7 "Ubuthi" ekudleni Okumayelana Nangempela

-Delile

• 1. Imifino ecwengile kanye namafutha embewu
• 2. I-BPA
• 3. Amafutha eTrans
• 4.I-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
• 5. I-Coumarin eCassia Cinnamon
• 6. Kungezwe Ushukela
• 7. IMercury ezinhlanzini
• Thatha Umlayezo Wekhaya

Kungenzeka wake wezwa kuthiwa okunye ukudla noma izithako ezivamile “kunobuthi.” Ngenhlanhla, eziningi zalezi zimangalo azisekelwa isayensi.

Kodwa-ke, kukhona okumbalwa okungaba yingozi, ikakhulukazi uma kusetshenziswe kakhulu.

Nalu uhlu lwama- “toxin” ayi-7 ekudleni okuphathelene nalokho.

1. Imifino ecwengile kanye namafutha embewu

Amafutha acolisisiwe emifino nembewu afaka ummbila, ubhekilanga, i-safflower, ubhontshisi wesoya kanye namafutha ekotini.

Eminyakeni eyedlule, abantu babenxuswa ukuthi babuyisele amafutha agcwele uwoyela wemifino ukunciphisa amazinga abo e-cholesterol nokusiza ukuvikela isifo senhliziyo.

Kodwa-ke, ubufakazi obuningi bukhombisa ukuthi lawa mafutha empeleni adala ingozi uma esetshenziswa ngokweqile ().

Amafutha emifino yimikhiqizo elungiswe kakhulu engenazo izakhamzimba ezibalulekile. Kulokho, zingama-calories "angenalutho".

Ziphezulu emafutheni e-omega-6 e-polyunsaturated, aqukethe ama-bond amaningi aphindwe kabili athanda ukonakala nokufinyela lapho evezwa ukukhanya noma umoya.

Lawa mafutha aphezulu kakhulu ku-omega-6 linoleic acid. Ngenkathi udinga i-linoleic acid, iningi labantu namuhla lidla kakhulu kunalokho elikudingayo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iningi labantu alidli ama-omega-3 fatty acids anele ukugcina ukulingana okufanele phakathi kwala mafutha.

Eqinisweni, kulinganiselwa ukuthi umuntu ojwayelekile udla kaningi kunamafutha e-omega-6 aphindwe kayi-16 kunamafutha omega-3, yize isilinganiso esifanele singaba phakathi kuka-1: 1 no-3: 1 (2).

Ukufakwa okuphezulu kwe-linoleic acid kungakhuphula ukuvuvukala, okungalimaza amaseli endothelial afaka imithambo yakho futhi kwandise ingozi yesifo senhliziyo (,, 5).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundo zezilwane ziphakamisa ukuthi kungakhuthaza ukusabalala komdlavuza kusuka kumaseli webele kuya kwezinye izicubu, kufaka phakathi amaphaphu (,).

Ucwaningo lokuhlola luthole ukuthi abesifazane abanokudla okuphezulu kakhulu kwamafutha omega-6 nokutholakala okuphansi kakhulu kwamafutha e-omega-3 babenobungozi obukhulu obungu-87-92% bomdlavuza webele kunalabo abanokudla okulinganiselayo (,).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukupheka ngamafutha yemifino kubi kakhulu kunokuwasebenzisa ekamelweni lokushisa.Uma zivutha, zikhipha izinto eziyingozi ezingakhuphula ingozi yesifo senhliziyo, umdlavuza kanye nezifo zokuvuvukala (10,).

Yize ubufakazi obukuwoyela wemifino buhlanganisiwe, izivivinyo eziningi ezilawulwayo ziphakamisa ukuthi ziyingozi.

Amafutha asetshenzisiwe emifino nembewu aqukethe amafutha e-omega-6. Iningi labantu selidla kakhulu la mafutha vele, okungaholela ezinkingeni zezempilo eziningana.

2. I-BPA

IBisphenol-A (BPA) ikhemikhali elitholakala ezitsheni zepulasitiki zokudla okuningi okuvamile neziphuzo.

Imithombo yokudla eyinhloko amanzi asemabhodleleni, ukudla okuhlanganisiwe nezinto ezisemathinini, njengezinhlanzi, inkukhu, ubhontshisi nemifino.

Ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi i-BPA ingakhipha ngalezi ziqukathi iye kokudla noma isiphuzo ().

Abaphenyi babike ukuthi imithombo yokudla yenza umnikelo omkhulu emazingeni e-BPA emzimbeni, anganqunywa ngokulinganisa i-BPA emchameni ().

Ucwaningo oluthile luthole i-BPA kumasampula wokudla angama-63 kwangu-105, kufaka phakathi i-turkey entsha nefomula yezinsana ezisemathinini ().

I-BPA ikholelwa ukuthi ilingisa i-estrogen ngokubophezela kumasayithi we-receptor ahloselwe i-hormone. Lokhu kungaphazamisa ukusebenza okujwayelekile ().

Umkhawulo onconywayo wansuku zonke we-BPA ngu-23 mcg / lb (50 mcg / kg) wesisindo somzimba. Kodwa-ke, izifundo ezizimele ezingama-40 zibike ukuthi imiphumela emibi yenzekile emazingeni angaphansi kwalo mkhawulo ezilwaneni ().

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenkathi zonke izifundo ezixhaswa ngezimboni eziyi-11 zithola ukuthi i-BPA ayinayo imiphumela, izifundo ezingaphezu kuka-100 ezizimele zikuthole kuyingozi ().

Ucwaningo ngezilwane ezikhulelwe lukhombisile ukuthi ukuvezwa kwe-BPA kuholela ezinkingeni ngokuzala futhi kwandisa ingozi yesifo somdlavuza webele nowesisu enganeni esakhulayo (,,,).

Olunye ucwaningo lokuhlola luye lwathola nokuthi amazinga aphezulu e-BPA ahlotshaniswa nokungazali, ukumelana ne-insulin, uhlobo lwesifo sikashukela kanye nokukhuluphala ngokweqile (,,,).

Imiphumela yocwaningo olulodwa iphakamisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwamazinga aphezulu we-BPA kanye ne-polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). I-PCOS ukuphazamiseka kokumelana ne-insulin okubonakala ngamazinga aphakeme ama-androgens, afana ne-testosterone ().

Ucwaningo luye lwaxhumanisa amazinga aphezulu e-BPA nokushintsha ukukhiqizwa nokusebenza kwehomoni ye-thyroid. Lokhu kubangelwa yikhemikhali ebopha ama-hormone receptors, afana nokuxhumana kwawo nama-estrogen receptors (,).

Ungakunciphisa ukuvezwa kwakho kwe-BPA ngokufuna amabhodlela neziqukathi ezingenayo i-BPA, kanye nangokudla ukudla okuphelele, okungasetshenziswanga.

Kwesinye isifundo, imindeni efake esikhundleni sokudla okuhlanganisiwe nokudla okusha kwezinsuku ezi-3 ithole ukwehliswa okungama-66% emazingeni e-BPA emchameni wayo, ngokwesilinganiso ().

Ungafunda kabanzi nge-BPA lapha: Iyini i-BPA futhi Kungani Kukubi Kuwe?

I-BPA ikhemikhali elitholakala kakhulu kupulasitiki nezinto ezisemathinini. Kungakhuphula ubungozi bokungazali, ukumelana ne-insulin kanye nezifo.

3. Amafutha eTrans

Amafutha weTrans angamafutha angenampilo ongawadla.

Zidalwa ngokumpompa i-hydrogen kumafutha angenawo ugesi ukuze uwaguqule abe ngamafutha aqinile.

Umzimba wakho awuboni noma awacubunguli amafutha we-trans ngendlela efanayo njengamafutha avela ngokwemvelo.

Akumangalisi ukuthi ukuzidla kungaholela ezinkingeni eziningi zempilo ().

Izifundo zezilwane nokubuka zikhombise kaninginingi ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha okuhambisa kudala ukuvuvukala nemiphumela emibi empilweni yenhliziyo (,, 31).

Abaphenyi ababheka imininingwane evela kwabesifazane abangama-730 bathola ukuthi omaka bokuvuvukala babephezulu kakhulu kulabo abadla amafutha amaningi kakhulu, kufaka phakathi amazinga aphezulu we-CRP angama-73%, okuyisici esinobungozi obukhulu besifo senhliziyo (31).

