Impendulo yomzimba

Impendulo mzimba yindlela umzimba wakho ozibona ngayo futhi uzivikele ngayo kuma-bacteria, amagciwane, nezinto ezibonakala zingezona futhi ziyingozi.

Amasosha omzimba avikela umzimba ezintweni ezingaba yingozi ngokubona nokuphendula kuma-antigen. Ama-antigen yizinto (imvamisa amaprotheni) ebusweni bamaseli, amagciwane, isikhunta, noma amabhaktheriya. Izinto ezingaphili ezinjengobuthi, amakhemikhali, izidakamizwa, nezinhlayiya zangaphandle (njenge-splinter) nazo zingaba ama-antigen. Amasosha omzimba ayabona futhi abhubhise, noma azame ukuqeda, izinto eziqukethe ama-antigen.

Amaseli omzimba wakho anamaprotheni angama-antigen. Lokhu kufaka phakathi iqembu lama-antigen okuthiwa ama-HLA antigen. Amasosha akho omzimba afunda ukubona lawa ma-antigen njengejwayelekile futhi imvamisa awasabeli kuwo.

UKUGONJWA KWE-INNATE

Ukuzivikela okungazelelwe, noma okungaqondile kuyindlela yokuzivikela owazalwa ngayo. Ikuvikela kuwo wonke ama-antigen. Ukungavikeleki okungokwemvelo kuhilela izithiyo ezigcina izinto eziyingozi zingangeni emzimbeni wakho. Lezi zithiyo zakha umugqa wokuqala wokuzivikela ekuphenduleni komzimba. Izibonelo zokuzivikela okungokwemvelo zifaka:

• Ukukhwehlela reflex
• Ama-enzyme ekhala nangamafutha wesikhumba
• I-Mucus, ebamba amabhaktheriya nezinhlayiya ezincane
• Isikhumba
• I-asidi yesisu

Ukungavikeleki okungaphakathi kubuye kube nefomu lamakhemikhali lamaprotheni, okuthiwa i-innate humoral immunity. Izibonelo zifaka uhlelo lokugcwalisa lomzimba nezinto ezibizwa nge-interferon ne-interleukin-1 (edala umkhuhlane).

Uma i-antigen idlula kulezi zithiyo, ihlaselwa futhi ibhujiswe ezinye izingxenye zesistimu yomzimba.

UMTHAMBO OTHOLAKALAYO

Ukuzivikela okutholakele ukuzivikela komzimba okuqala ngokuchayeka kuma-antigen ahlukahlukene. Amasosha akho omzimba akha isivikelo kuleyo antigen ethile.

UMUNTU WOKUDLULA OKUDLULA

Ukungatheleleki komzimba kungenxa yama-antibodies akhiqizwa emzimbeni ongengowakho. Izinsana zinokuzivikela kokungenzi lutho ngoba zizalwa zinamasosha omzimba adluliselwa nge-placenta evela kunina. La masosha omzimba ayanyamalala phakathi kweminyaka yobudala eyisithupha nengu-12.

Ukugoma okungahleliwe kungenzeka futhi kungenxa yokujova i-antiserum, equkethe amasosha omzimba akhiwa ngomunye umuntu noma isilwane. Inikeza ukuvikeleka ngokushesha kwi-antigen, kepha ayinikezi ukuvikelwa okuhlala isikhathi eside. I-immune serum globulin (enikezwa ukuvezwa yi-hepatitis) kanye ne-tetanus antitoxin yizibonelo zokugoma kokungenzi lutho.

Izakhi zegazi

Amasosha omzimba afaka izinhlobo ezithile zamaseli amhlophe egazi. Kubandakanya amakhemikhali namaprotheni egazini, njengama-antibodies, ama-protein ahambisanayo ne-interferon. Ezinye zazo zihlasela ngqo izinto zangaphandle emzimbeni, kanti ezinye zisebenza ngokubambisana ukusiza amaseli omzimba.

Ama-lymphocyte awuhlobo lwamaseli amhlophe egazi. Kukhona ama-lymphocyte wohlobo lwe-B no-T.

• Ama-lymphocyte B aba amaseli akhiqiza amasosha omzimba. Ama-antibody anamathisela ku-antigen ethile futhi enza kube lula ukuthi amaseli omzimba abulale i-antigen.
• Ama-lymphocyte T ahlasela ama-antigen ngqo futhi asize ukulawula ukuphendula komzimba. Bakhipha namakhemikhali, aziwa ngokuthi ama-cytokines, alawula wonke amasosha omzimba.

