi asebekhulile banokunyuka okulinganiselwe kwengcindezi yegazi.

Igazi:

• Igazi ngokwalo liguquka kancane ngokukhula. Ukuguga okujwayelekile kubangela ukuncipha kwenani lamanzi omzimba. Njengengxenye yalokhu, kukhona uketshezi oluncane egazini, ngakho-ke umthamo wegazi uyancipha.
• Ijubane okwenziwa ngalo amangqamuzana abomvu egazi ukuphendula ukucindezela noma ukugula liyancipha. Lokhu kudala impendulo encane ekulahlekelweni kwegazi kanye ne-anemia.
• Iningi lamaseli amhlophe egazi ahlala emazingeni afanayo, yize amaseli athile amhlophe egazi abalulekile ekuvikelekeni komzimba (ama-neutrophils) ancipha ngenani lawo kanye namandla okulwa namagciwane. Lokhu kunciphisa amandla okumelana nokutheleleka.

UMPHUMELA WOKUGUQUKA

Imvamisa, inhliziyo iyaqhubeka nokumpompa igazi elanele ukuthi linikeze zonke izitho zomzimba. Kodwa-ke, inhliziyo endala kungenzeka ingakwazi ukumpompa igazi futhi uma uyenza isebenze kanzima.

Ezinye zezinto ezenza inhliziyo yakho isebenze kanzima yilezi:

• Imithi ethile
• Ukucindezeleka ngokomzwelo
• Ukuzikhandla ngokomzimba
• Ukugula
• Izifo
• Ukulimala

IZINKINGA EZIVAMILE

• I-Angina (ubuhlungu besifuba obubangelwa ukwehla kwegazi okwesikhashana kuye emisipheni yenhliziyo), ukuphefumula okuncane ngokuzikhandla, nokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo kungabangelwa isifo semithambo yenhliziyo.
• Izigqi zenhliziyo ezingavamile (arrhythmias) zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zingenzeka.
• I-anemia ingavela, mhlawumbe ihlobene nokungondleki, izifo ezingalapheki, ukulahleka kwegazi emgodleni wamathumbu, noma njengenkinga yezinye izifo noma imithi.
• I-Arteriosclerosis (ukuqina kwemithambo) kuvame kakhulu. Uqweqwe olufakwa ngaphakathi emithanjeni yegazi lubenza banciphe futhi bavimbe ngokuphelele imithambo yegazi.
• Ukwehluleka kwenhliziyo yokucinana nakho kuvame kakhulu kubantu asebekhulile. Kubantu abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengama-75, ukwehluleka kwenhliziyo okuyisimungulu kwenzeka izikhathi eziphindwe kayishumi kunabantu abadala abasebasha.
• Isifo semithambo yegazi sijwayelekile. Ngokuvamile kungumphumela we-atherosclerosis.
• Umfutho wegazi ophakeme kanye ne-orthostatic hypotension zivame kakhulu lapho umuntu esemdala. Abantu asebekhulile ngemishanguzo yegazi kudingeka basebenze nodokotela wabo ukuthola indlela engcono yokulawula umfutho wegazi ophezulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umuthi omningi kakhulu ungadala umfutho wegazi ophansi futhi ungaholela ekuweni.
• Izifo ze-valve zenhliziyo zivame kakhulu. I-aortic stenosis, noma ukunciphisa i-aortic valve, yisifo se-valve esivame kakhulu kubantu abadala.
• Ukuhlaselwa kweschemic okungapheli (TIA) noma imivimbo kungenzeka uma ukugeleza kwegazi kuya ebuchosheni kuphazamiseka.

Ezinye izinkinga zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi zifaka okulandelayo:

• Amahlule egazi
• I-vein thrombosis ejulile
• I-thrombophlebitis
• Isifo se-peripheral vascular, esiholela ebuhlungwini obungaphakathi emilenzeni lapho uhamba (i-claudication)
• Imithambo ye-Varicose
• Ama-Aneurysms angakhula komunye wemithambo yegazi enkulu evela enhliziyweni noma ebuchosheni. Ama-anneurysms ukukhuliswa okungajwayelekile noma ukubhaliswa kwengxenye yomthambo ngenxa yobuthakathaka odongeni lomthambo wegazi. Uma i-aneurysm iqhuma ingadala ukopha nokufa.

