Isizini Yomkhuhlane: Ukubaluleka Kokuthola I-Flu Shot

-Delile

• Usebenza kanjani umkhuhlane?
• Ngubani odinga umkhuhlane?
• Abantu abasengozini enkulu
• Ubani okungafanele athole umkhuhlane?
• Ukusabela okubi kwangaphambilini
• Ukungezwani namaqanda
• Ukungezwani komzimba neMercury
• Isifo se-Guillain-Barré (GBS)
• Imfiva
• Ingabe ikhona imiphumela emibi yokugomela umkhuhlane?
• Yimiphi imithi yokugoma etholakalayo?
• Ukudutshulwa komkhuhlane ophakeme kakhulu
• Ukudutshulwa komkhuhlane wangaphakathi
• Umuthi wokugomela ngekhala
• Ukudla okudlela endlini

Njengoba isikhathi somkhuhlane sesifikile phakathi kwethu nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, kubaluleke kakhulu kabili ukunciphisa ingozi yokuthola umkhuhlane.

Ngonyaka ojwayelekile, inkathi yomkhuhlane ivela ekwindla kuya ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Ubude nobukhulu besifo bungahlukahluka. Abanye abantu abanenhlanhla bangadabula isizini bengenamkhuhlane.

Kepha lungela ukuzungezwa ukuthimula nokukhwehlela izinyanga ezimbalwa unyaka nonyaka futhi uzihlukanise futhi ufune ukuhlolwa ngokushesha lapho kuvela izimpawu.

Ngokusho kweCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), umkhuhlane uthinta phakathi kwabantu base-US unyaka nonyaka.

Izimpawu zomkhuhlane zivame ukufaka:

• ukukhwehlela
• umkhuhlane (hhayi wonke umuntu onomkhuhlane uzoba nomkhuhlane)
• ikhanda
• ubuhlungu bemisipha noma bomzimba
• Umphimbo obuhlungu
• ikhala eligijimayo noma eligxishiwe
• ukukhathala
• ukuhlanza nokuhuda (okuvame kakhulu ezinganeni kunabantu abadala)

Izimpawu eziza nomkhuhlane zingakugcina ulele embhedeni isonto noma ngaphezulu. Umuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane waminyaka yonke uyindlela engcono kakhulu yokusiza ukukuvikela emkhuhlaneni.

I-CDC ikholelwa ukuthi amagciwane omkhuhlane kanye negciwane elibangela i-COVID-19 kuzobhebhetheka ngesikhathi sokuwa nasebusika. Izimpawu zomkhuhlane zihlangana kakhulu nezimpawu ze-COVID-19, ngakho umuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane uzobaluleke kakhulu kunakuqala.

Usebenza kanjani umkhuhlane?

Igciwane lomkhuhlane liyashintsha futhi lijwayele unyaka nonyaka, yingakho lisabalele futhi kunzima ukugwema. Imithi yokugoma emisha iyakhiwa futhi ikhishwe minyaka yonke ukuhambisana nalezi zinguquko ezisheshayo.

Ngaphambi kwenkathi entsha yomkhuhlane, ochwepheshe bezempilo bakahulumeni babikezela ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zomkhuhlane ezingakhula kahle. Amagciwane omkhuhlane A no-B yiwo adala izifo eziwumshayabhuqe zonyaka. Basebenzisa lezi zibikezelo ukwazisa abakhiqizi ukukhiqiza imigomo efanelekile.

Umkhuhlane usebenze ngokugqugquzela amasosha akho omzimba ukuthi akhiqize amasosha omzimba. Ngokulandelayo, la masosha omzimba asiza umzimba ukuba ulwe nezinhlobo zamagciwane omkhuhlane akhona emuthini wokugoma.

Ngemuva kokuthola umkhuhlane, kuthatha cishe amasonto amabili ukuthi lama-antibody athuthuke ngokuphelele.

Kunokwehluka okubili kokudutshulwa komkhuhlane okuvikela izingcindezi ezahlukahlukene: trivalent ne-quadrivalent.

I-Trivalent ivikela izinhlobo ezimbili ezijwayelekile ze-A nohlobo olulodwa lwe-B. Umuthi wokugomela umthamo omkhulu wumuthi wokugoma olandelanayo.

