Ukuzwa Ukuhlolwa Kwezingane

-Delile

• Yini ukuhlolwa kokuzwa kwezingane?
• Zisetshenziselwani?
• Kungani ingane yami idinga ukuhlolwa kokuzwa?
• Kwenzekani ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kokuzwa?
• Ngabe kukhona engizodinga ukukwenza ukulungiselela isivivinyo sokuzwa?
• Ingabe zikhona izingozi ekuhlolweni kokuzwa?
• Isho ukuthini imiphumela?
• Ngabe kukhona okunye engidinga ukukwazi mayelana nokuhlolwa kokuzwa?
• Izinkomba

Yini ukuhlolwa kokuzwa kwezingane?

Lezi zivivinyo zilinganisa ukuthi ingane yakho ikwazi kanjani ukuzwa kahle. Yize ukulahleka kokuzwa kungenzeka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, izinkinga zokuzwa ebuntwaneni nasebusaneni zingaba nemiphumela emibi. Lokho kungenxa yokuthi ukuzwa okujwayelekile kubalulekile ekukhuleni kolimi ezinganeni nasebantwaneni. Ngisho nokulahlekelwa kwezindlebe okwesikhashana kungenza kube nzima enganeni ukuqonda ulimi olukhulunywayo futhi ifunde ukukhuluma.

Ukuzwa okujwayelekile kwenzeka lapho amagagasi omsindo engena endlebeni yakho, okwenza indlebe yakho inyakaze. Ukudlidlizela kugudluzela amagagasi endlebeni, lapho kubangela khona ukuthi amangqamuzana ezinzwa athumele imininingwane yomsindo ebuchosheni bakho. Lolu lwazi luhunyushelwa kwimisindo oyizwayo.

Ukuzwa kokuzwa kwenzeka lapho kunenkinga ngengxenye eyodwa noma ngaphezulu yendlebe, izinzwa ngaphakathi kwendlebe, noma ingxenye yobuchopho elawula ukuzwa. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zokulahlekelwa kokuzwa:

• Kuqhuba. Lolu hlobo lokulahlekelwa yizindlebe lubangelwa ukuvinjelwa kokudluliswa kwemisindo kungene endlebeni. Kuvame kakhulu ezinganeni nasezinganeni ezincane futhi kuvame ukubangelwa ukutheleleka kwezindlebe noma uketshezi ezindlebeni. Ukulahleka kokuzwa okuqhubekayo kuvame ukuba mnene, okwesikhashana, futhi kuyelapheka.
• Izinzwa (ebizwa nangokuthi isithulu sezinzwa). Lolu hlobo lokulahlekelwa yizindlebe lubangelwa inkinga ngesakhiwo sendlebe kanye / noma ngezinzwa ezilawula ukuzwa. Kungaba khona lapho kuzalwa noma kubonakale sekwephuzile empilweni. Ukulahlekelwa kokuzwa kwezinzwa kuvame ukuhlala unomphela. Lolu hlobo lokulahleka kokuzwa luhluka kusuka kubumnene (ukungakwazi ukuzwa imisindo ethile) kuya ekujuleni (ukungakwazi ukuzwa noma imiphi imisindo).
• Kuxubile, inhlanganisela yokulahleka kokuzwa kokuqhuba nokuzwa kwezinzwa.

Uma ingane yakho kutholakala ukuthi ilahlekelwe ukuzwa, kunezinyathelo ongazithatha ezingasiza ukwelapha noma ukuphatha lesi simo.

Amanye amagama: audiometry; i-audiography, i-audiogram, ukuhlolwa komsindo

Zisetshenziselwani?

Lezi zivivinyo zisetshenziselwa ukuthola ukuthi ingane yakho ilahlekelwe yini ukuzwa futhi, uma kunjalo, ukuthi kubi kangakanani.

Kungani ingane yami idinga ukuhlolwa kokuzwa?

