I-Melanoma

I-Melanoma uhlobo lomdlavuza wesikhumba oluyingozi kakhulu. Futhi kuyivelakancane. Kuyimbangela ehamba phambili yokufa ngenxa yezifo zesikhumba.

Ezinye izinhlobo ezivamile zomdlavuza wesikhumba yi-squamous cell carcinoma ne-basal cell carcinoma.

I-Melanoma ibangelwa izinguquko (ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo) kumaseli esikhumba okuthiwa ama-melanocyte. Lawa maseli enza umbala wombala wesikhumba obizwa nge-melanin. I-Melanin ibhekele umbala wesikhumba nezinwele.

I-Melanoma ingavela esikhunjeni esivamile. Kwesinye isikhathi kungakhula kusuka kuma-moles. Izimvukuzane ezikhona lapho zizalwa zingakhula zibe ama-melanomas. Ama-moles amakhulu akhona lapho ezalwa angaba sengozini enkulu yokuthola i-melanoma.

Kunezinhlobo ezine ezinkulu ze-melanoma:

• I-melanoma esakazwa phezulu uhlobo oluvame kakhulu. Imvamisa iyisicaba futhi ayijwayelekile ngokuma nangombala, inemibala ehlukene emnyama nomnyama. Kuvame kakhulu kubantu besikhumba esifanele.
• I-melanoma engajwayelekile imvamisa iqala njengendawo ephakanyisiwe emnyama emnyama-luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma obomvu ngokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Abanye abanawo umbala (i-amelanotic melanoma).
• I-Lentigo maligna melanoma imvamisa kwenzeka kubantu abadala. Kuvame kakhulu esikhunjeni esonakaliswe yilanga ebusweni, entanyeni, nasezingalweni. Izindawo zesikhumba ezingajwayelekile zivame ukuba nkulu, zibe yisicaba, futhi zibe nezikhumba ezinezindawo ezinsundu.
• I-melanoma ye-lentiginous ifomu elingajwayelekile kakhulu. Imvamisa kwenzeka ezintendeni zezandla, ematheni, noma ngaphansi kwezipikili.

Ingozi yokuthuthukisa i-melanoma yanda ngokukhula. Kodwa-ke, intsha eningi iyanda.

Kungenzeka ukuthi uthuthukise i-melanoma uma:

• Yiba nesikhumba esifanele, amehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma aluhlaza, noma izinwele ezibomvu noma ezimhlophe
• Phila ezindaweni ezinelanga noma ezindaweni eziphakeme
• Uchithe isikhathi esiningi emazingeni aphezulu elanga elinamandla ngenxa yomsebenzi noma eminye imisebenzi
• Ngibe nokushiswa yilanga okukodwa noma ngaphezulu ngesikhathi sobuntwana
• Sebenzisa amadivayisi okushuka, njengemibhede yokushuka

Ezinye izinto ezinobungozi zifaka:

• Ukuba nezihlobo eziseduze ezine-melanoma
• Izinhlobo ezithile zezimvukuzane (i-atypical noma i-dysplastic) noma izimpawu zokuzalwa eziningi
• Amasosha omzimba abuthakathaka ngenxa yezifo noma imithi

Imvukuzane, isilonda, isigaxa, noma ukukhula esikhunjeni kungaba uphawu lwe-melanoma noma omunye umdlavuza wesikhumba. Isilonda noma ukukhula okuphuma igazi, noma ukushintsha kombala nakho kungaba uphawu lomdlavuza wesikhumba.

I- ABCDE system ingakusiza ukhumbule izimpawu ezingaba khona ze-melanoma:

• Aukulinganisa: Ingxenye eyodwa yendawo engajwayelekile yehlukile kwenye ingxenye.
• Bama-oda: Imiphetho yokukhula ayijwayelekile.
• Ci-olor: Izinguquko zombala zisuka kwenye indawo ziye kwenye, zibe nemibala e-tan, ensundu, noma emnyama, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ibe mhlophe, ibomvu, noma iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ingxube yemibala ingavela ngaphakathi kwesilonda esisodwa.
• UDiameter: Indawo ngokuvamile (kodwa hhayi njalo) inkulu kuno-5 mm ububanzi - cishe ngosayizi wepensela.
• Evolution: Imvukuzane iqhubeka nokushintsha ukubukeka.

Enye indlela yokubheka i-melanoma engaba khona "uphawu olubi lwedada." Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-melanoma ayibukeki njengamanye amabala emzimbeni. Kugqama kuhle kwedada elibi endabeni yezingane.

Umhlinzeki wakho wokunakekelwa kwezempilo uzohlola isikhumba sakho bese ebheka usayizi, ukuma, umbala, nokuthungwa kwanoma yiziphi izindawo ezisolisayo ezine-dermatoscope.