Umuthi wokugoma oyi-quadrivalent wenzelwe ukuvikela amagciwane amane ajwayele ukusakazeka, amagciwane womkhuhlane A amabili, namagciwane amabili omkhuhlane uB.

I-CDC okwamanje ayincomi enye ngaphezu kwenye. Buza umhlinzeki wakho womshuwalense nodokotela wakho ukuthola izincomo.

Ngubani odinga umkhuhlane?

Abanye abantu bangase bathambekele ekutholeni umkhuhlane kunabanye. Yingakho i-CDC incoma ukuthi wonke umuntu onezinyanga eziyisithupha noma ngaphezulu agonyelwe umkhuhlane.

Ukudubula akusebenzi ngamaphesenti ayi-100 ukuvimbela umkhuhlane. Kodwa ziyindlela ephumelela kunazo zonke yokuvikela leli gciwane kanye nezinkinga zalo ezihlobene nalo.

Abantu abasengozini enkulu

Amaqembu athile asengozini eyengeziwe yokuthola umkhuhlane nokuthuthukisa izinkinga ezihlobene nomkhuhlane. Kubalulekile ukuthi abantu abakula maqembu asengozini enkulu bagonywe.

Ngokusho kweCDC, laba bantu bahlanganisa:

• abesifazane abakhulelwe nabesifazane kuze kube amasonto ama-2 ngemuva kokukhulelwa
• izingane eziphakathi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha neminyaka emihlanu ubudala
• abantu abaneminyaka engu-18 nangaphansi abathola ukwelashwa ngama-aspirin
• abantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-65
• noma ngubani onezimo zezokwelapha ezingalapheki
• abantu abanenkomba yomzimba (BMI) engama-40 noma ngaphezulu
• AmaNdiya aseMelika noma aboMdabu base-Alaska
• noma ngubani ohlala noma osebenza ekhaya labahlengikazi noma esikhungweni sokunakekelwa okungalapheki
• abanakekeli banoma ibaphi balaba bantu abangenhla

Izimo zezokwelapha ezingapheli ezingakhuphula ubungozi bezinkinga zifaka:

• isifuba somoya
• izimo ze-neurologic
• ukuphazamiseka kwegazi
• isifo samaphaphu esingelapheki
• iziyaluyalu ze-endocrine
• Isifo senhliziyo
• izifo zezinso
• ukuphazamiseka kwesibindi
• ukuphazamiseka komzimba
• abantu abakhuluphele ngokweqile
• abantu abathole isifo sohlangothi
• abantu abanamasosha omzimba abuthakathaka ngenxa yezifo noma imishanguzo

Ngokwe-CDC, abantu abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-19 abelapha imishanguzo ye-aspirin kanye nabantu abathatha imishanguzo ye-steroid njalo kufanele bagonywe.

Abasebenzi abasezindaweni zomphakathi banengozi enkulu yokuchayeka kulesi sifo, ngakho-ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi bathole umuthi wokugoma. Abantu abaxhumana njalo nabantu abasengozini efana nabadala nezingane kufanele futhi bagonywe.

Labo bantu bahlanganisa:

• othisha
• abasebenzi bezinkulisa
• abasebenzi basesibhedlela
• abasebenzi bakahulumeni
• abahlinzeki bezempilo
• abasebenzi bamakhaya asebekhulile nezindawo zokunakekelwa okungamahlalakhona
• abahlinzeki bokunakekelwa kwekhaya
• abasebenzi bezimo eziphuthumayo
• amalungu omndeni wabantu kuleyo misebenzi

Abantu abahlala eduze kakhulu nabanye, njengabafundi basekolishi namalungu empi, nabo basengozini enkulu yokuchayeka.

Ubani okungafanele athole umkhuhlane?

Abanye abantu akufanele bathole umkhuhlane ngenxa yezokwelapha. Yingakho kubalulekile kuthi sonke ukuthi sikuthathele umhlambi ukuzivikela. Ungatholi umkhuhlane uma unezimo ezilandelayo.

Ukusabela okubi kwangaphambilini

Abantu abaye basabela kabi emuthini wokugomela umkhuhlane esikhathini esidlule akufanele bathole umkhuhlane.

