Ukuqubuka Okubi Kakhulu Emlandweni wase-U.S

-Delile

• 1633-1634: Ingxibongo evela kubahlali baseYurophu
• 1793: Umkhuhlane ophuzi ovela eCaribbean
• 1832-1866: Ikholera emagagasi amathathu
• Ngo-1858: Umkhuhlane obomvu nawo weza ngamagagasi
• Ngo-1906-1907: "UMary Typhoid"
• Ngo-1918: Umkhuhlane we-H1N1
• 1921-1925: Umqedazwe weDiphtheria
• I-1916-1955: Inani eliphakeme le-polio
• 1957: H2N2 umkhuhlane
• 1981-1991: Ukuqubuka kwesimungumungwane sesibili
• 1993: Amanzi angcolile eMilwaukee
• 2009: Umkhuhlane we-H1N1
• 2010, 2014: Ukukhwehlela okukhwehlela
• 1980 ukuzokwethula: i-HIV ne-AIDS
• Ngo-2020: I-COVID-19
• Hlala wazi
• Ezemfundo
• Zivikele wena nomndeni wakho

Ubhubhane olwenziwe yiCenters of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) njengokwenyuka okungazelelwe kwenani lamacala esifo esithathelwanayo emphakathini noma endaweni ngesikhathi esithile esithile.

Ukuphakama kwenani lamacala okugula okufanayo endaweni engaphezulu kwalapho izikhulu zezempilo ezilindele ukukubona ukuqubuka. Amagama angasetshenziswa ngokungafani, yize ubhadane lwezifo lubhekwa njengolubanzi kakhulu.

Eminyakeni edlule, kwaqubuka izifo eziningi ezithathelwanayo futhi zasakazeka kulo lonke elase-United States.

1633-1634: Ingxibongo evela kubahlali baseYurophu

Ingxibongo yafika eNyakatho Melika ngawo-1600. Izimpawu zazihlanganisa umkhuhlane omkhulu, ukugodola, ubuhlungu obukhulu beqolo nokuqubuka. Iqale eNyakatho-mpumalanga kanti abantu baseMelika baseMelika bacekelwa phansi yiyo njengoba isakazekela entshonalanga.

Ngo-1721, amacala angaphezu kuka-6,000 abikwa kubantu baseBoston abangu-11,000. Balinganiselwa ku-850 abantu ababulawa yilesi sifo.

Ngo-1770, u-Edward Jenner wenza umuthi wokugomela ngoshevu wezinkomo. Isiza umzimba ukuthi uvikele ingxibongo ngaphandle kokubanga lesi sifo.

Manje: Ngemuva kohlelo olukhulu lokugoma ngo-1972, ingxibongo isukile e-United States. Eqinisweni, imithi yokugoma ayisadingeki.

1793: Umkhuhlane ophuzi ovela eCaribbean

Ngehlobo elilodwa elinomswakama, ababaleki abalekela ubhadane lwe-yellow fever eziqhingini zaseCaribbean bahamba ngomkhumbi baya ePhiladelphia, bephethe leli gciwane.

I-yellow fever ibangela ukuphuzi kwesikhumba, umkhuhlane, nokuhlanza okunegazi. Ngesikhathi sokuqubuka kwalesi sifo ngo-1793, kulinganiselwa ukuthi amaphesenti ayishumi abantu bakuleli dolobha bafa futhi abanye abaningi babaleka edolobheni ukuze bakugweme.

Umuthi wokugoma wenziwa wabe usunikezwa ilayisense ngo-1953. Umuthi wokugoma owodwa wanele impilo yonke. Kunconywa kakhulu kulezo zinyanga eziyi-9 nangaphezulu, ikakhulukazi uma uhlala noma uhambela izindawo ezinobungozi obukhulu.

Ungathola uhlu lwamazwe lapho umuthi wokugoma unconyelwa ukuvakasha kuwebhusayithi yeCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Manje: Omiyane bangukhiye ekutheni lesi sifo sisakazeka kanjani, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjenge-Central America, i-South America ne-Afrika. Ukuqeda omiyane kuphumelele ekulawuleni i-yellow fever.

Ngenkathi i-yellow fever ingenakho ukwelashwa, umuntu olulamayo ekuguleni uba namandla okuphila kwakhe konke.

