Kuyini Ukuthena kwe-Synaptic?

-Delile

• Incazelo
• Kusebenza kanjani ukuthena kwe-synaptic?
• Ukuthenwa kwe-synaptic kwenzeka nini?
• Isigaba sokuqala sombungu kuya eminyakeni emibili
• Iminyaka engu-2 kuye kwengu-10
• Ubusha
• Ukuba mdala
• Ngabe ukuthenwa kwe-synaptic kuchaza ukuqala kwe-schizophrenia?
• Ingabe ukuthenwa kwe-synaptic kuhlotshaniswa ne-autism?
• Ngabe lubhekaphi ucwaningo ngokusika izihlahla nge-synaptic?

Incazelo

Ukuthena kwe-Synaptic kuyinqubo yemvelo eyenzeka ebuchosheni phakathi kobuntwana nokuba mdala. Ngesikhathi sokuthena kwe-synaptic, ubuchopho bususa ama-synapses angeziwe. Ama-synapses ayizakhiwo zobuchopho ezivumela ama-neurons ukuthi adlulisele isignali kagesi noma yamakhemikhali kwenye i-neuron.

Ukuthena kwe-Synaptic kucatshangwa ukuthi kuyindlela yobuchopho yokususa ukuxhumana ebuchosheni okungasadingeki. Abaphenyi muva nje bathole ukuthi ubuchopho “bungoplastiki” futhi buyabumba kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili. Ukuthena kwe-Synaptic kuyindlela yomzimba wethu yokugcina ukusebenza kwengqondo okusebenza kahle njengoba sikhula futhi sifunda imininingwane emisha eyinkimbinkimbi.

Njengoba kufundwa okuningi ngokuthenwa kwe-synaptic, abacwaningi abaningi nabo bayazibuza ukuthi ngabe kukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kokuthenwa kwe-synaptic nokuqala kwezifo ezithile, kufaka phakathi i-schizophrenia ne-autism.

Kusebenza kanjani ukuthena kwe-synaptic?

Ngesikhathi sobuntwana, ubuchopho buhlangabezana nenani elikhulu lokukhula. Kukhona ukuqhuma kokwakheka kwe-synapse phakathi kwama-neurons ngesikhathi sokukhula kobuchopho bokuqala. Lokhu kubizwa nge-synaptogenesis.

Lesi sikhathi esisheshayo se-synaptogenesis sidlala indima ebalulekile ekufundeni, ekwakhekeni kwememori nasekuzivumelaniseni nezimo zisencane empilweni. Cishe eminyakeni emibili kuya kwengu-3 ubudala, inani lama-synapses lifinyelela ezingeni eliphakeme. Kepha-ke ngemuva nje kwalesi sikhathi sokukhula kwe-synaptic, ubuchopho buqala ukukhipha ama-synapses angasawadingi.

Lapho nje ubuchopho busakha i-synapse, bungaqina noma buthaka. Lokhu kuya ngokuthi i-synapse isetshenziswa kangaki. Ngamanye amagama, inqubo ilandela umgomo othi “yisebenzise noma ulahlekelwe”: Ama-synapses asebenza kakhulu ayaqiniswa, futhi ama-synapses angasebenzi kangako ayenziwa buthaka futhi ekugcineni athenwe. Inqubo yokususa ama-synapses angasebenzi ngalesi sikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi ukuthengela i-synaptic.

Ukuthena kwasekuqaleni kwe-synaptic kuthonywa kakhulu yizakhi zethu zofuzo. Kamuva, kusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwethu. Ngamanye amagama, noma ngabe i-synapse iyathenwa noma cha ithonywa yimizwa ingane ekhulayo enayo nezwe elibazungezile. Ukukhuthaza njalo kubangela ukuthi ama-synapses akhule futhi abe unomphela. Kepha uma ingane ithola ukukhuthazeka okuncane ubuchopho buzohlala buncane kwalokhu kuxhumana.

Ukuthenwa kwe-synaptic kwenzeka nini?