Kunconywa izivivinyo zokuzwa njalo ezinganeni nasezinganeni eziningi. Izinsana zivame ukunikezwa izivivinyo zokuzwa ngaphambi kokuba ziphume esibhedlela. Uma ingane yakho ingaluphumeleli lolu vivinyo lokuzwa, akusho ngaso sonke isikhathi ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kokuzwa. Kodwa ingane yakho kufanele iphinde ihlolwe kungakapheli izinyanga ezintathu.

Iningi lezingane kufanele lihlolwe ukuzwa kwabo ngokuhlolwa njalo kwezempilo. Lokhu kuhlolwa kungabandakanya ukuhlolwa ngokomzimba kwendlebe okuhlola i-wax eyeqile, uketshezi, noma izimpawu zokutheleleka. I-American Academy of Pediatrics incoma ukuhlolwa kokuzwa okuphelele (bheka ngezansi izinhlobo zezinhlolo) ezineminyaka engama-4, 5, 6, 8, no-10. Izivivinyo kufanele zenziwe kaningi uma ingane yakho inezimpawu zokulahlekelwa ukuzwa.

Izimpawu zokulahleka kokuzwa enganeni zifaka:

• Hhayi ukugxuma noma ukwethuka ngokuphendula imisindo emikhulu
• Ukungasabeli kuzwi lomzali ngezinyanga ezi-3 ubudala
• Hhayi ukuguqula amehlo akhe noma ikhanda lakhe liye emsindweni ngezinyanga eziyisithupha ubudala
• Ukungalingisi imisindo noma ukusho amagama ambalwa alula ngezinyanga eziyi-12 ubudala

Izimpawu zokulahleka kokuzwa enganeni zihlanganisa:

• Inkulumo noma inkulumo ebambezelekile okunzima ukuyiqonda. Iningi lezingane ezincane zingasho amagama ambalwa, anjengokuthi "mama" noma "dada," ngezinyanga eziyi-15 ubudala.
• Ukungaphenduli uma ubizwa ngegama
• Ukunganaki

Izimpawu zokulahleka kokuzwa ezinganeni ezindala nentsha zifaka:

• Unenkinga yokuqonda okushiwo abanye abantu, ikakhulukazi endaweni enomsindo
• Unenkinga yokuzwa imisindo ephezulu
• Kudingeka ukukhuphula ivolumu ku-TV noma isidlali somculo
• Umsindo okhalayo ezindlebeni

Kwenzekani ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kokuzwa?

Ukuhlolwa kokuqala kokuzwa kuvame ukwenziwa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa okujwayelekile. Uma kukhona ukulahleka kokuzwa, ingane yakho ingahlolwa futhi yelashwe ngomunye wabahlinzeki abalandelayo:

• Isazi sokuzwa, umhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwezempilo ogxile ekuxilongeni, ekwelapheni nasekuphatheni ukulahleka kokuzwa
• I-otolaryngologist (ENT), udokotela onguchwepheshe ekwelapheni izifo nemibandela yezindlebe, ikhala, nomphimbo.

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zokuhlolwa kokuzwa. Uhlobo lwezivivinyo olunikeziwe luye ngeminyaka nezimpawu. Ezinganeni nasezinganeni ezincane, ukuhlolwa kuhilela ukusebenzisa izinzwa (ezibukeka njengezitika ezincane) noma izindlela zokulinganisa ukuzwa. Azidingi impendulo ngomlomo. Izingane ezindala zinganikezwa izivivinyo ezizwakalayo. Ukuhlolwa komsindo kubheka ukuphendulwa kwamathoni noma amagama athunyelwe ezindaweni ezahlukene, amavolumu, kanye / noma ezindaweni ezinomsindo.