1832-1866: Ikholera emagagasi amathathu

Izwe laseMelika lalinamagagasi amathathu abucayi wekholera, ukutheleleka kwamathumbu, phakathi kuka-1832 no-1866. Ubhadane lwaqala eNdiya futhi lasakazeka ngokushesha emhlabeni wonke ngemizila yezohwebo.

INew York City kwakuyidolobha lokuqala lase-U.S. Ukuzwa umthelela. Phakathi kwenani eliphelele labantu bafa emadolobheni amakhulu.

Akucaci ukuthi yini eyaqeda ubhadane, kodwa kungenzeka kube ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu noma ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokuhlukaniswa. Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1900, kwase kuphelile ukuqubuka.

Ukwelashwa ngokushesha kubalulekile ngoba ikholera ingadala ukufa. Ukwelashwa kufaka phakathi ama-antibiotic, i-zinc supplementation, nokuvuselelwa komzimba.

Manje: Ikholera isabangela cishe unyaka wonke emhlabeni, ngokusho kweCDC. Ukukhucululwa kwendle yanamuhla nokwelashwa kwamanzi kusizile ukuqeda ikholera kwamanye amazwe, kodwa igciwane lisekhona kwenye indawo.

Ungathola umuthi wokugomela ikholera uma uhlela ukuya ezindaweni ezinobungozi obukhulu. Indlela engcono yokuvikela ikholera ukugeza izandla njalo ngensipho namanzi nokugwema ukuphuza amanzi angcolile.

Ngo-1858: Umkhuhlane obomvu nawo weza ngamagagasi

I-Scarlet fever ukutheleleka kwebhaktheriya okungenzeka ngemuva kwe-strep throat. Njengekholera, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe obomvu zaziza ngamagagasi.

I-Scarlet fever ivame kakhulu. Akuvamile ezinganeni ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-3. Abantu abadala abaxhumana nezingane ezigulayo banengozi eyengeziwe.

Ucwaningo oludala luthi umkhuhlane obomvu wehlile ngenxa yokudla okunomsoco, kepha ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ukuthuthuka kwezempilo yomphakathi bekungaba yimbangela.

Manje: Awukho umuthi wokugoma wokuvikela i-strep throat noma i-scarlet fever. Kubalulekile kulabo abanezimpawu zomphimbo ukuthi bafune ukwelashwa ngokushesha. Udokotela wakho uzokwelapha imfiva ebomvu ngama-antibiotics.

Ngo-1906-1907: "UMary Typhoid"

Esinye sezifo eziwumshayabhuqe omkhulu we-typhoid fever esike saba khona saqhamuka phakathi kuka-1906 no-1907 eNew York.

UMary Mallon, ovame ukubizwa ngo “Typhoid Mary,” usakaze leli gciwane kubantu ababalelwa kwabangu-122 baseNew York ngesikhathi sakhe njengompheki endaweni ethile nasesibhedlela.

Mayelana nabantu baseNew York abathole leli gciwane nguMary Mallon bafa. I-CDC isibalo sokufa kwabantu abayi-13,160 ngo-1906 kanye no-12,670 abashona ngo-1907.

Ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha kubonise ukuthi uMallon wayengumthwali onempilo we-typhoid fever. I-typhoid fever ingadala ukugula namabala abomvu esifubeni nasesiswini.

Umuthi wokugoma wenziwa ngo-1911, kwatholakala nemithi elwa namagciwane yomkhuhlane we-typhoid ngo-1948.

Manje: Namuhla umkhuhlane we-typhoid uvamile. Kepha ingasakazeka ngokuxhumana ngqo nabantu abanegciwane, kanye nokudla kokudla noma amanzi angcolile.

Ngo-1918: Umkhuhlane we-H1N1

I-H1N1 uhlobo lomkhuhlane osazungeza umhlaba minyaka yonke.

Ngo-1918, kwakuwuhlobo lomkhuhlane olwalubangelwa ubhadane lomkhuhlane, ngezinye izikhathi olwalubizwa ngokuthi umkhuhlane waseSpain (nakuba empeleni wawungafiki eSpain).

Ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe I, amacala omkhuhlane ancipha kancane kancane. Azikho iziphakamiso ezinikezwe ngaleso sikhathi (ukugqoka imaski, ukuphuza uwoyela wamalahle) bekuyindlela yokwelapha esebenzayo. Izindlela zokwelapha zanamuhla zifaka ukuphumula embhedeni, uketshezi, nemithi elwa namagciwane.

