I-Ephedra (Ma Huang): Ukwehla kwesisindo, izingozi kanye nesimo sezomthetho

-Delile

• Yini i-ephedra?
• Ithuthukisa isilinganiso semetabolic nokulahleka kwamafutha
• Isebenza ngokuvumelana ne-caffeine
• Imiphumela emibi nokuphepha
• Isimo sezomthetho
• Okubalulekile

Abantu abaningi bafuna iphilisi lomlingo ukukhulisa amandla nokukhuthaza ukunciphisa umzimba.

Lesi sitshalo i-ephedra sathola ukuthandwa njengomuntu ongaba ukhetho kuma-1990s futhi saba isithako esivamile kwizithako zokudla kuze kube maphakathi no-2000.

Ngenkathi ezinye izifundo zikhombisa ukuthi kungakhuphula imetabolism kanye nokwehlisa isisindo, ukukhathazeka ngokuphepha nakho kwaphawulwa.

Le ndatshana ikutshela lokho okudingeka ukwazi ngemiphumela ye-ephedra ekwehliseni isisindo, kanye nezingozi zayo ezingaba khona kanye nesimo somthetho.

Yini i-ephedra?

Ephedra sinica, obizwa nangokuthi ma huang, isitshalo esidabuka e-Asia, yize sikhula nakwezinye izindawo emhlabeni jikelele. Isetshenziswe emithini yamaShayina izinkulungwane zeminyaka (,).

Ngenkathi lesi sitshalo siqukethe amakhemikhali amaningi, imiphumela emikhulu ye-ephedra kungenzeka ibangelwe yi-molecule ephedrine ().

I-Ephedrine inemiphumela eminingi emzimbeni wakho, njengokukhula kwesilinganiso semetabolic nokushisa kwamafutha (,).

Ngalezi zizathu, i-ephedrine iye yafundelwa ikhono layo lokunciphisa isisindo somzimba namafutha omzimba. Esikhathini esedlule, ithole ukuthandwa okukhulu ekunciphiseni kwesisindo.

Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezinkinga zokuphepha, izithasiselo eziqukethe izinhlobo ezithile zamakhemikhali atholakala ku-ephedra - okuthiwa i-ephedrine alkaloids - zivinjelwe emazweni amaningana, kufaka phakathi i-United States ().

Isitshalo ephedra (ma huang) iqukethe amakhemikhali amaningi, kepha okuphawuleka kakhulu yi-ephedrine. Le molekyuli ithinta izinqubo eziningana zomzimba futhi yasetshenziswa njengesithako sokudla esidumile ngaphambi kokuvinjelwa emazweni amaningana.

Ithuthukisa isilinganiso semetabolic nokulahleka kwamafutha

Izifundo eziningi ezihlola imiphumela ye-ephedra ekwehliseni isisindo zenzeka phakathi kweminyaka yama-1980s kanye nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-2000 - ngaphambi kokuvinjelwa kwezithako eziqukethe i-ephedrine.

Yize izingxenye eziningi ze-ephedra zingathinta umzimba wakho, imiphumela ephawuleka kakhulu kungenzeka ingenxa ye-ephedrine.

Ucwaningo oluningi lukhombisile ukuthi i-ephedrine inyusa izinga lokuphumula lomzimba - inani lama-calories umzimba osha uphumule - okungenzeka ukuthi kungenxa yokwanda kwenani lamakhalori ashiswe yimisipha yakho (,).

I-Ephedrine nayo ingakhuphula inqubo yokushisa amafutha emzimbeni wakho (,).

Ucwaningo olulodwa lwathola ukuthi inani lama-calories ashe ngaphezu kwamahora angama-24 lalingu-3.6% omkhulu lapho abantu abadala abanempilo bethatha i-ephedrine ngokuqhathaniswa nalapho bathatha i-placebo ().

Olunye ucwaningo lwabona ukuthi lapho abantu abakhuluphele bedla ukudla okunama-khalori aphansi kakhulu, izinga labo lokunciphisa umzimba lehla. Kodwa-ke, lokhu bekuvinjelwe ngokwengxenye ngokuthatha i-ephedrine ().