Ukuhlolwa kokuhlolwa kwengqondo (i-ABR).Lokhu kubheka ukulahleka kokuzwa kwezinzwa. Kukala ukuthi ubuchopho busabela kanjani emsindweni. Kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlola izinsana, kufaka phakathi izingane ezisanda kuzalwa. Phakathi nalolu vivinyo:

• Isazi sokuzwa noma omunye umhlinzeki uzobeka ama-electrode ekhanda nasemva kwendlebe ngayinye. Ama-electrode axhunywe kukhompyutha.
• Ama-earphone amancane azofakwa ngaphakathi kwezindlebe.
• Ukuchofoza namathoni kuzothunyelwa kuma-earphone.
• Ama-electrode alinganisa ukusabela kobuchopho emisindweni futhi azobonisa imiphumela kukhompyutha.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-Otoacoustic emissions (OAE). Lokhu kuhlolwa kusetshenziselwa izinsana nezingane ezincane. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa:

• Isazi sokulalelwayo noma omunye umhlinzeki uzobeka uphenyo oluncane olubukeka njenge-earphone ngaphakathi komsele wendlebe.
• Kuzothunyelwa umsindo kuphenyo.
• Uphenyo lurekhoda futhi lilinganise impendulo yendlebe yangaphakathi emisindweni.
• Isivivinyo singathola ukulahleka kokuzwa, kepha asikwazi ukutshela umehluko phakathi kokulahleka kokuzwa kokuqhuba nokuzwa.

I-Tympanometry ihlola ukuthi indlebe yakho ihamba kanjani kahle. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa:

• Isazi sokuzwa noma omunye umhlinzeki uzobeka into encane ngaphakathi komsele wendlebe.
• Umshini uzosunduza umoya ungene endlebeni, kwenze indlebe iye emuva naphambili.
• Umshini uqopha ukunyakaza emagrafu okubizwa ngokuthi ama-tympanograms.
• Ukuhlolwa kusiza ukuthola ukuthi ngabe kukhona yini ukutheleleka endlebeni noma ezinye izinkinga ezinjengoketshezi noma i-wax buildup, noma imbobo noma ukudabuka ku-eardrum.
• Lokhu kuhlolwa kudinga ukuthi ingane yakho ihlale inganyakazi, ngakho-ke ayisetshenziswa kakhulu ezinganeni noma ezinganeni ezincane.

Okulandelayo ezinye izinhlobo zokuhlolwa komsindo:

Izinyathelo ze-Acoustic Reflex ebizwa nangokuthi i-middle ear muscle reflex (MEMR), hlola ukuthi indlebe iphendula kahle kanjani emisindweni ephezulu. Ngokuzwa okujwayelekile, umsipha omncane ngaphakathi kwendlebe uyaqina lapho uzwa umsindo omkhulu. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-acoustic reflex. Kwenzeka ungazi. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa:

• Isazi sokuzwa noma omunye umhlinzeki uzobeka ithiphu yenjoloba ethambile ngaphakathi kwendlebe.
• Uchungechunge lwemisindo ephezulu luzothunyelwa ngamathiphu bese luqoshwa emshinini.
• Umshini uzokhombisa ukuthi umsindo usebenze nini noma nini.
• Uma ukulahleka kokuzwa kubi, umsindo kungadingeka ukuthi ukhale kakhulu ukudala i-reflex, noma kungahle kungavusi i-reflex nhlobo.

Ukuhlolwa kwethoni ehlanzekile, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-audiometry. Phakathi nalolu vivinyo:

• Ingane yakho izofaka ama-headphone.
• Uchungechunge lwamathoni luzothunyelwa kumahedfoni.
• Isazi sokuzwa noma omunye umhlinzeki uzoshintsha iphimbo nokuzwakala kwamathoni ezindaweni ezihlukene ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa. Kwamanye amaphuzu, amathoni kungenzeka angazwakali kangako.
• Umhlinzeki uzocela ingane yakho ukuthi iphendule noma nini lapho izwa amathoni. Impendulo kungaba ukuphakamisa isandla noma ukucindezela inkinobho.
• Isivivinyo sisiza ekutholeni imisindo ethule kakhulu ingane yakho engayizwa ezindaweni ezahlukene.