Manje: Izinkinga zomkhuhlane ziyaguquka minyaka yonke, okwenza imigomo yanyakenye ingasebenzi kahle. Kubalulekile ukuthola umuthi wokugoma waminyaka yonke ukuze unciphise ubungozi bomkhuhlane.

1921-1925: Umqedazwe weDiphtheria

IDiphtheria yaphakama ngo-1921, nge. Kubangela ukuvuvukala kolwelwesi lwamafinyila, kufaka phakathi umphimbo wakho, okungavimbela ukuphefumula nokugwinya.

Kwesinye isikhathi ubuthi begciwane bungangena egazini futhi budale ukulimala kwenhliziyo nemizwa ebulalayo.

Maphakathi nawo-1920, abacwaningi banikeze ilayisense umuthi wokugomela olwa nezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Izinga lokutheleleka lehle kakhulu e-United States.

Manje: Namuhla ngaphezu kwezingane e-United States zigonyiwe, ngokwe-CDC. Labo abathola lesi sifo baphathwa ngama-antibiotic.

I-1916-1955: Inani eliphakeme le-polio

Uvendle yisifo segciwane esithinta isimiso sezinzwa, sidale ukukhubazeka. Isakazeka ngokuxhumana ngqo nabantu abanesifo.

Ukuqubuka kwezifo kwenzeka njalo e-United States ngawo-1950, lapho kwaqubuka khona uvendle kabili ngo-1916 nango-1952. Kumacala abikiwe angama-57 628 abikwa ngo-1952, kwabulawa abantu abangu-3 145.

Ngo-1955, kwagunyazwa umuthi wokugomela uDkt Jonas Salk. Yamukelwa ngokushesha emhlabeni wonke. Ngo-1962, inani elijwayelekile lamacala lehle laya ku-910. Imibiko yokuthi i-United States ibingenalo uvendle kusukela ngo-1979.

Manje: Ukuthola ukugoma kubaluleke kakhulu ngaphambi kokuhamba. Alikho ikhambi lovendle. Ukwelashwa kubandakanya ukukhuphula amazinga enduduzo nokuvimbela izinkinga.

1957: H2N2 umkhuhlane

Ukuqubuka okukhulu komkhuhlane kwenzeka futhi ngo-1957. Igciwane le-H2N2, elivela ezinyonini, labikwa okokuqala eSingapore ngoFebhuwari 1957, labe seliseHong Kong ngo-Ephreli 1957.

Kwavela emadolobheni angasogwini e-United States ehlobo lika-1957.

Isibalo esilinganisiwe sokushona kwaba yizigidi eziyi-1.1 emhlabeni jikelele futhi.

Lesi sifo sithathwa njengesincane ngoba sisheshe sabanjwa. Ososayensi bakwazile ukwenza umuthi wokugoma osuselwa olwazini kusukela ekwakheni umuthi wokugoma wokuqala womkhuhlane ngo-1942.

Manje: I-H2N2 ayisazungezi kubantu, kepha isathelela izinyoni nezingulube. Kungenzeka ukuthi igciwane liphinde liphinde ligxume lisuke ezilwaneni liye kubantu esikhathini esizayo.

1981-1991: Ukuqubuka kwesimungumungwane sesibili

Imasisi yigciwane elidala umkhuhlane, ikhala eligobayo, ukukhwehlela, amehlo abomvu, nomphimbo obuhlungu, kuthi kamuva kube nokuqubuka okusakazeka emzimbeni wonke.

Kuyisifo esithathelwanayo esisakazeka emoyeni. ubanjwe isimungumungwane ngaphambi komuthi wokugoma. Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20, amacala amaningi abangelwa ukungatholakali kahle kokugoma.

Odokotela baqala ukuncoma umuthi wokugoma wesibili wawo wonke umuntu. Kusukela lapho, unyaka nonyaka ubenakho, yize lokhu kweqiwe ngo-2019.

Manje: Izwe laseMelika libhekane nokuqubuka okuncane kwesimungumungwane eminyakeni yamuva. ICDC ithi abahambi abangagonyiwe abavakashela phesheya bangasithola lesi sifo. Uma befika ekhaya e-United States, bakudlulisela kwabanye abangakagonywe.

Qiniseka ukuthi uthola yonke imigomo enconywa udokotela wakho.

1993: Amanzi angcolile eMilwaukee

Esinye sezitshalo ezimbili zokulungisa amanzi iMilwaukee sangcoliswa yi-cryptosporidium, igciwane elibanga ukutheleleka kwe-cryptosporidiosis. Izimpawu zihlanganisa ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni, umkhuhlane, amajaqamba esiswini, nohudo.