Njengoba ama-lymphocyte ekhula, ngokujwayelekile afunda ukutshela umehluko phakathi kwezicubu zomzimba wakho nezinto ezingatholakali emzimbeni wakho. Lapho nje amangqamuzana e-B nama-T cell sekwakhiwe, ambalwa kulawo maseli azokwanda futhi anikeze "inkumbulo" yesistimu yakho yokuzivikela ezifweni. Lokhu kuvumela ukuthi amasosha omzimba wakho aphendule ngokushesha nangokushesha ngesikhathi esizayo lapho uvezwa ku-antigen efanayo. Ezimweni eziningi, kuzokuvimbela ukuthi ungaguli. Isibonelo, umuntu ophethwe yizinkukhu noma ogonyelwe ingxibongo uvikelekile ekutholeni ingxibongo futhi.

UKUDUMELA

Impendulo yokuvuvukala (ukuvuvukala) kwenzeka lapho izicubu zilimala ngamagciwane, ukuhlukumezeka, ubuthi, ukushisa, noma enye imbangela. Amaseli alimele akhipha amakhemikhali afaka i-histamine, i-bradykinin, ne-prostaglandins. Lawa makhemikhali abangela ukuthi imithambo yegazi ivuze uketshezi ezicutshini, kudale ukuvuvukala. Lokhu kusiza ukuhlukanisa into yangaphandle ekuthintaneni okuqhubekayo nezicubu zomzimba.

Amakhemikhali futhi aheha amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi abizwa ngama-phagocyte "adla" amagciwane namaseli afile noma alimele. Le nqubo ibizwa nge- phagocytosis. AmaPhagocyte agcina ngokufa. I-Pus yakhiwa ngeqoqo lezicubu ezifile, amabhaktheriya afile, nama-phagocyte aphilayo nafile.

IZIMPAHLA ZESIMISO SOMMUNI NEZIMALI

Ukuphazamiseka kwesistimu yomzimba kwenzeka lapho ukuphendula komzimba kuqondiswe ezicutshini zomzimba, ngokweqile, noma kushoda. Ukungezwani komzimba kubandakanya ukuphendula kwamagciwane entweni imizimba yabantu abaningi eyibona ingenangozi.

UKUGONYA

Ukugoma (ukugoma) kuyindlela yokwenza ukuthi amasosha omzimba aphendule. Ukweqiwa okuncane kwe-antigen, njengamagciwane aphilayo noma abuthakathaka aphilayo, kunikezwa ukwenza kusebenze amasosha omzimba "inkumbulo" (amaseli we-B acushiwe namaseli we-T azwayo). Imemori ivumela umzimba wakho ukuthi usabele ngokushesha nangempumelelo ekuvezweni okuzayo.

IZINKINGA NGENXA YEMPENDULO YESISULU EGUQULWE

Impendulo ephumelelayo yokuzivikela komzimba ivikela ezifweni nasezifweni eziningi. Impendulo engasebenzi kahle yomzimba ivumela izifo ukuthi zikhule. Kakhulu, kuncane kakhulu, noma impendulo engafanele yomzimba yokuzivikela ibangela ukuphazamiseka kwesistimu yomzimba. Ukuphendula ngokweqile kokuzivikela komzimba kungaholela ekwakhiweni kwezifo ezizimele, lapho ama-antibodies akha izicubu zomzimba uqobo.

Izinkinga ezivela ezimpendulweni zomzimba eziguquliwe zifaka:

• Ukungezwani komzimba noma ukuzwela ngokweqile
• I-Anaphylaxis, ukusabela okweqile okusongela impilo
• Ukuphazamiseka okuzenzakalelayo
• Ukuxhunyelelwa ngokuqhathaniswa nesifo sokubamba, inkinga yokufakelwa komnkantsha wethambo
• Ukuphazamiseka komzimba
• Ukugula kweSerum
• Ukwenqaba ukufakelwa

Ukuzivikela kwangaphakathi; Ukuzivikela komzimba; Amasosha omzimba amaselula; Ukungatheleleki; Impendulo yokuvuvukala; Ukuzivikela okutholakele (okuguqukayo)

• Imikhuhlane nomkhuhlane - yini ongayibuza udokotela wakho - umuntu omdala
• Imikhuhlane nomkhuhlane - yini ongayibuza udokotela - ingane yakho
• Lapho ingane noma usana lwakho lunomkhuhlane

• Izakhiwo zesistimu yomzimba
• I-Phagocytosis

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IBankova L, Barrett N. Innate immune. Ku: Burks AW, Holgate ST, O'Hehir RE, et al, ama-eds. Ukungezwani komzimba noMiddleton: Izimiso kanye Nokuzijwayeza. Umhlaka 9. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 1.

UFirestein GS, uStanford SM. Izindlela zokuvuvukala nokulungiswa kwezicubu. Ku: IGoldman L, iSchafer AI, ama-eds. Imithi yeGoldman-Cecil. Umhla ka-26. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 42.

UTuano KS, uChinen J. Ukuvikelwa okuguqukayo. Ku: Burks AW, Holgate ST, O'Hehir RE, et al, ama-eds. Ukungezwani komzimba noMiddleton: Izimiso kanye Nokuzijwayeza. Umhlaka 9. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 2.