Ukuhlolwa kwemfoloko yokushuna. Imfoloko yokuhlenga iyinsimbi enezinsimbi ezimbili eyenza ithoni lapho idlidliza. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa:

• Isazi sokuzwa noma omunye umhlinzeki uzobeka imfoloko yokushuna ngemuva kwendlebe noma ngaphezulu kwekhanda.
• Umhlinzeki uzoshaya imfoloko ukuze yenze ithoni.
• Ingane yakho izocelwa ukuthi itshele umhlinzeki noma nini lapho uzwa ithoni kumavolumu ahlukene, noma uma izwa umsindo endlebeni yangakwesobunxele, endlebeni yangakwesokudla, noma zombili ngokulinganayo.
• Isivivinyo singakhombisa ukuthi ngabe kukhona yini ukulahleka kokuzwa endlebeni eyodwa noma zombili. Ingakhombisa futhi ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lokulahlekelwa kokuzwa ingane yakho enakho (okwenzayo noma kwe-sensorineural).

Inkulumo nokuqashelwa kwamagama ingakhombisa ukuthi ingane yakho ingaluzwa kanjani ulimi olukhulunywayo. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa:

• Ingane yakho izofaka ama-headphone.
• Isazi sokulalelwayo sizokhuluma ngamahedfoni, bese sicela ingane yakho ukuba iphindaphinde uchungechunge lwamagama alula, akhulunywa ngamavolumu ahlukile.
• Umhlinzeki uzoqopha inkulumo ethambile ingane yakho engayizwa.
• Olunye uvivinyo lungenziwa endaweni enomsindo, ngoba abantu abaningi abanokulahlekelwa ukuzwa banenkinga yokuqonda ukukhuluma ezindaweni ezinomsindo.
• Lezi zivivinyo zenziwa ezinganeni ezindala ngokwanele ukuba zikhulume futhi ziqonde ulimi.

Ngabe kukhona engizodinga ukukwenza ukulungiselela isivivinyo sokuzwa?

Ingane yakho ayidingi amalungiselelo akhethekile esivivinyo sokuzwa.

Ingabe zikhona izingozi ekuhlolweni kokuzwa?

Ayikho ingozi yokuhlolwa kokuzwa.

Isho ukuthini imiphumela?

Imiphumela yakho ingakhombisa ukuthi ngabe ingane yakho ilahlekelwe yini ukuzwa, nokuthi ukulahleka kokuzwa kuqhuba kahle yini noma kuyashukumisa izinzwa.

Uma ingane yakho kutholakala ukuthi ilahlekile ekuzweni, umhlinzeki wakho angancoma umuthi noma ukuhlinzwa, kuya ngesizathu sokulahleka.

Uma ingane yakho kutholakala ukuthi inokulahlekelwa kokuzwa kwe-sensorineural, imiphumela yakho ingakhombisa ukuthi ukulahleka kokuzwa yile:

• Maphakathi: ingane yakho ayikwazi ukuzwa imisindo ethile, njengamathoni aphezulu kakhulu noma aphansi kakhulu.
• Maphakathi: ingane yakho ayikwazi ukuzwa imisindo eminingi, njengokukhuluma endaweni enomsindo.
• Kunzima: ingane yakho ayikwazi ukuzwa imisindo eminingi.
• Okujulile: ingane yakho ayikwazi ukuzwa noma imiphi imisindo.

Ukwelashwa nokuphathwa kokulahlekelwa kokuzwa kwe-sensorineural kuzoya ngeminyaka nokuthi kubi kangakanani. Uma unemibuzo mayelana nemiphumela, khuluma nomhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwezempilo wengane yakho.

Ngabe kukhona okunye engidinga ukukwazi mayelana nokuhlolwa kokuzwa?