Uma umhlinzeki wakho ecabanga ukuthi ungaba nomdlavuza wesikhumba, isiqeshana sesikhumba esivela ekukhuleni sizosuswa. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi-biopsy yesikhumba. Isampula ithunyelwa ebhodini ukuze ihlolwe ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu.

I-sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy ingenziwa kwabanye abantu abane-melanoma ukubona ukuthi umdlavuza ususabalele yini kuma-lymph node aseduze.

Lapho nje sekutholwe i-melanoma, kungenziwa i-CT scan noma ezinye izinhlobo zama-x-ray ukubona ukuthi umdlavuza ususakazekile yini.

Ukuhlinzwa kudinga njalo ukwelashwa i-melanoma. Umdlavuza wesikhumba kanye nendawo ezungezile izosuswa. Kukhishwa isikhumba esingakanani kuncike ekutheni i-melanoma isikhule kangakanani.

Uma umdlavuza usabalalele kuma-lymph node aseduze, la ma-lymph node nawo angasuswa. Ngemuva kokuhlinzwa, kuya ngobungozi bokubuyela kwesifo, ungathola i-chemotherapy noma i-immunotherapy.

Ukwelashwa kuba nzima kakhulu uma i-melanoma isisabalele kwezinye izitho. Ukwelashwa kubandakanya ukunciphisa umdlavuza wesikhumba nokwelapha umdlavuza kwezinye izindawo zomzimba. Ungathola:

• I-Chemotherapy: Imithi isetshenziselwa ukubulala amaseli womdlavuza ngqo.
• I-Immunotherapy: Lokhu kufaka phakathi izidakamizwa ezinjenge-interferon ukusiza amasosha akho omzimba alwe nomdlavuza, noma ezinye izidakamizwa ezithuthukisa amandla omzimba wakho wokuthola amangqamuzana omdlavuza futhi uwabulale. Zingasetshenziswa kanye nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali nokuhlinzwa.
• Ukwelashwa ngemisebe: Lokhu kungasetshenziselwa ukubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza.
• Ukuhlinzwa: Ukuhlinzwa kungenziwa ukususa umdlavuza osusakazekele kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukudambisa izinhlungu noma ukungaphatheki kahle okuhambisana nomdlavuza okhulayo.
• Imithi yezihloko: Iqinisa amasosha omzimba ezindaweni zasendaweni.

Uma une-melanoma okunzima ukuyelapha, ungacabanga ukubhalisa esivivinyweni somtholampilo. Buza udokotela wakho ukuthola eminye imininingwane. Abaphenyi bayaqhubeka nokutadisha izindlela ezintsha zokwelapha.

Unganciphisa ukucindezela kokugula ngokujoyina iqembu lokusekela umdlavuza. Ukwabelana nabanye abanokuhlangenwe nakho okuvamile nezinkinga kungakusiza ungazizwa uwedwa.

Izinsizakusebenza ezilandelayo zinganikeza imininingwane eminingi nge-melanoma:

• Isikhungo Somdlavuza Kazwelonke - www.cancer.gov/about-nci
• Umphakathi Womdlavuza waseMelika - www.cancer.org/cancer/melanoma-skin-cancer
• I-American Melanoma Foundation - melanomafoundation.org/

Ukwenza kahle kwakho kuncike ezintweni eziningi, kufaka phakathi ukuthi umdlavuza watholakala ngokushesha kangakanani, nokuthi ususabalale kangakanani.

Esigabeni sayo sokuqala, ama-melanoma amaningi ayelapheka.

I-Melanoma ejulile kakhulu noma isabalale kuma-lymph node kungenzeka ibuye ngemuva kokwelashwa. Uma ijule ngaphezu kuka-4 mm noma isisabalalele kuma-lymph node, umdlavuza kungenzeka ukuthi usabalalele kwezinye izicubu nezitho.

Uma uke waba ne-melanoma futhi walulama, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuhlola umzimba wakho njalo ukuthola noma yiziphi izinguquko ezingavamile. Ingozi yakho ye-melanoma iyanda uma usunalo mdlavuza. I-Melanoma ingabuya emuva kweminyaka.

I-Melanoma ingasakazeka kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba.

Ukwelashwa kwe-Melanoma kungadala imiphumela emibi, kufaka phakathi ubuhlungu, isicanucanu nokukhathala.

