Ukulahlekelwa ukuzwa - izinsana

Ukulahleka kokuzwa akukwazi ukuzwa umsindo endlebeni eyodwa noma zombili. Izinsana zingalahlekelwa yizo zonke izindlebe zazo noma ingxenye yazo.

Yize kungavamile, ezinye izinsana zingase zibe nokuzwa okuthile lapho zizalwa. Ukulahlekelwa kokuzwa nakho kungakhula ezinganeni ezazinokuzwa okujwayelekile njengezinsana.

• Ukulahleka kungenzeka endlebeni eyodwa noma zombili. Kungaba mnene, ngokulingene, okunzima, noma ngokujulile. Ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kokuzwa yilokho abantu abaningi abakubiza ngokuthi ukungezwa.
• Kwesinye isikhathi, ukulahleka kokuzwa kuba kubi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kwezinye izikhathi, ihlala izinzile futhi ayibi kubi.

Izici zengozi yokulahleka kwezindlebe kwezinsana zifaka:

• Umlando womndeni wokulahleka kokuzwa
• Isisindo sokuzalwa esiphansi

Ukulahlekelwa kokuzwa kungenzeka lapho kunenkinga endlebeni yangaphandle noma ephakathi. Lezi zinkinga zinganciphisa noma zivimbele amaza omsindo ukuthi angadluli. Kubandakanya:

• Ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa okubangela ushintsho ekwakhiweni komsele wendlebe noma endlebeni ephakathi
• Ukwakhiwa kwe-wax yendlebe
• Ukwakhiwa koketshezi ngemuva kwe-eardrum
• Ukulimala noma ukuqhekeka kwendlebe
• Izinto ezinamathele emseleni wezindlebe
• Isibazi ku-eardrum kusuka ezifweni eziningi

Olunye uhlobo lokulahleka kokuzwa kungenxa yenkinga ngendlebe yangaphakathi. Kungenzeka lapho amangqamuzana amancane ezinwele (iziphetho zezinzwa) ahambisa umsindo endlebeni alimele. Lolu hlobo lokulahlekelwa yizindlebe lungabangelwa:

• Ukuchayeka kumakhemikhali noma emithini ethile enobuthi ngenkathi usesibelethweni noma ngemuva kokuzalwa
• Izinkinga zofuzo
• Amagciwane umama adlulisela enganeni yakhe esibelethweni (njenge-toxoplasmosis, isimungumungwane noma i-herpes)
• Izifo ezingalimaza ubuchopho ngemuva kokuzalwa, njenge-meningitis noma isimungumungwane
• Izinkinga ngesakhiwo sendlebe yangaphakathi
• Izimila

Ukulahleka kokuzwa okuphakathi kubangelwa ukulimala kwe-nerve auditory uqobo, noma izindlela zobuchopho eziholela enzwa. Ukulahleka kokuzwa okuphakathi akuvamile ezinganeni nasezinganeni.

Izimpawu zokulahleka kokuzwa ezinganeni ziyahlukahluka ngokweminyaka. Ngokwesibonelo:

• Usana olusanda kuzalwa olungezwa kahle kungenzeka lungathuki lapho kunomsindo omkhulu eduzane.
• Izinsana ezindadlana, okufanele ziphendule kumazwi ajwayelekile, zingakhombisa ukusabela lapho kukhulunywa nazo.
• Izingane kufanele ngabe zisebenzisa amagama awodwa ngezinyanga eziyi-15, nemisho elula yamagama ama-2 ngeminyaka engu-2. Uma zingafinyeleli kulezi zinyathelo ezinkulu, imbangela kungaba ukulahleka kokuzwa.

Ezinye izingane zingahle zingatholakali zinokuzwa kuze kube zisesikoleni. Lokhu kuyiqiniso noma ngabe bazalwa bengezwa kahle. Ukunaka nokubuyela emuva emsebenzini wekilasi kungaba yizimpawu zokulahleka kokuzwa okungatholakali.

Ukuzwa kokuzwa kwenza ingane ingakwazi ukuzwa imisindo engaphansi kwezinga elithile. Ingane enokuzwa okujwayelekile iyozwa imisindo engaphansi kwalelo zinga.

Umhlinzeki wezempilo uzohlola ingane yakho. Ukuhlolwa kungakhombisa izinkinga zethambo noma izimpawu zokushintsha kofuzo okungadala ukulahleka kokuzwa.

Umhlinzeki uzosebenzisa insimbi ebizwa nge-otoscope ukubona ngaphakathi komsele wendlebe wengane. Lokhu kuvumela umhlinzeki ukuthi abone indlebe futhi athole izinkinga ezingadala ukulahleka kokuzwa.