Kunezindlela eziningi zokuphatha ukulahleka kokuzwa. Noma ukulahleka kokuzwa kungunaphakade, kunezindlela zokuphatha isimo sakho. Izinketho zokwelashwa zifaka:

• Izinsiza-kuzwa. Insiza yokuzwa yinsimbi egqokwa ngemuva noma ngaphakathi endlebeni. Insiza yokuzwa ikhulisa (yenza umsindo). Ezinye izinsiza-kuzwa zinemisebenzi esezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu. I-audiologist yakho ingancoma inketho engcono kakhulu kuwe.
• Ukufakwa kwe-Cochlear. Le yithuluzi elifakwe ngokuhlinzwa endlebeni. Imvamisa isetshenziswa kubantu abanokulahlekelwa okukhulu kokuzwa futhi abangatholi nzuzo enkulu ngokusebenzisa insiza yokuzwa. Izimila ze-Cochlear zithumela umsindo ngqo kunzwa yokuzwa.
• Ukuhlinzwa. Ezinye izinhlobo zokulahlekelwa ukuzwa zingelashwa ngokuhlinzwa. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izinkinga nge-eardrum noma emathanjeni amancane ngaphakathi kwendlebe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungahle uthande uku:

• Sebenza nabahlinzeki bezempilo abangakusiza wena nengane yakho ukuxhumana. Lokhu kungafaka abelaphi bezinkulumo kanye / noma ongoti abahlinzeka ukuqeqeshwa ngolimi lwezandla, ukufunda izindebe, noma ezinye izinhlobo zezindlela zolimi.
• Joyina amaqembu okusekela
• Hlela ukuvakashelwa njalo nge-audiologist kanye / noma i-otolaryngologist (udokotela wendlebe, impumulo, nomphimbo)