Ukungezwani namaqanda

Abantu abaphikisana kakhulu namaqanda kufanele bagweme ukugoma komkhuhlane. Uma ungezwani nomzimba omncane, khuluma nodokotela wakho. Usengafanelekela ukuthola umuthi wokugoma.

Ukungezwani komzimba neMercury

Abantu abaphikisana ne-mercury akufanele bathole ukudubula. Eminye imishanguzo yomkhuhlane iqukethe inani elithile le-mercury ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa komuthi wokugoma.

Isifo se-Guillain-Barré (GBS)

I-Guillain-Barré syndrome (i-GBS) ingumphumela wecala ongandile ongavela ngemuva kokuthola umuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane. Kubandakanya ukukhubazeka kwesikhashana.

Uma usengozini enkulu yezinkinga futhi ube ne-GBS, usengafaneleka ukuthola umuthi wokugoma. Khuluma nodokotela wakho ukuthola ukuthi ungakuthola yini.

Imfiva

Uma unomkhuhlane ngosuku lokugoma, kufanele ulinde uze uhambe ngaphambi kokuthola isibhamu.

Ingabe ikhona imiphumela emibi yokugomela umkhuhlane?

Izibhamu zomkhuhlane ziphephile kubantu abaningi. Abantu abaningi ngokungafanele bacabanga ukuthi umuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane ungabanika umkhuhlane. Awukwazi ukuthola umkhuhlane kusukela ekudutshulweni komkhuhlane.

Kepha abanye abantu bangathola izimpawu ezinjengomkhuhlane kungakapheli amahora angama-24 bathole umuthi wokugoma.

Imiphumela emibi engaba khona yokudutshulwa komkhuhlane ihlanganisa:

• umkhuhlane osezingeni eliphansi
• indawo evuvukile, ebomvu, yethenda ezungeze indawo yokujova
• Ukugodola noma ikhanda

Lezi zimpawu zingavela njengoba umzimba wakho uphendula umuthi wokugoma futhi wakha amasosha omzimba azosiza ukuvimbela ukugula. Izimpawu ngokuvamile zimnene futhi ziyahamba kungakapheli usuku noma ezimbili.

Yimiphi imithi yokugoma etholakalayo?

Ukudutshulwa komkhuhlane kuyatholakala kwezinye izinhlobo, kufaka phakathi i-high-dose, intradermal, ne-nasal spray.

Ukudutshulwa komkhuhlane ophakeme kakhulu

Ukuphathwa Kwezokudla Nezidakamizwa (i-FDA) kuvume umuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane onomthamo omkhulu (i-Fluzone High-Dose) kubantu abaneminyaka engama-65 nangaphezulu.

Njengoba impendulo yamasosha omzimba iba buthakathaka ngokuguga, umuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane ojwayelekile uvame ukungasebenzi kulaba bantu. Basengozini enkulu kakhulu yezinkinga ezihlobene nomkhuhlane nokufa.

Lo mgomo uqukethe inani lama-antigen eliphindwe kane uma kuqhathaniswa nomthamo ojwayelekile. Ama-antigen yizakhi zomuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane ovuselela ukukhiqizwa kwamasosha omzimba omzimba, alwa negciwane lomkhuhlane.

Abanye baqinisekisa ukuthi umuthi wokugomela umthamo omkhulu unokusebenza okuphezulu kokugoma (RVE) kubantu abadala abaneminyaka engama-65 nangaphezulu kunomuthi wokugomela ojwayelekile.

Ukudutshulwa komkhuhlane wangaphakathi

I-FDA ivume olunye uhlobo lomuthi wokugoma, i-Fluzone Intradermal. Lo mgomo owabantu abaneminyaka ephakathi kwengu-18 nengama-64 ubudala.

Umkhuhlane ojwayelekile ufakwa emisipheni yengalo. Umuthi wokugoma we-intradermal usebenzisa izinaliti ezincane ezingena ngaphansi kwesikhumba nje kuphela.

Izinaliti zingamaphesenti angama-90 amancane kunalezo ezisetshenziselwa umkhuhlane ojwayelekile. Lokhu kungenza umuthi wokugoma we-intradermal ukhethe okuhle uma wesaba izinaliti.

