I-bacteriophage: kuyini, ungayibona kanjani imijikelezo yokuphila (i-lytic ne-lysogenic)

-Delile

• Izici ze-bacteriophage
• Kwenzeka kanjani imijikelezo ye-lytic ne-lysogenic
• Umjikelezo weLytic
• Umjikelezo we-Lysogenic
• Kuyini ukwelashwa kwepagege

Ama-bacteriophages, awaziwa nangokuthi ama-phages, ayiqembu lamagciwane akwazi ukutheleleka nokuphindaphindeka ngaphakathi kwamangqamuzana egciwane futhi okuthi lapho ephuma, akhuthaze ukubhujiswa kwawo.

Ama-bacteriophages akhona ezindaweni eziningana, futhi angahlukaniswa namanzi, inhlabathi, imikhiqizo yokudla kanye nezinye izinto ezincane eziphilayo. Yize ingaba futhi emzimbeni, ikakhulukazi esikhumbeni, emgodini womlomo, emaphashini nasezinhlelweni zomchamo nezesisu, ama-bacteriophages awazibangeli izifo noma ushintsho emzimbeni womuntu, ngoba anokukhetha i-prokaryotic amaseli, okungukuthi, amaseli amancane aguquke, njengamagciwane.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, bayakwazi ukukhuthaza ukuphendula komzimba, ukuze bangakwazi ukwenza ngokusebenza kwamagciwane amancane abhekele ukusebenza kahle komzimba, ngaphezu kokuba nokucaca okuphezulu maqondana nomphathi wawo, okungukuthi, i-microorganism ye-pathogenic . Ngakho-ke, amabhaktheriya ayingxenye ye-microbiome awabhujiswa ngenxa yobuhlobo obuhle obusungulwe phakathi kwama-bacteriophages namasosha omzimba.

Izici ze-bacteriophage

Ama-bacteriophages ngamagciwane atholakala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi umzimba womuntu, noma kunjalo awazibangeli izinguquko noma izifo njengoba zingenayo imininingwane yamaseli akha umzimba. Ezinye izici ze-bacteriophage yilezi:

• Akhiwa yi-capsid, okuyisakhiwo esakhiwa amaprotheni anomsebenzi wawo ukuvikela izinto zofuzo zegciwane;
• Zingaba nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinto zofuzo, ezinjenge-DNA eboshwe kabili, i-DNA eyodwa eboshiwe noma i-RNA;
• Ngaphezu kokukwazi ukuhlukaniswa ngokwenziwe kofuzo, ama-bacteriophages nawo angahlukaniswa ngesakhiwo se-capsid;
• Abakwazi ukwanda ngaphandle kwesikhungo, okungukuthi, badinga ukuxhumana neseli lamagciwane ukuze liphindaphindwe, futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu bangaziwa nangokuthi "izimuncagazi ezibangelwa amagciwane";
• Banokucaciswa okuphezulu komgcini, okungamaseli wegciwane.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-bacteriophages kusacwaningwa, kepha-ke, ezinye izakhiwo zingaba wusizo ekwahlukaniseni nasekuhlukaniseni ama-bacteriophages, afana nohlobo lwezinto zofuzo, i-morphology, izici ze-genomic kanye nezici zamakhemikhali omzimba.

Kwenzeka kanjani imijikelezo ye-lytic ne-lysogenic

Imijikelezo ye-lytic ne-lysogenic yimijikelezo yokuphindaphindwa kwe-bacteriophage lapho ihlangana neseli le-bacterial futhi ingahlukaniswa ngokuya ngokuziphatha kwegciwane.

