Siseduze Kangakanani Ukwelashwa Kwe-Melanoma?

-Delile

• Ukukhomba amaseli anomdlavuza
• Iqala kanjani ukusebenza i-immunotherapy
• Lapho ucwaningo lubheke khona
• Ukuthatha

Ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwezindlela zokwelashwa ezintsha, amazinga okusinda kwe-melanoma aphezulu kunanini ngaphambili. Kepha sesiseduze kangakanani nokwelashwa?

I-Melanoma wuhlobo lomdlavuza wesikhumba. Ngokuvamile kutholakala kusaqalwa, lapho kuselapheka kakhulu. Ngokwe-American Society of Clinical Oncology, ukususa i-melanoma ngokuhlinzwa kunikeza ikhambi ezimweni eziningi.

Kodwa uma i-melanoma ingatholakali futhi yelashwe kusenesikhathi ngokwanele, ingasakazeka isuke esikhumbeni iye kuma-lymph node nakwezinye izingxenye zomzimba. Uma lokho kwenzeka, kwaziwa njenge-advanced-stage melanoma.

Ukwelapha i-melanoma esezingeni eliphezulu, odokotela bavame ukunquma ezinye izindlela zokwelashwa ngokuhlinzwa noma esikhundleni sokuhlinzwa. Ngokwandayo, basebenzisa izindlela zokwelashwa eziqondisiwe, i-immunotherapy, noma zombili. Yize kunzima ukwelapha i-melanoma esezingeni eliphakeme, lezi zindlela zokwelapha zithuthukise kakhulu amazinga okusinda.

Ukukhomba amaseli anomdlavuza

Izindlela zokwelashwa ezihlosiwe zenzelwe ukukhomba nokukhomba amangqamuzana omdlavuza, ikakhulukazi ngaphandle kokulimaza amaseli ajwayelekile.

Amangqamuzana amaningi omdlavuza we-melanoma anokuguquka kwezimpawu IBRAF ufuzo olusiza umdlavuza ukuba ukhule. Mayelana nokuthi ubani one-melanoma esakazekile noma i-melanoma engakwazi ukukhishwa ngokuhlinzwa inokuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo kulesi sakhi, ngokusho kweNational Cancer Institute.

I-BRAF ne-MEK inhibitors ziqondiswe ekwelashweni okusiza ukuvimbela ukukhula kwamaseli e-melanoma lapho IBRAF Ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kukhona. Le mithi ivimba iprotheni ye-BRAF noma amaprotheni ahlobene ne-MEK.

Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo luthole ukuthi iningi labantu abaqale baphendule kahle kulezi zindlela zokwelashwa ezihlosiwe bakha ukumelana nalo kungakapheli unyaka. Ososayensi basebenzela ukuvimbela lokho kumelana ngokuthola izindlela ezintsha zokunikeza nokuhlanganisa izindlela zokwelapha ezikhona. Izifundo nazo ziyaqhubeka ukwakha izindlela zokwelapha ezibhekise kwezinye izakhi zofuzo namaprotheni ahambisana namaseli e-melanoma.

Iqala kanjani ukusebenza i-immunotherapy

I-Immunotherapy isiza amasosha omzimba wakho ukuba ahlasele amangqamuzana omdlavuza.

Iqembu elilodwa lemithi ye-immunotherapy ikakhulukazi ikhombise ithemba elikhulu ngokwelapha i-melanoma esezingeni eliphezulu. Le mithi yaziwa ngokuthi yi-checkpoint inhibitors. Zisiza amaseli ama-T immune system aqonde futhi ahlasele amaseli e-melanoma.

Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi le mithi ithuthukisa amazinga okusinda kubantu abane-melanoma esezingeni eliphakeme, bika ababhali bendatshana yokubuyekeza ku-American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. Ucwaningo olushicilelwe ku-The Oncologist luthole nokuthi abantu abane-melanoma bangazuza ekwelashweni ngalezi zidakamizwa, kungakhathalekile ukuthi baneminyaka emingaki.

Kepha i-immunotherapy ayisebenzi kuwo wonke umuntu. Ngokwencwadi yocwaningo eshicilelwe ephephabhukwini i-Nature Medicine, yingxenye yabantu abane-melanoma kuphela abahlomulayo ekwelashweni ngama-checkpoint inhibitors. Ucwaningo oluningi luyadingeka ukuze kufundwe ukuthi yibaphi abantu okungenzeka ukuthi baphendule kahle kulokhu kwelashwa.

Lapho ucwaningo lubheke khona

Ukubuyekezwa kwango-2017 kokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo yesigaba III kutholakale ukuthi izindlela zokwelashwa ezihlosiwe zamanje kanye ne-immunotherapy zisebenza kahle ukuthuthukisa amazinga okusinda jikelele kubantu abane-melanoma esezingeni eliphakeme. Kepha ababhali bathi kudingeka olunye ucwaningo ukuze kufundwe ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lokwelashwa okufanele luzanywe kuqala.

Ososayensi bathuthukisa futhi bahlole amasu okukhomba ukuthi yiziphi iziguli ezingasizakala kakhulu kuziphi izindlela zokwelashwa. Isibonelo, abacwaningi bathole ukuthi abantu abanamazinga aphezulu wamaprotheni athile egazini labo bangaphendula kangcono kunabanye kuma-inhibitors okuhlola.

Izifundo nazo ziyaqhubeka zokuthuthukisa nokuhlola izindlela ezintsha zokwelapha. Ngokwe-athikili ekwi-Gland Surgery, okutholwe ekuqaleni kocwaningo kusikisela ukuthi imishanguzo eyenziwe ngezifiso yokulwa nesimila ingaba yindlela yokwelashwa ephephile. Ososayensi baphinde bahlole izidakamizwa ezihlose i-melanoma ngezakhi zofuzo ezithile ezingajwayelekile, kubika i-American Cancer Society.

Ukuhlanganiswa okusha kwemithi ekhona kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni imiphumela yabanye abantu abane-melanoma. Ososayensi bayaqhubeka nokutadisha ukuphepha, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokusetshenziswa kahle kwemithi esivele ivunyelwe ukwelapha lesi sifo.

Ukuthatha

Ngaphambi kuka-2010, ukwelashwa okujwayelekile kwabantu abane-melanoma esezingeni eliphakeme kwakuyi-chemotherapy, futhi amazinga okusinda ayephansi.

Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, amazinga okusinda kwabantu abane-melanoma esezingeni eliphezulu athuthuke kakhulu, ikakhulu ngenxa yokwelashwa okubhekiswe kukho kanye ne-immunotherapy. Lezi zindlela zokwelapha yizindinganiso ezintsha zokunakekelwa kwezigaba ezithuthukile ze-melanoma. Kodwa-ke, abacwaningi basazama ukufunda ukuthi iziphi izindlela zokwelapha ezingasiza iziguli.

Ososayensi baqhubeka nokuhlola ukwelashwa okusha kanye nezinhlanganisela ezintsha zokwelashwa okukhona. Ngenxa yentuthuko eqhubekayo, abantu abaningi kunanini ngaphambili bayelapheka kulesi sifo.