Ngaphezu kwezinguquko zesikhashana esifushane emzimbeni, ezinye izifundo zibonisa ukuthi i-ephedrine ingakhuthaza isisindo nokulahleka kwamafutha isikhathi eside.

Ezifundweni ezinhlanu ze-ephedrine ngokuqhathaniswa ne-placebo, i-ephedrine iholele ekunciphiseni isisindo samakhilogremu ama-3 (1.3 kg) ngenyanga ngaphezulu kwe-placebo - okwezinyanga ezine (, 11).

Kodwa-ke, idatha yesikhathi eside ekusetshenzisweni kwe-ephedrine yokwehlisa isisindo ayitholakali ().

Ngokwengeziwe, izifundo eziningi ze-ephedrine zihlola inhlanganisela ye-ephedrine ne-caffeine kune-ephedrine kuphela (11).

I-Ephedrine, ingxenye enkulu ye-ephedra, ingakhuphula inani lama-calories asha umzimba wakho. Ucwaningo lukhombisile lokhu kuphumela ekulahlekeni okukhulu kwesisindo nokulahleka kwamafutha ngaphezu kwamasonto kuya ezinyangeni, yize izifundo zesikhathi eside zilinganiselwe.

Isebenza ngokuvumelana ne-caffeine

Izifundo eziningi ezihlola imiphumela yokuncipha kwesisindo ye-ephedrine zihlanganise lesi sithako ne-caffeine.

Inhlanganisela ye-ephedrine ne-caffeine ibonakala inemiphumela emikhulu emzimbeni wakho kunesithako esisodwa (,).

Isibonelo, i-ephedrine kanye ne-caffeine inyusa isilinganiso se-metabolic ngaphezu kwe-ephedrine yodwa ().

Kokunye ucwaningo kubantu abadala abakhuluphele ngokweqile nabakhuluphele ngokweqile, inhlanganisela ye-70 mg ye-caffeine kanye ne-24 mg ye-ephedra inyuse izinga lokunciphisa umzimba nge-8% ngaphezu kwamahora amabili, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-placebo ().

Olunye ucwaningo luye lwabika nokuthi i-caffeine ne-ephedrine ngayinye ayinayo imiphumela ekunciphiseni isisindo, kuyilapho ukuhlanganiswa kwalaba bobabili kukhiqize ukwehla kwesisindo ().

Ngaphezulu kwamaviki ayi-12, ukufaka inhlanganisela ye-ephedra ne-caffeine ama-3 ngosuku kuholele ekwehliseni u-7.9% wamafutha omzimba uma kuqhathaniswa ne-1.9% kuphela ene-placebo ().

Olunye ucwaningo lwezinyanga eziyi-6 kubantu abakhuluphele ngokweqile nabakhuluphele ngokweqile ngo-167 luqhathanise isengezo esiqukethe i-ephedrine ne-caffeine ne-placebo ngesikhathi sohlelo lokwehlisa isisindo ().

Iqembu elithatha i-ephedrine lalahlekelwa ngamakhilogremu ayi-9.5 (4.3 kg) wamafutha uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu le-placebo, elahle kuphela amakhilogremu ama-5.9 (2.7 kg) wamafutha.

Iqembu le-ephedrine lanciphisa nesisindo somzimba ne-LDL (bad) cholesterol ngaphezu kweqembu le-placebo.

Kukonke, ubufakazi obutholakalayo bubonisa ukuthi imikhiqizo equkethe i-ephedrine - ikakhulukazi uma ihlanganiswe ne-caffeine - ingakhuphula isisindo nokulahleka kwamafutha.

I-Ephedrine kanye ne-caffeine ingakhuphula izinga lokunciphisa umzimba nokulahleka kwamafutha ngaphezu kwesithako esisodwa. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-ephedrine ne-caffeine kukhiqiza isisindo esikhulu nokulahleka kwamafutha kune-placebo.

Imiphumela emibi nokuphepha

Imithamo ye-ephedrine esetshenziswe ocwaningweni iyahlukahluka, ngokutholwa okungaphansi kwama-20 mg ngosuku kubhekwa njengokuphansi, ama-40-90 mg nsuku zonke kubhekwa njengokulingene, namanani we-100-150 mg ngosuku abhekwa njengaphakeme.