Izinkomba

1. I-American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) [i-Intanethi]. I-Rockville (MD): I-American Speech-Language-Hearing Association; c1997–2019. Ukuphendula kwe-Auditory Brainstem (ABR); [kucashunwe ngo-2019 Mashi 30]; [cishe izikrini ezi-4]. Kutholakala kusuka: https://www.asha.org/public/hearing/Auditory-Brainstem-Response
2. I-American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) [i-Intanethi]. I-Rockville (MD): I-American Speech-Language-Hearing Association; c1997–2019. Ukuzwa Ukuhlolwa; [kucashunwe ngo-2019 Mashi 30]; [cishe izikrini ezi-3]. Kutholakala kusuka: https://www.asha.org/public/hearing/Hearing-Screening
3. I-American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) [i-Intanethi]. I-Rockville (MD): I-American Speech-Language-Hearing Association; c1997–2019. Ukukhishwa Kwe-Otoacoustic (OAE); [kucashunwe ngo-2019 Mashi 30]; [cishe izikrini ezi-4]. Kutholakala kusuka: https://www.asha.org/public/hearing/Otoacoustic-Emissions
4. I-American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) [i-Intanethi]. I-Rockville (MD): I-American Speech-Language-Hearing Association; c1997–2019. Ukuhlolwa Kwethoni Elicwengekile; [kucashunwe ngo-2019 Mashi 30]; [cishe izikrini ezi-4]. Kutholakala kusuka: https://www.asha.org/public/hearing/Pure-Tone-Testing
5. I-American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) [i-Intanethi]. I-Rockville (MD): I-American Speech-Language-Hearing Association; c1997–2019. Ukuhlolwa Kwenkulumo; [kucashunwe ngo-2019 Mashi 30]; [cishe izikrini ezi-4]. Kutholakala kusuka: https://www.asha.org/public/hearing/Speech-Testing
6. I-American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) [i-Intanethi]. I-Rockville (MD): I-American Speech-Language-Hearing Association; c1997–2019. Ukuhlolwa Kwendlebe Ephakathi; [kucashunwe ngo-2019 Mashi 30]; [cishe izikrini ezi-4]. Kutholakala kusuka: https://www.asha.org/public/hearing/Tests-of-the-Middle-Ear
7. AmaCary Audiology Associates [Inthanethi]. I-Cary (NC): I-Audiology Design; c2019. Ama-FAQ ama-3 Mayelana Nezivivinyo Zokuzwa; [kucashunwe ngo-2019 Marr 30]; [cishe izikrini ezi-4]. Kutholakala kusuka: https://caryaudiology.com/blog/3-faqs-about-hearing-tests
8. Izikhungo Zokulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo [i-Intanethi]. I-Atlanta: UMnyango Wezempilo Nezinsizakalo Zabantu e-U.S. Ukuhlolwa Nokuxilongwa Kokulahlekelwa Ukuzwa; [kucashunwe ngo-2019 Mashi 30]; [cishe izikrini ezi-5]. Kutholakala kusuka: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hearingloss/screening.html
9. HealthyChildren.org [Inthanethi]. I-Itasca (IL): I-American Academy Yezingane; c2019. Ukuzwa Ukulahlekelwa; [kubuyekezwe ngo-2009 Aug 1; icashunwe ngo-2019 Mar 30]; [cishe izikrini ezi-4]. Kutholakala kusuka: https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/ear-nose-throat/Pages/Hearing-Loss.aspx
10. IMayfield Brain ne-Spine [i-Intanethi]. ICincinnati: IMayfield Ubuchopho kanye noMgogodla; c2008–2019. Ukuzwa (audiometry) test; [kubuyekezwe ngo-2018 Ephreli; icashunwe ngo-2019 Mar 30]; [cishe izikrini ezi-3]. Kutholakala kusuka: https://mayfieldclinic.com/pe-hearing.htm
11. IMayo Clinic [Inthanethi]. IMayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; c1998–2019. Ukuzwa Ukulahlekelwa: Ukuxilongwa nokwelashwa; 2019 Mar 16 [icashunwe 2019 Mar 30]; [cishe izikrini ezi-4]. Kutholakala kusuka: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hearing-loss/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373077
12. IMayo Clinic [Inthanethi]. IMayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; c1998–2019. Ukuzwa Ukulahlekelwa: Izimpawu nezimbangela; 2019 Mar 16 [icashunwe 2019 Mar 30]; [cishe izikrini ezi-3]. Kutholakala kusuka: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hearing-loss/symptoms-causes/syc-20373072
13. Uhlobo Lokuthengwa Kwamakhasimende we-Merck [Internet]. IKenilworth (NJ): IMerck & Co Inc .; c2019. Ukuzwa Ukulahlekelwa; [kucashunwe ngo-2019 Mashi 30]; [cishe izikrini ezi-2]. Kutholakala kusuka: https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/hearing-loss-and-deafness/hearing-loss?query=hearing%20loss