Le ndlela isebenza ngokufana nomkhuhlane ojwayelekile, kepha imiphumela emibi ijwayelekile. Lokhu kungafaka ukusabela okulandelayo esakhiweni somjovo:

• ukuvuvukala
• ububomvu
• ubukhali
• ukulunywa

Ngokusho kwe-CDC, abanye abantu abathola umuthi wokugoma we-intradermal nabo bangathola:

• ikhanda
• ubuhlungu bemisipha
• ukukhathala

Le miphumela emibi kufanele inyamalale kungakapheli izinsuku ezintathu kuya kwezi-7.

Umuthi wokugomela ngekhala

Uma uhlangabezana nale mibandela emithathu elandelayo, ungahle ufaneleke ukuthola ifomu lempumulo lomuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane (i-LAIV FluMist):

• Awunazo izimo zempilo ezingamahlalakhona.
• Awukhulelwe.
• Uneminyaka ephakathi kwengu-2 nengu-49 ubudala.
• Uyazesaba izinaliti.

Ngokusho kweCDC, isifutho sicishe silingane nomkhuhlane odutshulwe ngokusebenza kwawo.

Kodwa-ke, abantu abathile akufanele bathole umuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane ngendlela yesifutho yamakhala. Ngokusho kweCDC, laba bantu bahlanganisa:

• izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emibili
• abadala abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-50 ubudala
• abantu abanomlando wokuphendula okweqile kunoma yisiphi isithako somuthi wokugoma
• izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-17 zithola imishanguzo equkethe i-aspirin- noma i-salicylate
• izingane ezineminyaka emibili kuya kwengu-4 ubudala ezine-asthma noma umlando wokushaywa yizinyanga ezinyangeni eziyi-12 ezedlule
• abantu abanamasosha omzimba abuthakathaka
• abantu abangenayo ubende noma abanesipele esingasebenzi
• abesifazane abakhulelwe
• abantu abanokuvuza okusebenzayo phakathi kuketshezi lwe-cerebrospinal nomlomo, impumulo, indlebe, noma ugebhezi
• abantu abanezimila ze-cochlear
• abantu abathathe umkhuhlane imishanguzo yokulwa namagciwane ezinsukwini eziyi-17 ezedlule

Abantu abanakekela abantu abangagomekile emzimbeni abadinga indawo evikelekile kufanele bagweme ukuxhumana nabo izinsuku eziyi-7 ngemuva kokuthola umuthi wokugoma ngamakhala.

Noma ngubani onalezi zimo uyaxwayiswa ngokuthatha umuthi wokugoma ngamakhala:

• isifuba somoya kubantu abaneminyaka engu-5 nangaphezulu
• izimo zezokwelapha ezingaphansi kwengcuphe ephezulu yezinkinga zomkhuhlane
• ukugula okunamandla noma ngaphandle komkhuhlane
• I-Guillain-Barré syndrome kungakapheli amasonto ayisithupha kulandela umthamo wangaphambilini wokugomela umkhuhlane

Uma ingane yakho iphakathi kweminyaka engu-2 no-8 futhi ingakaze ithole umuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane, kufanele ithole umuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane wamakhala ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi bazodinga umthamo wesibili amasonto ama-4 ngemuva kokuqala.

Ukudla okudlela endlini

Umkhuhlane wonyaka odutshulwe ekuqaleni kokuwa kuyindlela eyodwa yokuvikela umkhuhlane, ikakhulukazi lapho i-COVID-19 iseyingozi. Kungenzeka ukuba nakho kokubili ngasikhathi sinye, ngakho-ke ukunakekelwa ngenkuthalo kuyadingeka njengoba inkathi yomkhuhlane inyuka.

Asikho isiqinisekiso sokuthi ukuthola umuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane kuzokuvimbela ekutholeni umkhuhlane, kodwa ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi kungabunciphisa ubunzima besifo uma sitholakale.

Ungahlela i-aphoyintimenti ukuze uthole umkhuhlane ehhovisi likadokotela wakho noma emtholampilo wendawo. Izibhamu zomkhuhlane zitholakala kabanzi emakhemisi nasezitolo zokudla, ngaphandle kokuqokwa okudingekayo.

Ezinye izikhungo ezazinikela imishanguzo yomkhuhlane, njengezindawo zokusebenza, kungenzeka zingabi ngenxa yokuvalwa kwe-COVID-19. Shayela phambili uma ungaqinisekile.