Izifundo ezilawulwayo kubantu ziqinisekisile ukuthi amafutha athengiswayo aholela ekuvukeleni, okunemiphumela emibi kakhulu empilweni yenhliziyo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukukhubazeka kwemithambo yegazi yokunwebeka kahle nokugcina ukujikeleza kwegazi (,,,).

Kokunye ucwaningo okubhekwe emiphumeleni yamafutha ahlukahlukene emadodeni aphilile, ngamafutha e-trans kuphela akhuphule umaki owaziwa nge-e-selectin, osebenza ngamanye amakaki wokuvuvukala futhi odala ukulimala kwamaseli agxile emithanjeni yakho yegazi ().

Ngaphezu kwesifo senhliziyo, ukuvuvukala okungapheli kuyimpande yezinye izimo eziningi ezibucayi, njengokumelana ne-insulin, uhlobo lwesibili sikashukela nokukhuluphala (,,,).

Ubufakazi obutholakalayo busekela ukugwema amafutha we-trans ngangokunokwenzeka nokusebenzisa amafutha anempilo esikhundleni salokho.

Ucwaningo oluningi luthole ukuthi amafutha athutha kakhulu avuvukala kakhulu futhi andisa ingozi yesifo senhliziyo nezinye izimo.

4.I-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Inyama ebomvu ingumthombo omkhulu wamaprotheni, i-iron nezinye izakhi zomzimba ezibalulekile.

Kodwa-ke, ingakhipha imikhiqizo enobuthi ebizwa nge-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) ngezikhathi ezithile zokupheka.

Lapho inyama igosiwe noma ibhenywa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, amafutha aconsela ezindaweni zokupheka ezishisayo, ezikhiqiza ama-PAH angaguquki angena enyameni. Ukushiswa kwamalahle okungaphelele nakho kungadala ukuthi ama-PAH akhe ().

Abaphenyi bathole ukuthi ama-PAH anobuthi futhi ayakwazi ukudala umdlavuza (,).

Ama-PAH axhumene nengozi eyengeziwe yomdlavuza webele nowendlala yezifo ezifundweni eziningi zokubheka, yize izakhi zofuzo nazo zidlala indima (,,,,).

Ngokwengeziwe, abacwaningi babike ukuthi ukungena okuphezulu kwama-PAH kusuka enyameni eyosiwe kungakhuphula ingozi yomdlavuza wezinso. Futhi, lokhu kubonakala kuncike kofuzo, kanye nezici ezengeziwe zobungozi, ezifana nokubhema (,).

Ukuhlangana okuqine kakhulu kubonakala kuphakathi kwenyama eyosiwe nomdlavuza womgudu wokugaya ukudla, ikakhulukazi umdlavuza wamathumbu (,).

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lokhu kuxhumana nomdlavuza wekoloni kubonakale kuphela enyameni ebomvu, njengenyama yenkomo, ingulube, iwundlu kanye ne-veal. Izinkukhu, njengenkukhu, zibonakala zinomthelela ongathathi hlangothi noma wokuvikela engozini yomdlavuza wamakholoni (,,).

Ucwaningo oluthile lwathola ukuthi lapho i-calcium ifakwa ekudleni okuphezulu enyameni ephulukisiwe, izimpawu zamakhemikhali abangela umdlavuza zehla kuzo zombili indle yezilwane neyabantu ().

Yize kungcono ukusebenzisa ezinye izindlela zokupheka, unganciphisa ama-PAHs ngokungafika ku-41-89% lapho ukosa ngokunciphisa intuthu nokususa ngokushesha ama-drippings ().

Ukugoba noma ukubhema inyama ebomvu kukhiqiza ama-PAH, axhumene nengozi eyengeziwe yamanomdlavuza amaningi, ikakhulukazi umdlavuza wamathumbu.

5. I-Coumarin eCassia Cinnamon

ICinnamon ingahlinzeka ngezinzuzo eziningana zezempilo, kufaka phakathi ushukela wegazi ophansi kanye namazinga we-cholesterol ancishisiwe kubantu abanesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 ().