UKUVIMBELA

• Ungasiza uhlelo lwakho lokujikeleza kwegazi (inhliziyo nemithambo yegazi). Izici zengozi yesifo senhliziyo onamandla okulawula ezinye zibandakanya umfutho wegazi ophezulu, amazinga e-cholesterol, isifo sikashukela, ukukhuluphala ngokweqile nokubhema.
• Yidla ukudla okunempilo enenhliziyo encishisiwe ngamanani agcwele amafutha ne-cholesterol, futhi ulawule isisindo sakho. Landela izincomo zomhlinzeki wakho wokunakekelwa kwezempilo zokwelapha umfutho wegazi ophakeme, i-cholesterol ephezulu noma isifo sikashukela. Yehlisa noma uyeke ukubhema.
• Abesilisa abaphakathi kweminyaka engama-65 kuya kwengama-75 abake babhema kufanele bahlolwe ama-aneurysms esiswini sabo i-aorta ngokuvamile ngokuhlolwa kwe-ultrasound.

Zivocavoce ngokwengeziwe:

• Ukuzivocavoca umzimba kungasiza ekuvimbeleni ukukhuluphala ngokweqile, futhi kusiza abantu abanesifo sikashukela ukulawula ushukela egazini labo.
• Ukuvivinya umzimba kungakusiza ugcine amakhono akho ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi kunciphisa ukucindezeleka.
• Ukuvivinya umzimba ngokulingene kungenye yezinto ezinhle kakhulu ongayenza ukugcina inhliziyo yakho, nomzimba wakho wonke uphilile. Xhumana nomhlinzeki wakho ngaphambi kokuqala uhlelo olusha lokuzivocavoca umzimba. Zivocavoce ngokulingene nangaphakathi kwamandla akho, kodwa kwenze njalo.
• Abantu abavivinya umzimba bavame ukuba namafutha omzimba amancane futhi babheme kancane kunabantu abangazivocavoci umzimba. Bavame nokuba nezinkinga zomfutho wegazi ezimbalwa kanye nesifo senhliziyo esincane.

Yiba nokuhlola okuvamile kwenhliziyo yakho:

• Yenza ukuhlolwa kwegazi lakho njalo ngonyaka. Uma unesifo sikashukela, isifo senhliziyo, izinkinga zezinso, noma ezinye izimo ezithile, ingcindezi yakho yegazi ingadinga ukuqashwa kakhulu.
• Uma izinga lakho le-cholesterol livamile, liphinde lihlolwe njalo eminyakeni emihlanu. Uma unesifo sikashukela, isifo senhliziyo, izinkinga zezinso, noma ezinye izimo ezithile, i-cholesterol yakho ingadinga ukugadwa kakhulu.

Isifo senhliziyo - ukuguga; I-atherosclerosis - ukuguga

• Ukuthatha ishayela lakho le-carotid
• Ukujikeleza kwegazi ngenhliziyo
• Ishayela osabalalayo
• I-anatomy yenhliziyo ejwayelekile (isigaba sokusika)
• Imiphumela yobudala ekucindezelekeni kwegazi

IForman DE, uFleg JL, uWenger NK. Isifo senhliziyo kubantu asebekhulile. Ku: Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Tomaselli GF, Braunwald E, ama-eds. Isifo Senhliziyo SikaBraunwald: Incwadi Yemithi Yezinhliziyo Nemithambo. Umhla ka-11. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019: isahluko 88.

I-Howlett SE. Imiphumela yokuguga ohlelweni lwe-cardiovascular. Ku: Gcwalisa i-HM, i-Rockwood K, i-Young J, ama-eds. Incwadi kaBrocklehurst ye-Geriatric Medicine ne-Gerontology. Umhlaka 8. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2017: isahluko 16.

USeki A, uFishbein MC. Izinguquko nezifo zenhliziyo ezihlobene nobudala. Ku: Buja LM, Butany J, ama-eds. I-Cardiovascular Pathology. Umhla wesi-4. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016: isahluko 2.

UWalston JD. I-sequelae ejwayelekile yomtholampilo yokuguga. Ku: IGoldman L, iSchafer AI, ama-eds. Imithi yeGoldman-Cecil. Umhla ka-26. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 22.