Ukuthuthuka kwezingane ezifunda isikole

Ukukhula kwengane esesikoleni kuchaza amakhono alindelekile ngokomzimba, ngokomzwelo nangokwengqondo ezingane ezineminyaka eyisithupha kuya kwengu-12.

UKUTHUTHUKISWA KOMZIMBA

Izingane ezifunda isikole zivame ukuba namakhono abushelelezi futhi aqinile emoto. Kodwa-ke, ukuxhumana kwabo (ikakhulukazi isandla seso), ukukhuthazela, ukulinganisela, namakhono omzimba kuyehluka.

Amakhono amahle emoto angahluka kakhulu. Lawa makhono angathinta ikhono lengane lokubhala ngobunono, ukugqoka ngendlela efanele, nokwenza imisebenzi ethile efana nokwenza imibhede noma ukugeza izitsha.

Kuzoba nokwehluka okukhulu ngobude, isisindo, nokwakha phakathi kwezingane zaleli banga lobudala. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi isizinda sofuzo, kanye nokudla okunomsoco nokuzivocavoca umzimba, kungathinta ukukhula kwengane.

Umuzwa wesithombe somzimba uqala ukukhula uneminyaka yobudala engama-6. Imikhuba yokuhlala ezinganeni ezifunda isikole ixhunyaniswe nengozi yokukhuluphala kanye nesifo senhliziyo kubantu abadala. Izingane ezikule minyaka yobudala kufanele zithole ihora eli-1 lokuzivocavoca umzimba ngosuku.

Kukhona futhi umehluko omkhulu eminyakeni lapho izingane ziqala khona ukuthuthukisa izici zesibili zocansi. Kumantombazane, izici zobulili zesibili zifaka:

• Ukukhula kwamabele
• Ukukhula kwezinwele ngaphansi nangaphansi

Okwabafana, kufaka:

• Ukukhula kwezingubo zangaphansi kwesifuba, isifuba, nezindawo zangasese
• Ukukhula kwamasende nomthondo

ISIKOLO

Ngeminyaka engu-5, izingane eziningi sezikulungele ukuqala ukufunda esimweni sesikole. Iminyaka embalwa yokuqala igxile ekufundeni okuyisisekelo.

Ebangeni lesithathu, ukugxila kuba nzima kakhulu. Ukufunda kuba kakhulu ngokuqukethwe kunokukhomba izinhlamvu namagama.

Ikhono lokunaka kubalulekile empumelelweni kokubili esikoleni nasekhaya. Umuntu oneminyaka engu-6 kufanele akwazi ukugxila emsebenzini okungenani imizuzu engu-15. Ngeminyaka eyi-9, ingane kufanele ikwazi ukugxila ekubhekeni isikhathi esingangehora.

Kubalulekile ukuthi ingane ifunde ukubhekana nokwehluleka noma ukukhungatheka ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukuzethemba. Kunezimbangela eziningi zokwehluleka kwesikole, kufaka phakathi:

• Ukukhubazeka kokufunda, ukukhubazeka okunjalo kokufunda
• Izingcindezi, njengokuhlukumeza
• Izinkinga zempilo yengqondo, njengokukhathazeka noma ukudangala

Uma usola noma yikuphi kwalokhu enganeni yakho, khuluma nothisha wengane yakho noma umhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwezempilo.

UKUTHUTHUKISWA KOLIMI

Izingane ezisencane ezifunda isikole kufanele zikwazi ukusebenzisa imisho elula, kodwa ephelele, equkethe isilinganiso samagama ayi-5 kuye kwayi-7. Njengoba ingane ifunda iminyaka yamabanga aphansi, uhlelo lolimi nokubiza amagama kujwayelekile. Izingane zisebenzisa imisho eyinkimbinkimbi njengoba zikhula.

Ukubambezeleka kolimi kungahle kube ngenxa yezinkinga zokuzwa noma zobuhlakani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingane ezingakwazi ukuveza imizwa yazo kahle kungenzeka zibe nokuziphatha okunolaka noma ulaka.

Ingane eneminyaka eyisithupha ubudala ngokujwayelekile ingalandela uchungechunge lwemiyalo emi-3 ilandelana. Ngeminyaka eyi-10, izingane eziningi zingalandela imiyalo emi-5 ilandelana. Izingane ezinenkinga kule ndawo zingazama ukuyimboza ngokukhuluma emuva noma ukuhlekisa. Ngeke bafune usizo ngoba besaba ukugconwa.

UKUZIPHATHA

Izikhalazo ezivamile zomzimba (ezifana nomphimbo obuhlungu, ubuhlungu besisu, noma ubuhlungu bengalo noma imilenze) kungahle kube ngenxa yokwanda komzimba wengane. Yize kwesinye isikhathi kungekho bufakazi obuphathekayo bezikhalazo ezinjalo, izikhalazo kufanele ziphenywe ukuze kukhishwe izimo zempilo ezingaba khona. Lokhu futhi kuzoqinisekisa ingane ukuthi umzali ukhathazekile ngenhlalakahle yabo.

Ukwamukelwa kontanga kubaluleke kakhulu phakathi neminyaka yobudala besikole. Izingane zingabamba iqhaza ekuziphatheni okuthile ukuze zibe yingxenye ye "iqembu." Ukukhuluma ngalezi ziphatho nengane yakho kuzovumela ingane ukuthi izizwe yamukelekile eqenjini, ngaphandle kokweqa imingcele yezindinganiso zokuziphatha zomndeni.