14. Uhlelo lwe-Nemours Children's Health [Internet]. UJacksonville (FL): INemours Foundation; c1995–2019. Ukuhlolwa Kokuzwa Ezinganeni; [kucashunwe ngo-2019 Mashi 30]; [cishe izikrini ezi-3]. Kutholakala ku: https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/hear.html
15. Uhlelo lwe-Nemours Children's Health [Internet]. UJacksonville (FL): INemours Foundation; c1995–2019. Ukukhubazeka Ukuzwa; [kucashunwe ngo-2019 Mashi 30]; [cishe izikrini ezi-3]. Kutholakala kusuka: https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/hearing-impairment.html
16. Impilo ye-UF: University of Florida Health [Internet]. IGainesville (FL): Inyuvesi yaseFlorida Impilo; c2019. I-audiometry: Ukubuka konke; [kuvuselelwe i-2019 Mar 30; icashunwe ngo-2019 Mar 30]; [cishe izikrini ezi-2]. Kutholakala kusuka: https://ufhealth.org/audiometry
17. Impilo ye-UF: University of Florida Health [Internet]. IGainesville (FL): Inyuvesi yaseFlorida Impilo; c2019. I-Tympanometry: Ukubuka konke; [kuvuselelwe i-2019 Mar 30; icashunwe ngo-2019 Mar 30]; [cishe izikrini ezi-2]. Kutholakala ku: https://ufhealth.org/tympanometry
18. I-University of Rochester Medical Center [i-Inthanethi]. URochester (NY): Isikhungo Sezokwelapha sase-University of Rochester; c2019. I-Health Encyclopedia: Ungakuphatha Kanjani Ukulahlekelwa Kokuzwa Ezinganeni; [kucashunwe ngo-2019 Mashi 30]; [cishe izikrini ezi-2]. Kutholakala kusuka: https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P02049
19. I-University of Rochester Medical Center [i-Inthanethi]. URochester (NY): Isikhungo Sezokwelapha sase-University of Rochester; c2019. I-Health Encyclopedia: Izinhlobo Zokuhlolwa Kokuzwa Kwezingane Nezingane; [kucashunwe ngo-2019 Mashi 30]; [cishe izikrini ezi-2]. Kutholakala kusuka: https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=90&contentid=p02038
20. I-UW Health [Inthanethi]. UMadison (WI): Izibhedlela zase-University of Wisconsin kanye neGunya Lemitholampilo; c2019. Imininingwane Yezempilo: Ukuhlolwa Kokuzwa: Kwenziwa Kanjani; [kubuyekezwe i-2018 Mar 28; icashunwe ngo-2019 Mar 30]; [cishe izikrini ezi-5]. Kutholakala kusuka: https://www.uwhealth.org/health/topic/medicaltest/hearing-tests/tv8475.html#tv8479
21. I-UW Health [Inthanethi]. UMadison (WI): Izibhedlela zase-University of Wisconsin kanye neGunya Lemitholampilo; c2019. Imininingwane Yezempilo: Ukuhlolwa Kokuzwa: Imiphumela; [kubuyekezwe i-2018 Mar 28; icashunwe ngo-2019 Mar 30]; [cishe izikrini eziyi-8]. Kutholakala kusuka: https://www.uwhealth.org/health/topic/medicaltest/hearing-tests/tv8475.html#tv8482
22. I-UW Health [Inthanethi]. UMadison (WI): Izibhedlela zase-University of Wisconsin kanye neGunya Lemitholampilo; c2019. Imininingwane Yezempilo: Ukuhlolwa Kokuzwa: Izingozi; [kubuyekezwe i-2018 Mar 28; icashunwe ngo-2019 Mar 30]; [cishe izikrini eziyi-7]. Kutholakala kusuka: https://www.uwhealth.org/health/topic/medicaltest/hearing-tests/tv8475.html#tv8481
23. I-UW Health [Inthanethi]. UMadison (WI): Izibhedlela zase-University of Wisconsin kanye neGunya Lemitholampilo; c2019. Imininingwane Yezempilo: Ukuhlolwa Kokuzwa: Ukubuka konke kokuhlolwa; [kubuyekezwe i-2018 Mar 28; icashunwe ngo-2019 Mar 30]; [cishe izikrini ezi-2]. Kutholakala kusuka: https://www.uwhealth.org/health/topic/medicaltest/hearing-tests/tv8475.html
24. I-UW Health [Inthanethi]. UMadison (WI): Izibhedlela zase-University of Wisconsin kanye neGunya Lemitholampilo; c2019. Imininingwane Yezempilo: Ukuhlolwa Kokuzwa: Kungani Kwenziwa; [kubuyekezwe i-2018 Mar 28; icashunwe ngo-2019 Mar 30]; [cishe izikrini ezi-3]. Kutholakala kusuka: https://www.uwhealth.org/health/topic/medicaltest/hearing-tests/tv8475.html#tv8477

Imininingwane ekulesi siza akufanele isetshenziswe esikhundleni sezokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha noma iseluleko. Xhumana nomhlinzeki wezempilo uma unemibuzo ngempilo yakho.