Isikhathi sokuthena kwe-synaptic siyehluka ngesifunda sobuchopho. Ukuthenwa okuthile kwe-synaptic kuqala ekuqaleni kokukhula, kepha ukuthena okushesha kakhulu kwenzeka phakathi kweminyaka yobudala eyi-2 nengu-16.

Isigaba sokuqala sombungu kuya eminyakeni emibili

Ukukhula kobuchopho embungwini kuqala emasontweni ambalwa nje emva kokukhulelwa. Ngenyanga yesikhombisa yokukhulelwa, umbungu uqala ukukhipha amagagasi awo obuchopho. Ama-neurons amasha nama-synapses akhiwa ubuchopho ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu ngalesi sikhathi.

Ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila, inani lama-synapses ebuchosheni bosana likhula ngaphezu kokuphindwe kayishumi. Lapho uneminyaka engu-2 noma engu-3, ​​usana lunama-synapses angaba ngu-15 000 nge-neuron ngayinye.

Ku-cortex ebukwayo yobuchopho (ingxenye ebhekele ukubona), ukukhiqizwa kwe-synapse kushaya phezulu kakhulu cishe ezinyangeni eziyi-8 ubudala. Ku-cortex yangaphambili, amazinga aphezulu we-synapses avela ngesinye isikhathi phakathi nonyaka wokuqala wokuphila. Le ngxenye yobuchopho isetshenziselwa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuziphatha eziyinkimbinkimbi, kufaka phakathi ukuhlela nobuntu.

Iminyaka engu-2 kuye kwengu-10

Ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila, inani lama-synapses lehla kakhulu. Ukuthenwa kwe-Synaptic kwenzeka ngokushesha okukhulu phakathi kweminyaka engu-2 no-10. Ngalesi sikhathi, cishe amaphesenti angama-50 ama-synapses angeziwe ayasuswa. Ku-cortex ebonakalayo, ukuthena kuyaqhubeka kuze kube cishe neminyaka eyisithupha.

Ubusha

Ukuthena kwe-Synaptic kuyaqhubeka ngokuthomba, kepha hhayi ngokushesha njengakuqala. Inani eliphelele lama-synapses liqala ukusimama.

Ngenkathi abacwaningi bake bacabanga ukuthi ubuchopho buthena kuphela ama-synapses kuze kufike ebusheni, intuthuko yakamuva ithole isikhathi sokuthena sesibili ngesikhathi sobusha sekwedlule isikhathi.

Ukuba mdala

Ngokuya ngocwaningo olusha, ukuthena kwe-synaptic empeleni kuyaqhubeka nokuba mdala futhi kuyeke kwesinye isikhathi ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-20.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi ukuthenwa kwenzeka kakhulu ku-cortex yobuchopho engaphambili, okuyingxenye yobuchopho obubambe iqhaza elikhulu ezinqubweni zokwenza izinqumo, ekuthuthukiseni ubuntu, nasekucabangeni okujulile.

Ngabe ukuthenwa kwe-synaptic kuchaza ukuqala kwe-schizophrenia?

Ucwaningo olubheka ubudlelwano phakathi kokuthenwa kwe-synaptic kanye ne-schizophrenia lusesezigabeni zokuqala. Umbono uthi ubuchopho be-schizophrenic "buthenwe ngokweqile," futhi lokhu kuthenwa ngokweqile kubangelwa ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo okuthinta inqubo yokuthenwa kwe-synaptic.

Isibonelo, lapho abacwaningi bebheka izithombe zobuchopho babantu abanenkinga yengqondo, njenge-schizophrenia, bathole ukuthi abantu abanezifo zengqondo banezixhumanisi ezimbalwa esifundeni sangaphambi kokuqhathaniswa nobuchopho babantu abangenakho ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo.

Ngemuva kwalokho, kwahlaziywa izicubu zobuchopho se-post-mortem kanye ne-DNA evela kubantu abangaphezu kwe-100,000 futhi kwatholakala ukuthi abantu abane-schizophrenia banokuhluka okuthile kofuzo okungahle kuhlotshaniswe nokusheshisa kwenqubo yokuthenwa kwe-synaptic.