Izivivinyo ezimbili ezijwayelekile zisetshenziselwa ukuhlola izinsana ezisanda kuzalwa ngokulahlekelwa kokuzwa:

• Ukuhlolwa kwe-Auditory brain stem response (ABR). Lokhu kuhlolwa kusebenzisa iziqeshana, ezibizwa ngama-electrode, ukubona ukuthi izinzwa zokuzwa zisabela kanjani lapho zizwakala.
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-Otoacoustic emissions (OAE). Imibhobho efakwe ezindlebeni zengane ithola imisindo eseduzane. Imisindo kufanele inanela emgodini wezindlebe. Uma ingekho i-echo, kuyisibonakaliso sokulahleka kokuzwa.

Izingane ezindadlana nezingane ezincane zingafundiswa ukuphendula imisindo ngokudlala. Lezi zivivinyo, ezaziwa njenge-audiometry ye-visual response nokudlala i-audiometry, zinganquma kangcono uhla lokuzwa kwengane.

Izifundazwe ezingaphezu kwama-30 e-United States zidinga ukuhlolwa kwezinsana ezisanda kuzalwa. Ukwelapha ukulahlekelwa kokuzwa kusenesikhathi kungavumela izingane eziningi ukuba zikhule amakhono olimi ajwayelekile ngaphandle kokulibala. Ezinganeni ezizalwe nokulahlekelwa ukuzwa, izindlela zokwelashwa kufanele ziqale zinezinyanga eziyisithupha ubudala.

Ukwelashwa kuya ngempilo ephelele yengane kanye nembangela yokulahleka kokuzwa. Ukwelashwa kungafaka:

• Ukwelashwa kwenkulumo
• Ukufunda ulimi lwezandla
• Ukufakwa kwe-Cochlear (kulabo abanokulahlekelwa okujulile kokuzwa kwezinzwa)

Ukwelapha imbangela yokulahleka kokuzwa kungafaka:

• Imithi yokutheleleka
• Amashubhu endlebe okutheleleka okuphindelela kwezindlebe
• Ukuhlinzwa ukulungisa izinkinga zesakhiwo

Imvamisa kuyenzeka ukwelapha ukulahleka kokuzwa okubangelwa yizinkinga ezisendlebeni emaphakathi ngemithi noma ngokuhlinzwa. Alikho ikhambi lokulahlekelwa ukuzwa okubangelwa ukulimala kwendlebe yangaphakathi noma izinzwa.

Ukuthi ingane yenza kahle kangakanani kuya ngesizathu nobukhulu bokulahleka kokuzwa. Intuthuko ezinsizakalweni zokuzwa nakwamanye amadivayisi, kanye nasekwelapheni ukukhuluma kuvumela izingane eziningi ukuba zikhule amakhono olimi ajwayelekile eminyakeni efanayo nontanga bazo ngokuzwa okujwayelekile. Ngisho nezinsana ezinokulahlekelwa okukhulu kokuzwa zingenza kahle ngokuhlanganiswa okulungile kokwelashwa.

Uma ingane inenkinga ethinta okungaphezu kokuzwa, umbono uya ngokuthi yiziphi ezinye izimpawu nezinkinga ingane enazo.

Shayela umhlinzeki wakho uma ingane yakho noma ingane yakho encane ibonisa izimpawu zokulahlekelwa ukuzwa, njengokuthi ungaphenduli emisindweni enkulu, ungenzi noma ulingise imisindo, noma ungakhulumi eminyakeni elindelekile.

Uma ingane yakho ine-cochlear implant, shayela umhlinzeki wakho khona manjalo uma ingane yakho iba nomkhuhlane, intamo eqinile, ikhanda elibuhlungu, noma ukutheleleka kwezindlebe.

Akunakwenzeka ukuvimbela wonke amacala okulahleka kokuzwa ezinganeni.

Abesifazane abahlelela ukukhulelwa kufanele baqiniseke ukuthi banamanje kuyo yonke imigomo.

Abesifazane abakhulelwe kufanele bahlole umhlinzeki ngaphambi kokuthatha noma yimiphi imithi. Uma ukhulelwe, gwema izinto ezingabeka ingane yakho ezifweni eziyingozi, njenge-toxoplasmosis.

Uma wena noma umlingani wakho unomlando womndeni wokulahleka kokuzwa, ungahle uthande ukuthola ukwelulekwa ngezofuzo ngaphambi kokukhulelwa.

Izithulu - izinsana; Ukukhubazeka kokuzwa - izinsana; Ukulahleka kokuzwa okuqhubayo - izinsana; Ukulahlekelwa kokuzwa kwezinzwa - izinsana; Ukulahleka kokuzwa okuphakathi - izinsana

• Ukuhlolwa kokuzwa

Eggermont JJ. Ukuxilongwa kusenesikhathi nokuvimbela ukulahleka kokuzwa. Ku: Eggermont JJ, ed. Ukuzwa Ukulahlekelwa. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; I-2017: isahluko 8.

UHaddad J, uDodhia SN, uSpitzer JB. Ukulahlekelwa ukuzwa. Ku: Kliegman RM, St Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Incwadi kaNelson Yezingane. Umhlaka 21. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 655.