Amasosha omzimba: iyini nokuthi isebenza kanjani

-Delile

• Amaseli omzimba
• Isebenza kanjani
• Ukuphendula komzimba noma okungokwemvelo
• Impendulo yokuzivikela etholakalayo noma etholakele
• Yini ama-antigen nama-antibodies
• Izinhlobo zokugoma
• Ukugoma okusebenzayo
• Ukugoma okungatheni
• Ungayiqinisa kanjani amasosha omzimba

Amasosha omzimba, noma amasosha omzimba, iqoqo lezitho, izicubu namaseli anomthwalo wokulwa nama-microorganism ahlaselayo, ngaleyo ndlela avimbele ukuvela kwezifo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inesibopho sokukhuthaza ukulingana komzimba kusuka ekuphenduleni okuhlelekile kwamaseli nama-molecule akhiqizwayo ekuphenduleni i-pathogen.

Indlela engcono yokuqinisa amasosha omzimba nokuwenza aphendule kahle kuma-microorganisms ahlaselayo ngokudla nokwenza imikhuba enempilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuthi kugonywe, ikakhulukazi njengengane, ukukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwama-antibody nokuvikela ingane ekungenweni yizifo ezingaphazamisa ukukhula kwazo, njenge-polio, ebizwa nangokuthi ukukhubazeka kwezinsana, okungavinjelwa ngomuthi wokugoma we-VIP. Yazi ukuthi uwuthola nini umuthi wokugomela uvendle.

Amaseli omzimba

Impendulo yomzimba womzimba ilanyaniswa ngamaseli abhekelene nokulwa nezifo, ama-leukocyte, akhuthaza impilo yomzimba kanye nomuntu. Ama-leukocyte angahlukaniswa ngamaseli we-polymorphonuclear kanye ne-mononuclear, iqembu ngalinye linezinhlobo ezithile zamaseli wokuzivikela emzimbeni enza imisebenzi ehlukile nehambisanayo. Amaseli angamasosha omzimba yilena:

• Ama-lymphocyte, okungamaseli ajwayele ukuguqulwa ngesikhathi sokutheleleka, ngoba aqinisekisa ukucaciswa kokuphendula komzimba. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zama-lymphocyte, B, T no Umbulali wemvelo (NK), ezenza imisebenzi ehlukene;
• Ama-monocyte, ukuthi zijikeleza okwesikhashana egazini futhi zingahlukaniswa zibe ama-macrophage, okubalulekile ekulweni nomenzeli womzimba onolaka;
• Ama-neutrophils, ezisakazeka ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu futhi ezokuqala ukukhomba nokwenza ngokuvumelana nokutheleleka;
• Ama-Eosinophils, ezijwayele ukusakazwa ngamanani amancane egazini, kepha ukugxilwa kwazo kukhuphukile ngesikhathi sokungezwani komzimba noma uma kwenzeka ukutheleleka, amagciwane noma ukhunta;
• Ama-Basophils, ebuye ijikeleze ekugxileni okuphansi, kepha ingakhuphuka ngenxa yokungezwani komzimba noma ukuvuvukala okude.

Kusukela lapho umzimba wangaphandle kanye / noma umenzeli othelelanayo engena emzimbeni, amaseli amasosha omzimba ayasebenza futhi asebenze ngendlela ehambisanayo ngenhloso yokulwa nomenzeli owonayo. Funda kabanzi ngama-leukocyte.

Isebenza kanjani

Amasosha omzimba abhekele ukuvikela umzimba kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lokutheleleka. Ngakho-ke, lapho kungena i-microorganism emzimbeni, amasosha omzimba akwazi ukubona le pathogen futhi asebenzise izindlela zokuzivikela ukuze alwe nokutheleleka.

Amasosha omzimba akhiwe yizinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuphendula: impendulo engokwemvelo yokuziphendulela, okuyindlela yokuqala yokuzivikela yomzimba, kanye nempendulo yokuzivikela eguquguqukayo, ecace kakhulu futhi esebenza lapho impendulo yokuqala ingasebenzi noma inganele .