Ucwaningo oluningi luyadingeka ukuqinisekisa i-hypothesis yokuthi ukuthena okungavamile kwe-synaptic kunomthelela ku-schizophrenia. Ngenkathi lokhu kusekude kakhulu, ukuthena kwe-synaptic kungabonisa ilitshe elithakazelisayo lokwelashwa kwabantu abanokuphazamiseka kwengqondo.

Ingabe ukuthenwa kwe-synaptic kuhlotshaniswa ne-autism?

Ososayensi abakayikhombi imbangela ngqo ye-autism. Kungenzeka ukuthi kunezici eziningi ezisetshenziswayo, kodwa muva nje, ucwaningo lukhombise ukuxhumana phakathi kokuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ezithile ezihlobene nokusebenza kwe-synaptic kanye ne-autism spectrum disorders (ASD).

Ngokungefani nocwaningo nge-schizophrenia, ethi ubuchopho “buthenwe ngokweqile,” abacwaningi bacabanga ukuthi ubuchopho babantu abane-autism kungenzeka “buthenwe kancane.” Ngokwesayensi-ke, lokhu kuncipha okuncane kuholela ekusetshenzisweni ngokweqile kwama-synapses kwezinye izingxenye zobuchopho.

Ukuhlola lo mbono, abacwaningi babheka izicubu zobuchopho zezingane eziyi-13 nentsha ene-autism nangaphandle kwe-autism eyadlula phakathi kweminyaka eyi-2 nengama-20. Ososayensi bathola ukuthi ubuchopho bezingane ezisencane ezine-autism bunama-synapses amaningi kakhulu kunezingqondo zentsha ye-neurotypical . Izingane ezincane kuwo womabili amaqembu zazinenani elilinganayo lama-synapses. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi isimo singenzeka ngesikhathi senqubo yokuthenwa. Lolu cwaningo lubonisa kuphela umehluko kuma-synapses, kepha hhayi ukuthi lo mehluko kungaba yimbangela noma umphumela we-autism, noma inhlangano nje.

Le mbono yokusika izihlahla ingasiza ekuchazeni ezinye zezimpawu ezijwayelekile ze-autism, njengokuzwela ngokweqile kumsindo, izibani, nokuhlangenwe nakho komphakathi, kanye nokuquleka kwesithuthwane. Uma kunama-synapses amaningi kakhulu adubula ngasikhathi sinye, umuntu one-autism angahle athole ukugcwala komsindo kunokuba aphendule kahle ubuchopho.

Ngokwengeziwe, ucwaningo olwedlule luxhumanise i-autism nokuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ezisebenza kwiprotheni eyaziwa njenge-mTOR kinase. Kutholakale inani elikhulu le-mTOR eyeqile ebuchosheni beziguli ze-autism. Umsebenzi owedlulele endleleni ye-mTOR futhi kukhonjisiwe ukuthi kuhlotshaniswa nokukhiqizwa okweqile kwama-synapses.Olunye ucwaningo luthole ukuthi amagundane ane-mTOR eyeqile abe nezinkinga ekutheneni kwawo kwe-synaptic futhi akhombisa isimilo esinjenge-ASD senhlalo.

Ngabe lubhekaphi ucwaningo ngokusika izihlahla nge-synaptic?

Ukuthena kwe-Synaptic kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokukhula kobuchopho. Ngokususa ama-synapses angasasetshenziswa, ubuchopho busebenza kahle njengoba ukhula.

Namuhla, imibono eminingi mayelana nokukhula kobuchopho bomuntu isuselwa kulo mqondo wobuchopho beplastiki. Abaphenyi manje babheka izindlela zokulawula ukuthenwa ngemithi noma ukwelashwa okuhlosiwe. Babheka nokuthi bangakusebenzisa kanjani lokhu kuqonda okusha kokuthenwa kwe-synaptic ukuthuthukisa imfundo yezingane. Abaphenyi bafunda nokuthi ukwakheka kwama-synapses kungadlala kanjani indima ekukhubazekeni kwengqondo.

Inqubo yokuthenwa kwe-synaptic ingaba yinto ethembisayo yokwelashwa kwabantu abanezimo ezifana ne-schizophrenia ne-autism. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lusesezigabeni zokuqala.