Umjikelezo weLytic

Umjikelezo we-lytic ungenye lapho, ngemuva kokujovwa kofuzo lwe-bacteriophage engqamuzaneni le-bacterial, ukuphindaphindeka nokwakheka kwama-bacteriophages amasha kwenzeka, okuthi lapho ephuma ahambe aqede iseli lamagciwane. Ngakho-ke, ngokujwayelekile, umjikelezo wenzeka ngokulandelayo:

1. Ukukhangisa: i-bacteriophage inamathela kulwelwesi lweseli lamagciwane elithintekayo ngokusebenzisa ama-membrane receptors;
2. Ukungena noma ukungena: izinto zofuzo ze-bacteriophage zingena esitokisini segciwane;
3. Ukuphindaphinda: lezi zinto zofuzo zihlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni namanye ama-molecule e-DNA, uma kuyi-bacteriophage ye-DNA;
4. Ukukhweza: ama-bacteriophages amasha akhiwa futhi i-DNA ephindaphindwayo ihlanganiswe ngosizo lwama-protein ahlanganisiwe, okwenza i-capsid;
5. ULise: i-bacteriophage eyakhiwe ishiya iseli lamagciwane, ikhuthaza ukubhujiswa kwayo.

Umjikelezo we-Lysogenic

Emjikelezweni we-lysogenic, izinto zofuzo ze-bacteriophage zifakwe kulezo ze-bacterium, kodwa-ke le nqubo ingamelela kuphela ukuthuliswa kwezakhi zofuzo ezinobuthi, ngaphezu kokuba inqubo eguqukayo. Lo mjikelezo wenzeka kanjena:

1. Ukukhangisa: i-bacteriophage adsorbs kulwelwesi lwe-bacterial;
2. Ukufaka: izinto zofuzo ze-bacteriophage zingena esitokisini segciwane;
3. Ukuhlanganisa: kukhona ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto zofuzo ze-bacteriophage naleyo yebhaktheriya, yaziwa njenge-profago;
4. Ukuhlukaniswa: okokuhlanganisa okuhlanganisiwe, i-profago, kwehlukana ngokuya ngokuhlukaniswa kwamagciwane.

I-profagus ayisebenzi, okusho ukuthi, izakhi zofuzo zayo azivezwa ngakho-ke azibangeli zinguquko ezimbi kubhaktheriya futhi iyinqubo ebuyela emuva ngokuphelele.

Ngenxa yokuthi ama-bacteriophages ahlangana nezinto zofuzo zamagciwane futhi angakhuthaza ukubhujiswa kwawo, lawa magciwane angasetshenziswa ocwaningweni ukwakha amasu amasha okulwa nezifo ezingazweli.

Kuyini ukwelashwa kwepagege

Ukwelashwa kwe-Phage, okwaziwa nangokuthi i-phage therapy, luhlobo lwezokwelapha olusebenzisa ama-bacteriophages ukulwa nezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, ikakhulukazi lezo ezibangelwa ngamagciwane amancane amelana nezinto eziningi. Lolu hlobo lwezokwelapha luphephile, ngoba ama-bacteriophage anomsebenzi olwa nama-bacterium e-pathogenic, agcina i-microbiota ejwayelekile yomuntu.

Yize lolu hlobo lokwelashwa seluchazwe iminyaka, kumane nje manje luthola ukugqama ezincwadini ngenxa yokwanda kwenani lamagciwane angaphenduli ekwelashweni okuvamile ngama-antibiotic.

Kodwa-ke, yize kuyindlela evumayo, ukwelashwa kwe-phage kunemikhawulo ethile. Uhlobo ngalunye lwe-bacteriophage luchazwa ngqo kubhaktheriya elithile, ngakho-ke la mapheji awakwazanga ukusetshenziswa wedwa ukulwa nezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane ahlukahlukene, kepha kulokhu "i-phage cocktail" ingahle yenziwe ngokwama-microorganisms akhonjwe njenganobangela wokutheleleka . Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yomjikelezo we-lysogenic, ama-bacteriophages angakhuthaza ukudluliswa kwezakhi zofuzo zokumelana negciwane, okwenza ukwelashwa kungasebenzi.