Ucwaningo lokuqala luveze ukuthi bangu-403,000 abantu abagulayo kwathi abangu-69 bafa, ngokusho koMkhandlu Wezamanzi Nempilo, okwenza kwaba wukuqhamuka okukhulu kakhulu kwamanzi emlandweni wase-United States.

Abantu abaningi balulama bebodwa. Kubantu abashonile, iningi labo lalibeke engozini amasosha omzimba.

Manje: I-Cryptosporidiosis isakhathaza minyaka yonke. I-CDC ibika ukuthi amacala aphakathi kuka-2009 no-2017. Inani lamacala nokuqubuka liyahluka kunoma yimuphi unyaka onikeziwe.

I-Cryptosporidium isabalala enhlabathini, ekudleni, emanzini, noma ekuthintaneni nendle engcolile. Kungenye yezimbangela ezivame kakhulu zokugula ukuthi zenzeke ngokusebenzisa amanzi ehlobo wokuzithokozisa futhi zingasakazeka kalula kusuka ezilwaneni zasemapulazini noma ezindaweni zokunakekela izingane.

Qinisekisa ukwenza inhlanzeko yomuntu siqu, njengokugeza izandla, lapho ukhempa, noma ngemuva kokuthinta izilwane. Gwema ukubhukuda uma unesifo sohudo.

2009: Umkhuhlane we-H1N1

Ngentwasahlobo ka-2009, kwatholakala igciwane le-H1N1 e-United States lasakazeka ngokushesha ezweni lonke nasemhlabeni jikelele. Lokhu kuqubuka kwaba sematheni njenge-swine flu.

Ukuthi kwakukhona amacala ayizigidi ezingama-60.8, izibhedlela ezingama-274,304 ezibhedlela, kanye nokufa kwabantu abangu-12 469 e-United States.

Emhlabeni jikelele, amaphesenti angama-80 okufa kwalokhu kuqubuka alinganiselwa ukuthi enzeka kubantu abangaphansi kweminyaka engama-65.

Ekupheleni kukaDisemba 2009, umuthi wokugoma i-H1N1 watholakala kuwo wonke umuntu owawufuna. Amazinga omsebenzi wegciwane aqala ukwehla.

Manje: Uhlobo lwe-H1N1 lusazungeza ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka, kepha lubangela ukufa okumbalwa nokulaliswa esibhedlela. Izinkinga zomkhuhlane ziyaguquka minyaka yonke, okwenza imigomo yonyaka odlule ingasebenzi kahle. Kubalulekile ukuthola umuthi wakho wokugoma waminyaka yonke ukuze unciphise ubungozi bomkhuhlane.

2010, 2014: Ukukhwehlela okukhwehlela

I-Pertussis, eyaziwa ngokuthi ukukhwehlela, iyathathelana kakhulu futhi ingesinye sezifo esenzeka kakhulu e-United States. Lokhu kuhlasela kokukhwehlela kungahlala izinyanga.

Izinsana ezisencane kakhulu ukuba zigonywe zisengozini enkulu kakhulu yamacala asongela impilo. Ngesikhathi sokuqubuka kokuqala,.

Ukuqhamuka kokukhwehlela kuvela njalo eminyakeni emithathu kuya kwemihlanu. I-CDC yokuthi ukwanda kwenani lamacala kungenzeka kube "yinto ejwayelekile entsha."

Manje: Ukuvela kwalesi sifo kuncane kakhulu kunalokho okwakukhona. I-CDC bonke abantu badinga umuthi wokugoma, kepha ukuthi abesifazane abakhulelwe bathola umuthi wokugoma phakathi ne-trimester yesithathu ukukhulisa ukuvikelwa lapho bezalwa.

Kunconywa nokuthi zonke izingane, nanoma ngubani ongakaze agonywe phambilini, athole umuthi wokugoma.

1980 ukuzokwethula: i-HIV ne-AIDS

Okokuqala kubhalwe ngo-1981, ubhadane olwaziwa namuhla ngokuthi i-HIV lubonakale njengesifo samaphaphu esingandile. Manje sesiyazi ukuthi i-HIV ilimaza amasosha omzimba futhi ayekethise ikhono layo lokulwa nezifo.