Ukuphendula komzimba noma okungokwemvelo

Ukuphendula okwemvelo noma okungokwemvelo kokuzivikela komzimba kuyindlela yokuqala yokuzivikela yomzimba, njengoba ibikhona kubantu selokhu yazalwa. Ngokushesha nje lapho i-microorganism ingena emzimbeni, lo mzila wezokuvikela uyakhuthazeka, ubonakala ngejubane lawo kanye nokucaciswa okuncane.

Lolu hlobo lokuzivikela luqukethe:

• Izithiyo ezingokomzimba, okuyisikhumba, izinwele namafinyila, okubhekele ukuvimbela noma ukubambezela ukungena kwezindikimba zangaphandle emzimbeni;
• Izithiyo zomzimba, njenge-asidi yesisu, izinga lokushisa komzimba nama-cytokines, okuvimbela i-microorganism ehlaselayo ukuthi ingakhuli emzimbeni, ngaphezu kokukhuthaza ukuqedwa kwayo;
• Izithiyo zeselula, equkethe amaseli athathwa njengomugqa wokuqala wokuzivikela, angama-neutrophils, ama-macrophage nama-NK lymphocyte, anomthwalo wokuhlanganisa i-pathogen nokukhuthaza ukubhujiswa kwayo.

Ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kwesistimu yomzimba yokuzalwa, izifo azenzeki ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi ama-microorganism aqedwa ngokushesha. Kodwa-ke, lapho ukuzivikela komzimba kunganele ukulwa ne-pathogen, ukuvikeleka kokuzivikela kuyakhuthazeka.

Impendulo yokuzivikela etholakalayo noma etholakele

Amasosha omzimba atholakele noma aguquguqukayo, yize ewumugqa wesibili wokuvikela umzimba, abaluleke kakhulu, ngoba kungawo okwenza amangqamuzana enkumbulo, avimbele ukutheleleka nge-microorganism efanayo ukuthi kungenzeki noma, uma kwenzeka, abe buthakathaka.

Ngaphezu kokunikeza ukukhuphuka kwamangqamuzana enkumbulo, ukuphendula komzimba okuguquguqukayo, noma kuthatha isikhathi eside ukusungula, kucace kakhudlwana, ngoba kungakhomba izici ezithile zegciwane ngalinye futhi, ngaleyo ndlela, kuholele ekuphenduleni komzimba.

Lolu hlobo lokuzivikela lusebenza ngokuthintana nama-ejenti athathelanayo futhi lunezinhlobo ezimbili:

• Ukuzivikela komzimba, okuyimpendulo exhunywe ngama-antibodies akhiqizwa uhlobo lwe-lymphocyte yohlobo B;
• Ukuvikelwa kwamaselula, okuwukuphendula komzimba okulamulwa ngama-lymphocyte ohlobo lwe-T, akhuthaza ukubhujiswa kwamagciwane noma ukufa kwamangqamuzana anegciwane, ngoba lolu hlobo lokuzivikela luyathuthuka lapho leli gciwane lisinda ekuzivikeleni okungokwemvelo nelokuhlekisa, lingafinyeleleki kumasosha omzimba. Funda kabanzi ngama-lymphocyte.

Ngaphezu kokuvikeleka okuhlekisayo nokwamaselula, ukuphendula komzimba okuguquguqukayo nakho kungahlukaniswa njengokusebenza, lapho kutholakala ngokugoma, ngokwesibonelo, noma kokungenzi lutho, uma kuvela komunye umuntu, njengokuncelisa, lapho amasosha omzimba angadluliselwa evela kumama kuya enganeni.

Yini ama-antigen nama-antibodies

Ukuze amasosha omzimba aphendule, kudingeka ama-antigen nama-antibodies. Ama-antigen yizinto ezinamandla okubangela ukuphendulwa kwamagciwane omzimba, zenzelwe i-microorganism ngayinye, futhi ezibopha ngqo kwi-lymphocyte noma i-antibody ukuze zenze ukuphendula komzimba, okuvame ukuholela ekubhujisweni kwegciwane futhi, ngaleyo ndlela, kube ukuphela kokutheleleka.

