Ukuqonda isiteji somdlavuza

Ukufakwa kwesifo somdlavuza kuyindlela yokuchaza ukuthi ungakanani umdlavuza osemzimbeni wakho nokuthi utholakala kuphi emzimbeni wakho. Isiteji sisiza ukunquma ukuthi siphi isimila sokuqala, ukuthi sikhulu kangakanani, ukuthi sisakazekile yini, nokuthi sisabalale kuphi.

Ukufakwa kwesifo somdlavuza kungasiza umhlinzeki wakho wezokunakekelwa kwempilo:

• Nquma ukubikezelwa kwakho (ithuba lokululama noma amathuba okuthi umdlavuza uzobuya)
• Hlela ukwelashwa kwakho
• Khomba izivivinyo zomtholampilo ongakwazi ukujoyina

Isiteji sinikeza abahlinzeki ulimi oluvamile abalusebenzisayo ukuchaza nokuxoxa ngomdlavuza.

Umdlavuza ukukhula okungalawulwa kwamaseli angajwayelekile emzimbeni. Lawa maseli avame ukwakha isimila. Lesi simila singakhula sibe izicubu nezitho ezizungezile. Njengoba umdlavuza uqhubeka, amangqamuzana omdlavuza avela kulesimila angahlukana futhi asabalale aye kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba ngohlelo lwegazi noma lwe-lymph system. Lapho umdlavuza usakazeka, izicubu zingakheka kwezinye izitho nasezingxenyeni zomzimba. Ukusabalala komdlavuza kubizwa ngokuthi yi-metastasis.

Isiteji somdlavuza sisetshenziselwa ukusiza ukuchaza ukuqhubeka komdlavuza. Kuvame ukuchazwa ngu:

• Indawo yesimila sokuqala (sokuqala) nohlobo lwamaseli womdlavuza
• Usayizi wesimila sokuqala
• Ukuthi umdlavuza ususabalele kuma-lymph node
• Inani lezicubu zomdlavuza osusakazekile
• Ibanga le-tumor (amangqamuzana omdlavuza abukeka kanjani njengamaseli ajwayelekile)

Ukuhlola umdlavuza wakho, umhlinzeki wakho angenza izivivinyo ezihlukile, kuya ngokuthi umdlavuza ukuphi emzimbeni wakho. Lokhu kungafaka:

• Ukuhlola ukuhlolwa, okufana nama-x-ray, ama-CT scan, ama-PET scan, noma ama-MRIs
• Ukuhlolwa kwelebhu
• Isidumbu

Ungase futhi uhlinzwe ukususa umdlavuza nama-lymph node noma ukuhlola umdlavuza emzimbeni wakho bese uthatha isampula lesicubu. Lezi sampuli ziyahlolwa futhi zinganikeza imininingwane eningiliziwe mayelana nesigaba somdlavuza.

Uhlelo oluvame kakhulu lokudlalela umdlavuza ngendlela yesimila esiqinile uhlelo lwe-TNM. Abahlinzeki abaningi kanye nezikhungo zomdlavuza bayisebenzisela ukufaka umdlavuza omningi. Uhlelo lwe-TNM lususelwa ku:

• Usayizi we isimila esiyinhloko (T)
• Ungakanani umdlavuza osabalale wasondela ama-lymph node (N)
• I-Metastasis (M), noma uma umdlavuza ususabalale wasabalala nakwezinye izindawo emzimbeni

Kufakwa izinombolo esigabeni ngasinye esichaza ubukhulu besimila nokuthi sisabalale kangakanani. Ukuphakama kwesibalo, kukhula usayizi kanye nomdlavuza onamathuba amaningi okusabalala.

Isimila Esiyinhloko (T):

• TX: Isigaxa asikwazi ukukalwa.
• T0: Isimila asitholakali.
• Ithis: Kutholakale amaseli angajwayelekile, kepha awakasakazeki. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-carcinoma in situ.
• T1, T2, T3, T4: Khombisa ubukhulu besimila sokuqala nokuthi sisabalale kangakanani saba izicubu ezizungezile.

AmaLymph Node (N):

• I-NX: Ama-lymph node awakwazi ukuhlolwa
• N0: Awukho umdlavuza otholakala kuma-lymph node aseduze
• I-N1, N2, N3: Inombolo nendawo yezindawo lapho kunomdlavuza khona

I-Metastasis (M):

• MX: I-Metastasis ayikwazi ukuhlolwa
• M0: Ayikho imastastasis etholakele (umdlavuza awusakazwanga)
• M1: I-Metastasis itholakele (umdlavuza usabalalele kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba)

Njengesibonelo, umdlavuza wesinye i-T3 N0 M0 kusho ukuthi kukhona isimila esikhulu (i-T3) esingakasakazeli kuma-lymph node (N0) noma kwenye indawo emzimbeni (M0).

Kwesinye isikhathi kusetshenziswa ezinye izinhlamvu nezigaba ezingaphansi kokungeziwe kulezi ezingenhla.

Ibanga le-tumor, njenge-G1-G4 lingasetshenziswa kanye nesiteji. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi amangqamuzana omdlavuza abukeka kanjani njengamaseli ajwayelekile ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu. Izinombolo eziphakeme zibonisa amaseli angajwayelekile. Lapho umdlavuza ubukeka njengamaseli ajwayelekile, uzokhula ngokushesha futhi usakazeke ngokushesha okukhulu.

Akuwona wonke umdlavuza ohleliwe kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwe-TNM. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi eminye imdlavuza, ikakhulukazi umdlavuza wegazi nomnkantsha wamathambo onjenge-leukemia, awenzi izicubu noma usakaze ngendlela efanayo. Ngakho-ke ezinye izinhlelo zisetshenziselwa ukufaka la mdlavuza.

Isigaba sinikezwa umdlavuza wakho ngokuya ngamanani we-TNM nezinye izinto. Izinhlobo zomdlavuza ezihlukene zihlelwe ngokwehlukile. Isibonelo, umdlavuza wesigaba se-III wesigaba awufani nomdlavuza wesigaba sesithathu. Ngokuvamile, isigaba esiphakeme sisho umdlavuza osuthuthuke kakhulu.

• Isigaba 0: Amaseli angajwayelekile akhona, kepha awakasakazeki
• Isigaba I, II, III: Bheka ubukhulu besimila nokuthi ungakanani umdlavuza osabalale kuma-lymph node
• Isigaba IV: Izifo sezinabele kwezinye izitho zomzimba nezicubu

Uma umdlavuza wakho usunikezwe isigaba, awuguquki, noma ngabe umdlavuza ungabuya. Umdlavuza uhlelwa kususelwa kulokho okutholakala lapho kutholakala ukuthi kunesifo.

IKomidi Elihlangene laseMelika lewebhusayithi yoMdlavuza. Uhlelo lokubeka umdlavuza. cancerstaging.org/references-tools/Pages/What-is-Cancer-Staging.aspx. Kufinyelelwe ngoNovemba 3, 2020.

UKumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. I-Neoplasia. Ku: Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC, ama-eds. I-Robbins Basic Pathology. Umhlaka 10. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018: isahluko 6.

Iwebhusayithi yeNational Cancer Institute. Isiteji somdlavuza. www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/staging. Kubuyekezwe ngoMashi 9, 2015. Kufinyelelwe ngoNovemba 3, 2020.

• Umdlavuza