I-AIDS yisigaba sokugcina se-HIV futhi, ngokwe-CDC, ngo-2018 sasiyimbangela yokufa e-United States kubantu abaneminyaka engama-25 kuya kwengama-34 ubudala. Ukuthi umuntu uthola i-HIV akusho ukuthi uzoba nengculazi.

Igciwane lesandulela ngculaza lingadluliselwa ngocansi noma ngegazi noma uketshezi lomzimba olusuka kumuntu luye komunye. Ingadluliselwa isuka kumama iye enganeni engakazalwa uma ingelashwa.

I-pre-exposure prophylaxis (noma i-PrEP) iyindlela yokuba nezindawo ezinobungozi obukhulu ukugwema ukutheleleka nge-HIV ngaphambi kokuchayeka. Iphilisi (igama lomkhiqizo iTruvada) liqukethe imishanguzo emibili esetshenziswa ngokuhlangana neminye imithi yokwelapha i-HIV.

Lapho umuntu echayeka kwi-HIV ngokusebenzisa ucansi noma umjovo wokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, le mithi ingasebenza ukugcina igciwane lingatholi ukutheleleka unomphela.

I-CDC ikholelwa ukuthi ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni wanamuhla, umhlaba unamathuluzi wokulawula ubhadane lwe-HIV ngaphandle komuthi wokugoma noma welapha, ngenkathi ubeka isisekelo sokuqeda i-HIV ekugcineni.

Ukulawula ubhadane kudinga ukufinyelela emaqenjini anobungozi obukhulu ngokwelashwa nokuvinjelwa.

Manje: Yize lungekho ikhambi le-HIV, ingozi yokudlulisa ingancipha ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokuphepha, njengokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinaliti ziyahlanzwa futhi kuya ocansini nezindlela zokuvimbela.

Izinyathelo zokuphepha zingathathwa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa ukuvimbela ukuthi isifo sidluliselwe sisuka kumama siye enganeni.

Ngezimo eziphuthumayo, i-PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis) umuthi omusha wezidambisigciwane ovimbela i-HIV ukuthi ikhule kungakapheli amahora angama-72.

Ngo-2020: I-COVID-19

Igciwane le-SARS-CoV-2, uhlobo lwe-coronavirus oludala isifo i-COVID-19, latholwa okokuqala eWuhan City, eSifundazweni saseHubei, eChina ngasekupheleni kuka-2019. Kubonakala sengathi lisakazeka kalula nangokuzinza emphakathini.

Amacala abikiwe emhlabeni wonke, futhi ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi 2020, bekunamacala angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-1.5 nokufa kwabantu abangaphezu kuka-100,000 e-United States.

Hlala unolwazi ngezibuyekezo zethu ezibukhoma mayelana nokuqubuka kwamanje kwe-COVID-19. Futhi, vakashela ihabhu lethu le-coronavirus ukuthola eminye imininingwane yokuthi ungazilungiselela kanjani, izeluleko ngokuvikela nokwelashwa, nezincomo zochwepheshe.

Lesi sifo singabeka impilo yabantu engcupheni, kanti abantu abadala asebekhulile nabantu abanezimo zezempilo ebezikhona, njengesifo senhliziyo noma samaphaphu noma isifo sikashukela, babonakala besengozini enkulu yokuthola izinkinga ezinkulu.

Okwamanje awukho umuthi wokugoma.

Izimpawu eziyinhloko zifaka:

• imfiva
• ukukhwehlela okomile
• ukuphelelwa umoya
• ukukhathala

Hlala wazi

Ezemfundo

Ukuzifundisa ngokuqubuka kwezifo njengamanje kungakusiza uqonde ukuthi yiziphi izinyathelo okufanele uzithathe ukuze ugcine wena nomndeni wakho niphephile futhi niphilile.

Zinike isikhathi sokucinga izifo eziwubhadane eziqhubekayo ngokuvakashela ama-CDC, ikakhulukazi uma usohambweni.

Zivikele wena nomndeni wakho

Izindaba ezimnandi ukuthi ukuqubuka okuningi okubalwe lapha akuvamile futhi, kwezinye izimo, kuyavikeleka. Qiniseka ukuthi umndeni wakho usesikhathini semigomo yawo ngaphambi kokuhamba, futhi uthole imishanguzo yakamuva yomkhuhlane.

Izinyathelo ezilula ekhishini namasu okuphepha kokudla nawo angakuvimbela wena nomndeni wakho ekutholeni noma ekudluliseni izifo.