Ama-antibody amaprotheni amise okwakwa-Y abhekele ukuvikela umzimba ezifweni, akhiqizwa ukuphendula igciwane elincane elihlaselayo. Ama-antibodies, abizwa nangokuthi ama-immunoglobulin, angatholakala ngokuncelisa, okuyisimo se-IgA, noma ngabe usakhulelwe, uma kuyisimo se-IgG, noma sikhiqizwe ngenxa yokungezwani komzimba, esimweni se-IgE.

Ukuphendula ukutheleleka, i-IgM yi-antibody eqala ukukhiqizwa.Njengoba ukutheleleka kutholakala, umzimba uqala ukukhiqiza i-IgG okuthi, ngaphezu kokulwa nokutheleleka, ihlale ekusakazeni, ithathwa njenge-antibody memory. Funda kabanzi nge-IgG ne-IgM.

Izinhlobo zokugoma

Ukugoma kuhambisana nendlela yomzimba yokukhuthaza ukuvikelwa kuma-microorganisms athile, angatholwa ngokwemvelo noma ngokungeyena, ngokwesibonelo semithi yokugoma, ngokwesibonelo.

Ukugoma okusebenzayo

Ukugoma okusebenzayo kutholakala ngokugoma noma ngenxa yokuxhumana ne-ejenti yesifo esithile, ukuvuselela amasosha omzimba nokuwenza ukuthi ukhiqize amasosha omzimba.

Ukugoma okusebenzayo kuyakwazi ukudala inkumbulo, okuwukuthi, lapho umzimba uphinde uthintane ne-ejenti ebangela isifo esithile, umzimba uyabona futhi ulwe nomenzeli ohlaselayo, uvimbele umuntu ekuthuthukiseni lesi sifo noma ukuba naso kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, lolu hlobo lwempendulo luhlala isikhathi eside, kepha kuthatha isikhathi ukuthi lusungulwe, okungukuthi, ngokushesha ngemuva kokuchayeka ku-ejenti eyingozi, akukho ukwakheka ngokushesha kwempendulo efanele yomzimba. Amasosha omzimba athatha isikhathi ukucubungula nokufaka lolu lwazi.

Ukuvezwa kwemvelo ku-pathogen kuyindlela yokuthola ukugoma okusebenzayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuthola ukugoma okusebenzayo ngokufakelwa, okugomela, ngaleyo ndlela uvimbele izifo ezizayo. Ekugomeni, umuntu unikezwa i-microorganism efile noma umsebenzi wayo uyancishiswa ukuze kukhuthazwe amasosha omzimba ukuthi abone igciwane futhi akhe amasosha omzimba ngokumelene nalo. Bona ukuthi yimiphi imithi yokugoma emikhulu nokuthi kufanele iphuzwe nini.

Ukugoma okungatheni

Ukugoma okwenzeka kancane kwenzeka lapho umuntu ethola amasosha omzimba akhiqizwa ngomunye umuntu noma isilwane. Lolu hlobo lokugoma luvame ukutholakala ngokwemvelo ngokudlula kwama-immunoglobulin, ikakhulukazi ohlobo lwe-IgG (antibody), nge-placenta, okungukuthi, ngokudluliselwa okuqondile kusuka kumama kuye enganeni.

Ukugoma okungahleliwe kungabuye kutholwe ngokungeyikho, ngokujovwa kwama-antibody avela kwabanye abantu noma ezilwaneni, njengasendabeni yokulunywa yinyoka, ngokwesibonelo, lapho kukhishwa khona i-serum evela kubuthi benyoka bese inikezwa ngqo kumuntu. Funda ngosizo lokuqala lokulunywa inyoka.

Lolu hlobo lokugoma lwenza ukusabela komzimba ngokushesha, kepha aluthathi isikhathi eside njengoba kwenzeka ngokugoma okusebenzayo.

Ungayiqinisa kanjani amasosha omzimba

Ukwenza ngcono amasosha omzimba, kubalulekile ukwamukela imikhuba yokuphila enempilo, njengokuvivinya umzimba njalo nokudla ngendlela efanele, nokudla okunothe ku-vitamin C, selenium kanye ne-zinc. Bona ukuthi yikuphi ukudla okungaqinisa amasosha omzimba.

Bheka amanye amathiphu wokuthuthukisa amasosha akho omzimba: