Umlobi: Judy Howell
Usuku Lokudalwa: 3 Ujulayi 2021
Ukuvuselela Usuku: 21 Ujuni 2024
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-Delile

Isistimu yakho yezinzwa iyinethiwekhi enkulu yokuxhumana yomzimba wakho. Ngokubambisana nesistimu yakho ye-endocrine, ilawula futhi igcine imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yomzimba wakho. Ngokwengeziwe, kukusiza ukuthi uxhumane nendawo okuyo.

Isistimu yakho yezinzwa yakhiwe inethiwekhi yezinzwa nemangqamuzana emithambo ethwala imiyalezo iya noma ibuya ebuchosheni nakumgogodla nakuwo wonke umzimba.

Inzwa iyinqwaba yemicu ethola futhi ithumele imiyalezo phakathi komzimba nengqondo. Imiyalezo ithunyelwa ngoshintsho lwamakhemikhali nolukagesi kumaseli, ngokwezobuchwepheshe abizwa ngokuthi ama-neuron, akha izinzwa.

Ngakho-ke, zingaki zalezi zinzwa ezisemzimbeni wakho? Yize kungekho owazi kahle, kuphephile ukusho ukuthi abantu banamakhulu ezinzwa - nezigidigidi zezinzwa! - kusuka phezulu kwekhanda lethu kuya kuzeluleko zezinzwane zethu.


Funda ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngama-cranial nezinombolo zomgogodla ezibaliwe neziqanjwe ngamagama, nokuthi ama-neurons akhiwa kanjani, namaqiniso amnandi ngohlelo lwakho lwezinzwa.

Izinzwa emzimbeni

Inhlangano yesistimu yezinzwa

Isistimu yakho yezinzwa inezigaba ezimbili:

  • Isistimu yezinzwa emaphakathi (CNS): I-CNS iyisikhungo somyalo womzimba futhi yakhiwa ubuchopho bakho nentambo yomgogodla. Ubuchopho buvikelwe ngaphakathi kogebhezi lwakho kuyilapho amathambo akho evikela umgogodla wakho.
  • Uhlelo lwe-peripheral nervous (PNS): I-PNS yakhiwe yizinzwa ezisuka ku-CNS yakho. Izinzwa ziyizinqwaba zama-axon asebenza ndawonye ukudlulisa amasiginali.

I-PNS ingaqhutshekelwa phambili ize ihlukaniswe izinzwa nezimoto:

  • I-ukuhlukaniswa kwemizwa idlulisa imininingwane evela ngaphakathi nangaphandle komzimba wakho kwi-CNS yakho. Lokhu kungafaka izinto ezinjengemizwa yobuhlungu, iphunga nokubukwa.
  • I-ukuhlukaniswa kwemoto ithola amasiginali avela ku-CNS abangela ukuthi kwenzeke isenzo. Lezi zenzo zingaba zokuzithandela, njengokuhambisa ingalo yakho, noma okungazibandakanyi njengezinciphiso zemisipha ezisiza ukuhambisa ukudla ngomgudu wakho wokugaya ukudla.

Izinzwa ze-Cranial

Izinzwa ze-Cranial ziyingxenye ye-PNS yakho. Unezibhangqa eziyi-12 zezinzwa ze-cranial.


Izinzwa ze-cranial zingaba nemisebenzi yezinzwa, imisebenzi yezimoto, noma zombili. Ngokwesibonelo:

  • I-nerve olfactory inomsebenzi wezinzwa. Idlulisa imininingwane ngephunga ebuchosheni.
  • Inzwa ye-oculomotor inomsebenzi wezimoto. Ilawula ukunyakaza kwamehlo akho.
  • Inzwa yobuso inezinzwa zombili nokusebenza kwezimoto. Idlulisa imizwa yokunambitha kusuka olimini lwakho futhi ilawula nokuhamba kweminye yemisipha ebusweni bakho.

Izinzwa ze-cranial zivela ebuchosheni futhi zihambela ngaphandle ziye ekhanda, ebusweni nasentanyeni. Okuhlukile kulokhu yi-vagus nerve, eyi-cranial nerve. Ihlotshaniswa nezindawo eziningi zomzimba kufaka phakathi umphimbo, inhliziyo, kanye nomgudu wokugaya ukudla.

Izinzwa zomgogodla

Izinzwa zomgogodla nazo ziyingxenye ye-PNS yakho. Baxhuma entanjeni yakho yomgogodla. Unezimbili ezingama-31 zemizwa yomgogodla. Ziqoqwe ngendawo yomgogodla ezihlangene nayo.

Izinzwa zomgogodla zinomsebenzi wezinzwa nowezimoto. Lokho kusho ukuthi bobabili bangathumela imininingwane yezinzwa ku-CNS futhi badlulise imiyalo esuka ku-CNS iye emaphethelweni omzimba wakho.


Izinzwa zomgogodla nazo zihlotshaniswa nama-dermatomes. I-dermatome yindawo ethize yesikhumba ekhonzwa yi-nerve eyodwa yomgogodla. Konke ngaphandle kwemisipha yakho yomgogodla kudlulisa imininingwane yezinzwa kusuka kule ndawo ibuyele ku-CNS.

Manje zingaki izinzwa zihlangene?

Kunamakhulu amaningana emizwa yomzimba emzimbeni wakho. Izinzwa eziningi zezinzwa eziletha ukuzwa okuvela esikhunjeni nezitho zangaphakathi ziyahlangana zenze amagatsha ezinzwa ezinzwa zomgogodla nezomgogodla.

Izingxenye zezimoto zezinzwa ze-cranial kanye nezinzwa zomgogodla zihlukana zibe yizinzwa ezincane ezihlukaniswa zibe izinzwa ezincane kakhulu. Ngakho-ke imizwa eyodwa yomgogodla noma ye-cranial ingahlukaniswa iye noma yikuphi ukusuka ezinhlizweni ezimbili kuya kwezingama-30 zezinzwa.

Yini eyakha iseli lezinzwa?

Izinzwa zakho zisebenza ukuqhuba imizwa yezinzwa. Zinezingxenye ezintathu:

  • Umzimba weseli: Ngokufana namanye amaseli emzimbeni wakho, le ndawo iqukethe izinto ezahlukahlukene zeselula njenge-nucleus.
  • Ababhalisile: Ama-dendrites yizandiso ezivela emzimbeni weseli. Bathola amasiginali avela kwamanye ama-neurons. Inani lama-dendrites ku-neuron lingahluka.
  • Izembe: I-axon nayo iphrojusa kusuka emzimbeni weseli. Ngokuvamile yinde kunama-dendrites futhi ithwala amasiginali kude nomzimba weseli lapho ingatholwa ngamanye amaseli ezinzwa. Ama-axon avame ukumbozwa ngento ebizwa ngokuthi i-myelin, esiza ukuvikela nokuvikela i-axon.

Ingqondo yakho iyodwa iqukethe cishe ama-neuron ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-100 (yize umcwaningi oyedwa athi leso sibalo sisondele).

Zenzani izinzwa?

Manje zisebenza kanjani kahle izinzwa? Ake sihlole uhlobo olulodwa lokusayina kwe-neuron ngezansi:

  1. Lapho i-neurons isayina enye i-neuron, umfutho kagesi uthunyelwa phansi kubude be-axon.
  2. Ekupheleni kwe-axon, isignali kagesi iguqulwa ibe yisiginali yamakhemikhali. Lokhu kuholela ekukhishweni kwama-molecule abizwa ngama-neurotransmitters.
  3. Ama-neurotransmitters abopha igebe, elibizwa ngokuthi i-synapse, phakathi kwe-axon kanye ne-dendrites ye-neuron elandelayo.
  4. Lapho ama-neurotransmitters ebopha kuma-dendrites we-neuron elandelayo, isinali lamakhemikhali liphinde liguqulwe libe yisiginali kagesi futhi lihambe ubude be-neuron.

Imithambo yakhiwe yizinqwaba zama-axon asebenza ndawonye ukwenza lula ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-CNS ne-PNS. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi "i-peripheral nerve" empeleni ibhekisa ku-PNS. Izinyanda ze-Axon zibizwa ngokuthi "amapheshana" ku-CNS.

Lapho izinzwa zilimele noma zingasayini kahle, kungavela ukuphazamiseka kwemizwa. Kunezinhlobonhlobo zokuphazamiseka kwemizwa futhi banezimbangela eziningi ezahlukahlukene. Ezinye ongazijwayela zifaka:

  • isithuthwane
  • i-multiple sclerosis
  • Isifo sikaParkinson
  • Isifo i-Alzheimer's

Ingabe ubude bubalulekile?

Ubude be-axon ye-neuron bungashintsha. Amanye angaba mancane impela kanti amanye angahle abe sezingeni.

Ngokufanayo, izinzwa zingahluka ngosayizi futhi. Njengoba i-PNS yakho iphuma, izinzwa zakho zivame ukuba zincane.

I-nerve ye-sciatic isemzimbeni wakho. Iqala emhlane wakho ophansi futhi ihambe ize iye esithendeni sonyawo lwakho.

Kungenzeka ukuthi uzwile ngesimo esibizwa nge-sciatica lapho imizwa ebuhlungu iphuma khona emuva nangaphansi komlenze wakho. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho i-nerve ye-sciatic icindezelwa noma icasulwa.

Amaqiniso ajabulisayo ngohlelo lwezinzwa

Qhubeka ufunde ngezansi ukuthola amaqiniso amnandi asheshayo ngohlelo lwakho lwezinzwa.

1. Imithambo kagesi yezinzwa ingalinganiswa

Eqinisweni, ngesikhathi sokushaywa yimizwa ushintsho lwenetha lwenzeka kulo lonke ulwelwesi lwe-axon.

2. Imizwa yezinzwa iyashesha

Bangakwazi ukuhamba ngejubane kuze kube.

3. Ama-Neurons awahlukanisi amaseli

Lokho kusho ukuthi uma zibhujiswa azinakushintshwa. Lesi ngesinye sezizathu esenza ukuthi ukulimala kohlelo lwezinzwa kube kubi kakhulu.

4. Empeleni awusebenzisi amaphesenti ayishumi nje obuchopho bakho

Ingqondo yakho ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezahlukahlukene, ngayinye inemisebenzi ehlukene. Ukuhlanganiswa kwale misebenzi kusisiza ukuthi sibone futhi sisabele kuzikhuthazi zangaphakathi nezangaphandle.

5. Ingqondo yakho isebenzisa amandla amaningi

Ingqondo yakho isisindo esingamakhilogremu amathathu. Lokhu kuncane uma kuqhathaniswa nesisindo somzimba wakho wonke, kepha ngokweSmithsonian Institute, ubuchopho bakho buthola amaphesenti angama-20 wokunikezwa kwakho komoya-mpilo nokuhamba kwegazi.

6. Ukhakhayi lwakho akuyona ukuphela kwento evikela ubuchopho bakho

Isithiyo esikhethekile esibizwa ngokuthi yisithiyo segazi nobuchopho sivimbela izinto eziyingozi ezisegazini ukungena ebuchosheni bakho.

7. Unenqwaba yama-neurotransmitter

Selokhu kwatholakala i-neurotransmitter yokuqala ngo-1926, izinto ezingaphezu kuka-100 zifakiwe ekuhanjisweni kwesiginali phakathi kwezinzwa. Umbhangqwana ongawajwayela yi-dopamine ne-serotonin.

8. Izindlela ezikhona zokulungisa ukulimala kwesistimu yezinzwa ziyahlukahluka

Abaphenyi basebenza kanzima ukwenza izindlela zokulungisa umonakalo ohlelweni lwezinzwa. Ezinye izindlela zingafaka kepha azikhawulelwanga ekulekeleleni amaseli akhuthaza ukukhula, izici ezithile zokukhula, noma amaseli we-stem ukukhuthaza ukuvuselelwa noma ukulungiswa kwezicubu zomzimba.

9. Ukukhuthaza imizwa ye-vagus kungasiza ngesifo sokuwa nokucindezeleka

Lokhu kufezwa ngokusebenzisa idivaysi ethumela amasiginali kagesi ku-vagus nerve yakho. Lokhu nakho kuthumela izimpawu ezingxenyeni ezithile zobuchopho.

Ukugqugquzela izinzwa ze-Vagus kungasiza ekwehliseni inani lokuquleka kubantu abanezinhlobo ezithile zesifo sokuwa. Kungabuye kuthuthukise izimpawu zokucindezeleka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kubantu abanokudangala okungaphendulanga kwezinye izindlela zokwelashwa. Ukusebenza kwayo kuhlolwe ngezimo ezinjengekhanda kanye nesifo samathambo.

10. Kukhona iqoqo lezinzwa ezixhunywe ezicutshini ezinamafutha

Ucwaningo lwango-2015 kumagundane asetshenziswa ukucabanga ngeso lengqondo amaseli ezinzwa azungeze izicubu zamafutha. Abaphenyi bathola ukuthi ukuvuselela lezi zinzwa nakho kwakhuthaza ukuwohloka kwezicubu zamafutha. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka, kepha lokhu kungaba nomthelela ezimweni ezifana nokukhuluphala.

11. Ososayensi benze inzwa yezinzwa yokufakelwa

Isistimu iyakwazi ukuqoqa imininingwane ngengcindezi esetshenzisiwe futhi iyiguqule ibe yimizwa kagesi engahlanganiswa ku-transistor.

Lo transistor bese ekhipha imizwa kagesi ngamaphethini ahambisana nalawo akhiqizwa ama-neurons. Abaphenyi bakwazi ngisho nokusebenzisa lolu hlelo ukuhambisa imisipha emlenzeni wephela.

Okubalulekile

Unezinzwa eziyikhulu namabhiliyoni ezinzwa emzimbeni wakho.

Uhlelo lwezinzwa luhlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili - i-CNS ne-PNS. I-CNS ifaka phakathi ubuchopho bakho nentambo yomgogodla ngenkathi i-PNS yakhiwa izinzwa ezisuka ku-CNS ziye emaphethelweni omzimba wakho.

Lesi simiso esikhulu sezinzwa sisebenza ndawonye njengenethiwekhi yokuxhumana.Izinzwa ezizwayo ziletha imininingwane evela emzimbeni wakho nasemvelweni yakho kwi-CNS. Okwamanje, i-CNS ihlanganisa futhi isebenzise lolu lwazi ukuze ithumele imiyalezo yokuthi ungaphendula kanjani ngezinzwa zemoto.

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