Ubungane kule minyaka bavame ukuba ikakhulukazi nabobulili obufanayo. Eqinisweni, izingane ezisencane ezifunda isikole zivame ukukhuluma ngamalungu wobulili obuhlukile njengabantu "abangajwayelekile" noma "ababi." Izingane ziba nehlazo elincane ngabobulili obuhlukile njengoba zisondela ebusheni.

Ukuqamba amanga, ukukopela nokweba konke kuyizibonelo zokuziphatha izingane "ezifunda isikole" ezingazama "kuzo njengoba zifunda ukuxoxisana ngokulindelwe nemithetho ebekwe kubo ngumndeni, abangani, isikole, nomphakathi. Abazali kufanele babhekane nalezi ziphatho ngasese nengane yabo (ukuze abangane bengane bangabagconsi). Abazali kufanele bakhombise ukuxola, futhi bajezise ngendlela ehlobene nokuziphatha.

Kubalulekile ukuthi ingane ifunde ukubhekana nokwehluleka noma ukukhungatheka ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukuzethemba.

UKUPHEPHA

Ukuphepha kubalulekile ezinganeni ezifunda isikole.

• Izingane ezifunda isikole zikhuthele kakhulu. Badinga ukuvivinya umzimba nokuvunywa ontanga, futhi bafuna ukuzama izindlela zokuziphatha ezinesibindi nokuzidela.
• Izingane kufanele zifundiswe ukudlala imidlalo ezindaweni ezifanele, eziphephile, ezigadiwe, ngemishini efanele kanye nemithetho efanele. Amabhayisikili, amabhodi okushibilika e-in-line, nezinye izinhlobo zemishini yezemidlalo yokuzijabulisa kufanele ilingane ingane. Kufanele zisetshenziswe kuphela ngenkathi kulandelwa imithetho yomgwaqo neyabahamba ngezinyawo, futhi ngenkathi kusetshenziswa imishini yokuphepha efana nedolo, indololwana, namaphakethe esihlakaleni noma izinsimbi zokuvikela ikhanda, nezigqoko zokuzivikela. Imishini yezemidlalo akufanele isetshenziswe ebusuku noma ezimweni sezulu esibi kakhulu.
• Izifundo zokubhukuda nokuphepha kwamanzi zingasiza ekuvimbeleni ukuminza.
• Imiyalo yokuphepha maqondana nomentshisi, amalitha, ukosa inyama, izitofu nemililo evulekile kungavimbela ukusha okukhulu.
• Ukugqoka amabhande esihlalo kuyindlela ebaluleke kunazo zonke yokuvikela ukulimala okukhulu noma ukufa engozini yemoto.

AMACEBISO OKUKHULISA ABAZALI

• Uma ukukhula komzimba wengane yakho kubonakala kungaphandle kokujwayelekile, khuluma nomhlinzeki wakho.
• Uma amakhono olimi abonakala esilela, cela ukuhlolwa kwenkulumo nolimi.
• Gcina ukuxhumana okuseduze nothisha, abanye abasebenzi besikole, nabazali babangane bengane yakho ukuze wazi ngezinkinga ezingaba khona.
• Khuthaza izingane ukuthi zikhulume ngokukhululeka futhi zikhulume ngezinto ezikhathazayo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukujeziswa.
• Ngenkathi ukhuthaza izingane ukuthi zibambe iqhaza ezinhlakalweni ezahlukahlukene zenhlalo nezomzimba, qaphela ukuthi ungahleleli isikhathi esengeziwe ngokweqile. Ukudlala mahhala noma isikhathi esilula, sokuthula kubalulekile ngakho-ke ingane ayizizwa iphoqelekile ukwenza njalo.
• Izingane namuhla zivulelekile, ngokusebenzisa abezindaba nontanga yazo, ezindabeni eziningi ezibhekene nodlame, ezocansi, nokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa. Xoxa ngalezi zinkinga ngokukhululekile nezingane zakho ukuze wabelane ngezinkinga noma ulungise imibono engalungile. Ungahle udinge ukusetha imikhawulo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi izingane zizovezwa ezinkingeni ezithile kuphela lapho sezilungile.
• Khuthaza izingane ukuthi zibambe iqhaza emisebenzini eyakhayo efana nezemidlalo, amakilabhu, ezobuciko, umculo nama-scouts. Ukungasebenzi kule minyaka kukhulisa ubungozi bokukhuluphala ngokweqile empilweni. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi ungahleleli ngokweqile ingane yakho. Zama ukuthola ukulingana phakathi kwesikhathi somndeni, umsebenzi wesikole, ukudlala mahhala, nemisebenzi ehlelekile.
• Izingane ezifunda isikole kufanele zibambe iqhaza emisebenzini yomndeni, njengokubeka itafula nokuhlanza.
• Nciphisa isikhathi sesikrini (ithelevishini neminye imidiya) kumahora ama-2 ngosuku.

Kahle ingane - eneminyaka engu-6 kuya kwengu-12

• Ukukhula kwengane yobudala besikole

Iwebhusayithi yaseAmerican Academy of Pediatrics. Izincomo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo kokuvikela izingane. www.aap.org/en-us/Documents/periodicity_schedule.pdf. Kubuyekezwe uFebhuwari 2017. Kufinyelelwe ngoNovemba 14, 2018.

UFeigelman S. Ubuntwana obuphakathi. Ku: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St Geme JW, Schor NF, ama-eds. Incwadi kaNelson Yezingane. Umhla ka-20. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: isahluko 13.

UMarcdante KJ, uKliegman RM. Ukuthuthuka okujwayelekile. Ku: UMarcdante KJ, uKliegman RM, ama-eds. UNelson Essentials Pediatrics. Umhlaka 8. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019: isahluko 7.