Kodwa-ke, isinamoni futhi liqukethe isakhi esibizwa nge-coumarin, esinobuthi uma sidliwa ngokweqile.

Izinhlobo ezimbili zesinamoni ezivame kakhulu yiCassia neCeylon.

Isinamoni iCeylon livela kumagxolo angaphakathi esihlahla eSri Lanka aziwa ngokuthi ICinnamomum zeylanicum. Ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi "isinamoni langempela."

ICassia sinamoni ivela kumagxolo esihlahla esaziwa ngokuthi ICinnamomum cassia ekhula eChina. Ibiza kancane kuneCeylon sinamoni futhi ibalelwa ku-90% wesinamoni ongeniswe e-US nase-Europe ().

ICassia sinamoni iqukethe amazinga aphezulu kakhulu e-coumarin, axhumene nengozi eyengeziwe yomdlavuza nokulimala kwesibindi ngemithamo ephezulu (,).

Umkhawulo wokuphepha we-coumarin ekudleni ngu-0.9 mg / lb (2 mg / kg) ().

Kodwa-ke, uphenyo olulodwa lwathola izimpahla zesinamoni ezibhakiwe kanye nezinhlamvu eziqukethe isilinganiso sokudla okungu-4 mg / lb (9 mg / kg), nohlobo olulodwa lwamakhukhi esinamoni aqukethe i-whopping 40 mg / lb (88 mg / kg) () .

Ngaphezu kwalokho, akunakwenzeka ukwazi ukuthi ingakanani i-coumarin empeleni enanini elinikeziwe lesinamoni ngaphandle kokuyihlola.

Abaphenyi baseJalimane abahlaziya izimpushana ezingama-47 ze-cassia cinnamon powders bathole ukuthi okuqukethwe kwe-coumarin kwehluka kakhulu phakathi kwamasampuli ().

Ukudla okubekezelelekayo kwansuku zonke (i-TDI) kwe-coumarin kusethwe ku-0.45 mg / lb (1 mg / kg) wesisindo somzimba futhi kwakususelwa ezifundweni zezilwane ezinobuthi besibindi.

Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo olwenziwe nge-coumarin ebantwini luthole ukuthi abantu abathile bangaba sengozini yokulimala kwesibindi emithamo ephansi kakhulu ().

Ngenkathi iCeylon sinamoni iqukethe i-coumarin engaphansi kakhulu kune-cassia cinnamon futhi ingadliwa ngokukhululekile, ayitholakali kabanzi. Iningi lesinamoni ezitolo ezinkulu yizinhlobonhlobo ze-coumarin cassia ephezulu.

Lokho kushiwo, iningi labantu lingadla ngokuphepha kuze kufike ku-2 gramu (0.5-1 ithisipuni) yesinamoni yekasiya ngosuku. Eqinisweni, izifundo eziningana zisebenzise le mali kathathu ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi ebikiwe ().

ICassia sinamoni iqukethe i-coumarin, engakhuphula ubungozi bokulimala kwesibindi noma umdlavuza uma idliwe ngokweqile.

6. Kungezwe Ushukela

Ushukela ne-high-fructose corn syrup ngokuvamile kubizwa ngokuthi “ama-calories angenalutho.” Kodwa-ke, imiphumela eyingozi kashukela idlula lapho.

Ushukela uphezulu ku-fructose, futhi ukudla ngokweqile kwe-fructose kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nezimo eziningi ezimbi, kufaka phakathi ukukhuluphala, uhlobo lwesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2, isifo se-metabolic kanye nesifo esinamafutha esibindi (,,,,,).

Ushukela owedlulele uphinde uxhunyaniswe nomdlavuza webele nowekholoni. Lokhu kungahle kube ngenxa yomphumela wayo kushukela wegazi namazinga e-insulin, angaqhuba ukukhula kwesimila (, 69).

Olunye ucwaningo lokuhlola lwabesifazane abangaphezu kwama-35,000 luthole ukuthi labo abanoshukela ophakeme kakhulu banengozi ephindwe kabili yokuba nomdlavuza wamathumbu njengalabo abadla ukudla okuphansi ngoshukela ().