Yize eminye imiphumela emihle ku-metabolism kanye nesisindo somzimba ibonwe ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene, abaningi baye bakungabaza ukuphepha kwe-ephedrine.

Izifundo ngazinye zibonise imiphumela exubekile maqondana nokuphepha nemiphumela engemihle yale nto ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene.

Abanye ababikanga miphumela engemihle ebalulekile, kanti abanye bakhombisa imiphumela engemihle eyahlukahlukene edale nokuthi ababambe iqhaza bahoxe ezifundweni (,,).

Imibiko ejulile ihlanganise imiphumela yezifundo eziningi ukuqonda kangcono ukukhathazeka okuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kwe-ephedrine.

Ukuhlaziywa okukodwa kwezivivinyo zokwelashwa ezahlukahlukene ezingama-52 akutholanga izehlakalo ezimbi kakhulu njengokufa noma isifo senhliziyo ezifundweni ze-ephedrine - noma ngaphandle kwe-caffeine (11).

Kodwa-ke, ukuhlaziywa okufanayo kutholile ukuthi le mikhiqizo yayihlotshaniswa nengozi eyengeziwe ephindwe kabili kuya kathathu yokuhlanza isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, ukushaya kwenhliziyo, nezinkinga zengqondo.

Ngokwengeziwe, lapho kuhlolisiswa amacala ngamanye, ukufa kwabantu abaningana, isifo senhliziyo, kanye neziqephu zengqondo bekungahle kuxhunyaniswe ne-ephedra (11).

Ngokuya ngobufakazi, ukukhathazeka okungenzeka kube khona ngokuphepha kwakubaluleke ngokwanele ukusukumela izinyathelo zomthetho e-United States nakwezinye izindawo ().

Ngenkathi ezinye izifundo zingakhombisanga imiphumela emibi ye-ephedra noma ukusetshenziswa kwe-ephedrine, ubumnene kuya emiphumeleni emibi buvele ekuhlolweni kocwaningo olutholakalayo.

Isimo sezomthetho

Ngenkathi i-ephedra herb nemikhiqizo efana ma huang itiye ayatholakala ukuthengwa, izithako zokudla eziqukethe i-ephedrine alkaloids azikho.

Ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngokuphepha, i-Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ivimbele imikhiqizo equkethe i-ephedrine ngo-2004 (, 19).

Eminye imishanguzo equkethe i-ephedrine isatholakala phezu kwekhawunta, noma kunjalo imithethonqubo yokuthengwa kwale mikhiqizo ingahluka ngombuso.

Ngenxa yokuthandwa kakhulu kwemikhiqizo equkethe i-ephedrine ngaphambi kokuvinjelwa kwe-FDA, abanye abantu basazama ukuthola imikhiqizo yokwehlisa isisindo nalesi sithako.

Ngalesi sizathu, abanye abakhiqizi bezengezo zokudla bazomaketha imikhiqizo yokunciphisa umzimba equkethe amanye amakhemikhali atholakala ku-ephedra, kepha hhayi ama-ephedrine alkaloids.

Le mikhiqizo kungenzeka ukuthi ayinakho ukukhathazeka kokuphepha okubonwayo ngemikhiqizo equkethe i-ephedrine - kepha futhi ingahle ingasebenzi kahle.

Ngenkathi amanye amazwe angaphandle kwe-United States nawo evimbele imikhiqizo equkethe i-ephedrine, imithethonqubo ethile iyahluka.

Izithako zokudla eziqukethe i-ephedrine alkaloids zavinjelwa i-FDA ngo-2004. Imithi equkethe i-ephedrine nesitshalo se-ephedra isatholakala ukuze ithengwe, yize imithethonqubo ingahluka ngendawo.

Okubalulekile

Lesi sitshalo i-ephedra sesisetshenziswe isikhathi eside emithini yase-Asia.

I-Ephedrine, enye yezinto eziphambili ku-ephedra, ingakhuphula imetabolism futhi ibangele ukwehla kwesisindo - ikakhulukazi ngokuhlangana ne-caffeine.

Noma kunjalo, ngenxa yezinkinga zokuphepha, izithasiselo zokudla eziqukethe i-ephedrine - kepha hhayi ezinye izinhlanganisela ku-ephedra - okwamanje zivinjelwe e-United States nakwezinye izindawo.