Shayela umhlinzeki wakho uma ubona ukukhula okusha noma olunye uguquko esikhunjeni sakho. Futhi khuluma nomhlinzeki wakho uma kukhona indawo ekhona:

• Izinguquko kumumo, usayizi noma umbala
• Yiba buhlungu, uvuvuke, noma uvuvuke
• Iqala ukopha noma ukunwaya

Abanye abantu kufanele babone udokotela wesikhumba ukuze avivinye isikhumba njalo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi abantu abane:

• Umlando womndeni we-melanoma
• Isikhumba esonakaliswe kakhulu yilanga
• Ama-moles amaningi esikhunjeni sabo

Udokotela wesikhumba angakuhlola futhi akutshele ukuthi ngabe udinga ukuhlolwa kwesikhumba njalo. Kwesinye isikhathi, izinsumpa ezingajwayelekile ziyasuswa ukuvimbela ukuthi zingaphenduki i-melanoma.

Kufanele futhi uhlole isikhumba sakho kanye ngenyanga. Sebenzisa isibuko ukuhlola izindawo okunzima ukuzibona. Sebenzisa uhlelo lwe-ABCDE kanye nophawu "lwedada elibi" lapho uhlola isikhumba sakho.

Indlela engcono yokuvikela umdlavuza wesikhumba ukunciphisa ukuvezwa kwakho yilanga. Ukukhanya kwe-Ultraviolet kukhulu kakhulu phakathi kuka-10 ekuseni no-4 ntambama. Zama ukugwema ukushiswa yilanga ngalezi zikhathi. Vikela isikhumba sakho ngokugqoka isigqoko, ihembe elinemikhono emide, isiketi eside, noma ibhulukwe lapho kufanele ube ngaphandle. Izeluleko ezilandelayo zingasiza futhi:

• Sebenzisa i-sunscreen esezingeni eliphakeme ngesilinganiso se-sun protection factor (SPF) esingu-30 noma ngaphezulu, noma ngabe uphumela ngaphandle isikhashana.
• Faka inani elikhulu lesikrini selanga kuzo zonke izindawo eziveziwe, kufaka phakathi izindlebe nezinyawo.
• Bheka ama-sunscreen avimba ukukhanya kwe-UVA ne-UVB. Lezi zizoba nelebuli "ebanzi."
• Sebenzisa ifomula engenawo amanzi uma ivezwe emanzini.
• Faka i-sunscreen okungenani imizuzu engama-30 ngaphambi kokuphuma ngaphandle. Yisebenzise kabusha kaningi, ikakhulukazi ngemuva kokubhukuda.
• Sebenzisa i-sunscreen ebusika, futhi. Zivikele ngisho nasezinsukwini ezinamafu.

Amanye amaqiniso abalulekile ukukusiza ukuthi ugweme ukuchayeka kakhulu elangeni:

• Gwema izindawo ezikhanyisa kakhulu, njengamanzi, isihlabathi, ukhonkolo nezindawo ezinombala omhlophe.
• Qaphela kakhulu ezindaweni eziphakeme, lapho isikhumba sisha ngokushesha.
• Gwema amalambu elanga, imibhede yokushuka, nezindawo zokucwala ukushuka.

Yize i-melanoma ingakhula kwamanye ama-moles, odokotela banomuzwa wokuthi akusizi ukususa izinsumpa ukuvimbela i-melanoma.

Umdlavuza wesikhumba - i-melanoma; I-melanoma ebulalayo; I-Lentigo maligna melanoma; I-Melanoma in situ; I-melanoma ekha phezulu phezulu; I-melanoma eyindida; I-melanoma ye-lentiginous

• I-Melanoma yesibindi - i-MRI scan
• Umdlavuza wesikhumba - i-melanoma ebulalayo
• Umdlavuza wesikhumba uphakamise i-melanoma enemibala eminingi
• Umdlavuza wesikhumba, i-melanoma - isilonda esicaba, esinsundu
• Umdlavuza wesikhumba, i-melanoma ku-uzipho
• Umdlavuza wesikhumba, ukuvalwa kwe-lentigo maligna melanoma
• Umdlavuza wesikhumba - i-melanoma iyanda
• I-Melanoma
• Umdlavuza wesikhumba, i-melanoma - iphakanyisiwe, i-lesion emnyama
• I-melanoma ebulalayo

UGarbe C, uBauer J. Melanoma. Ku: Bolognia JL, Schaffer JV, Cerroni L, ama-eds. Isikhumba. Umhla wesi-4. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018: isahluko 113.

Iwebhusayithi yeNational Cancer Institute. Uhlobo lwezempilo lwe-Melanoma (PDQ). www.cancer.gov/types/skin/hp/melanoma-treatment-pdq. Kubuyekezwe ngoNovemba 8, 2019. Kufinyelelwe ngoJanuwari 29, 2020.

Iwebhusayithi ye-National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Imikhombandlela ye-NCCN yokwenza imitholampilo ku-oncology: melanoma. Inguqulo 2. 2018. www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/melanoma.pdf. Kubuyekezwe uDisemba 19, 2019. Kufinyelelwe ngoJanuwari 29, 2020.