Ngenkathi ushukela omncane ungenabungozi kubantu abaningi, abanye abantu abakwazi ukuma ngemuva kwenani elincane. Eqinisweni, bangaqhutshwa ukuba badle ushukela ngendlela efanayo nemilutha ephoqeleka ukuba iphuze utshwala noma idle izidakamizwa.

Abanye abacwaningi bathi lokhu kubangelwa ikhono likashukela lokukhipha i-dopamine, i-neurotransmitter ebuchosheni evusa izindlela zomvuzo (,,).

Ukudla kakhulu ushukela ongeziwe kungakhuphula ubungozi bezifo eziningana, kufaka phakathi ukukhuluphala, isifo senhliziyo, uhlobo lwesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 nomdlavuza.

7. IMercury ezinhlanzini

Izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi ziphilile ngokweqile.

Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo ezithile zinezinga eliphakeme le-mercury, ubuthi obaziwayo.

Ukusetshenziswa kokudla kwasolwandle kungumnikelo omkhulu kunayo yonke ekuqongeleleni kwe-mercury kubantu.

Lokhu kungumphumela wamakhemikhali asebenza ngendlela yawo enyusa uchungechunge lokudla olwandle ().

Izitshalo ezikhula emanzini angcoliswe yi-mercury zidliwa yizinhlanzi ezincane, bese zidliwa yizinhlanzi ezinkulu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-mercury iqoqa emizimbeni yalezo zinhlanzi ezinkulu, ezigcina zidliwe ngabantu.

E-US naseYurophu, ukuthola kunzima ukuthi abantu bathola malini enhlanzini kunzima. Lokhu kungenxa yokuqukethwe kwe-mercury okubanzi kwezinhlanzi ezahlukahlukene ().

IMercury iyi-neurotoxin, okusho ukuthi ingalimaza ubuchopho nezinzwa. Abesifazane abakhulelwe basengozini enkulu ikakhulukazi, ngoba i-mercury ingathinta ubuchopho obukhulayo besistimu nohlelo lwezinzwa (,).

Ukuhlaziywa kwango-2014 kutholakale ukuthi emazweni amaningana, amazinga e-mercury ezinwele nasegazini labesifazane nezingane aphakeme kakhulu kunalokho okunconywa yi-World Health Organisation, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini esogwini nasezimayini ().

Olunye ucwaningo luthole ukuthi inani le-mercury lihluka kakhulu phakathi kwemikhiqizo nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zetuna ekheniwe. Ithole ukuthi amasampula angama-55% abedlula umkhawulo wokuphepha we-EPA's 0.5 ppm (izingxenye ngesigidi) ().

Ezinye izinhlanzi, njenge-king mackerel ne-swordfish, ziphakeme kakhulu nge-mercury futhi kufanele zigwenywe. Kodwa-ke, ukudla ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi kuselulekwa ngoba kunezinzuzo eziningi zezempilo ().

Ukunciphisa ukuvezwa kwakho kwe-mercury, khetha izinhlanzi zasolwandle ezivela esigabeni se- "mercury ephansi kunazo zonke" kulolu hlu. Ngenhlanhla, isigaba se-low-mercury sifaka iningi lezinhlanzi eziphakeme kakhulu kumafutha e-omega-3, njenge-salmon, herring, sardines kanye nama-anchovies.

Izinzuzo zokudla lezi zinhlanzi ezicebile ze-omega-3 zidlula kakhulu imiphumela emibi yamanani amancane we-mercury.

Izinhlanzi ezithile ziqukethe amazinga aphezulu e-mercury. Kodwa-ke, izinzuzo zezempilo zokudla izinhlanzi ezinama-mercury amancane zidlula kakhulu izingozi.

Thatha Umlayezo Wekhaya

Izimangalo eziningi ngemiphumela eyingozi yokudla "ubuthi" azisekelwa yisayensi.

Kodwa-ke, kuneziningi ezingaba yingozi, ikakhulukazi ngamanani aphezulu.

Lokho kuthiwa, ukunciphisa ukutholakala kwakho kulawa makhemikhali nezithako ezilula kulula ngendlela emangalisayo.

Mane ubeke umkhawulo ekusebenziseni kwakho le mikhiqizo bese unamathela kokudla okuphelele, okuyisithako esisodwa ngangokunokwenzeka.