I-Meningitis ezinganeni

-Delile

• Izimpawu ze-meningitis ezinganeni
• Izimbangela ze-meningitis ezinganeni
• I-meningitis yegciwane
• I-meningitis yebhaktheriya
• I-fungal meningitis
• Ukuxilongwa kwe-meningitis ezinganeni
• Ukwelashwa kwe-meningitis ezinganeni
• I-meningitis yegciwane
• I-meningitis yebhaktheriya
• I-fungal meningitis
• Ukuvimbela i-meningitis ezinganeni
• I-meningitis yegciwane
• I-meningitis yebhaktheriya
• I-fungal meningitis
• Imiphumela yesikhathi eside nombono

Ukubuka konke

I-Meningitis ukuvuvukala kolwelwesi (ama-meninges) amathathu agudla ubuchopho nomgogodla.

Yize i-meningitis ingathinta abantu banoma yibuphi ubudala, izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emibili zisengozini enkulu yokuthola i-meningitis. Ingane yakho ingathola i-meningitis lapho amabhaktheriya, amagciwane, noma ukhunta othelela enye ingxenye yomzimba wayo ihamba egazini iye ebuchosheni bayo nasentanyeni yomgogodla.

Phakathi kokuzalwa okuphilayo okungu-1 000, cishe izingane ezingama-0.1 kuya ku-0.4 ezisanda kuzalwa (ingane engaphansi kwezinsuku ezingama-28 ubudala) zithola i-meningitis, kulinganiselwa ukubuyekezwa kuka-2017. Kuyisimo esibi, kepha amaphesenti angama-90 alezi zingane ayasinda. Ucwaningo olufanayo luthi noma yikuphi kusuka kumaphesenti angama-20 kuye kwangama-50 kubo banezinkinga zesikhathi eside, njengezinkinga zokufunda nezinkinga zombono.

Bekulokhu kungavamile, kepha ukusetshenziswa kwemigomo yokulwa ne-bacterial meningitis kunciphise kakhulu inani lezingane ezilitholayo.

Ngaphambi kokuba kube nomuthi wokugomela i-pneumococcal, ngathola i-pneumococcal meningitis, kubika i Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Kusukela ngo-2002 kuya ku-2007, lapho umuthi wokugoma wawusetshenziswa njalo, cishe zingu-8 kuphela kwezingu-100 000 izingane ezineminyaka engu-1 kuya kwezingu-23 ezazithola noma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-bacterial meningitis, kulinganiselwa i-athikili yango-2011.

Izimpawu ze-meningitis ezinganeni

Izimpawu ze-meningitis zingavela ngokushesha okukhulu. Ingane yakho ingaba nzima ukuyiduduza, ikakhulukazi lapho ibanjiwe. Ezinye izimpawu enganeni zingabandakanya:

• ukuhlakulela umkhuhlane omkhulu ngokuzumayo
• ukungadli kahle
• ukuhlanza
• ukungasebenzi kakhulu noma ukuba nomfutho kunokujwayelekile
• ukulala kakhulu noma kunzima ukuvuka
• ukucasuka kakhulu kunokujwayelekile
• ukuqhuma kwendawo ethambile emakhanda abo (i-fontanel)

Ezinye izimpawu zingaba nzima ukuzibona enganeni, njenge:

• ikhanda elibi kakhulu
• ukuqina kwentamo
• ukuzwela ekukhanyeni okukhanyayo

Ngezikhathi ezithile, ingane ingase iquleke. Izikhathi eziningi lokhu kungenxa yomkhuhlane omkhulu hhayi i-meningitis uqobo.

Izimbangela ze-meningitis ezinganeni

Amagciwane, amagciwane, noma ukhunta kungadala i-meningitis enganeni.

I-meningitis yegciwane sekuyisikhathi eside iyimbangela evame kakhulu ye-meningitis. Kusukela kwenziwa imishanguzo yokuvimbela i-bacterial meningitis, lolu hlobo lwe-meningitis seluya ngokungajwayelekile. I-fungal meningitis ayivamile.

I-meningitis yegciwane

I-viral meningitis ngokuvamile ayibi kakhulu njenge-bacterial noma fungal meningitis, kodwa amanye amagciwane abangela ukutheleleka okunzima. Amagciwane ajwayelekile avame ukudala izifo ezincane afaka:

• Ama-enteroviruses angenayo uvendle. Lawa magciwane abangela amacala amaningi we-viral meningitis e-United States. Zibangela izinhlobo eziningi zezifo, kubandakanya imikhuhlane. Abantu abaningi bayazithola, kodwa bambalwa kakhulu abathola i-meningitis. Amagciwane asakazeka lapho ingane yakho ihlangana nesitokisi esinegciwane noma uketshezi ngomlomo.
• Umkhuhlane. Leli gciwane lidala umkhuhlane. Kusatshalaliswa ngokuxhumana nezimfihlo ezivela emaphashini noma emlonyeni womuntu onalesi sifo.
• Izimungumungwane namagundane. I-Meningitis iyinkinga engajwayelekile yala magciwane athathelwana kakhulu. Zisakazeka kalula ngokuthintana nezimfihlo ezithelelekile ezivela emaphashini nasemlonyeni.

Amagciwane angabangela i-meningitis enamandla kakhulu afaka:

• I-Varicella. Leli gciwane libanga ingxibongo. Isakazeka kalula ngokuthintana nomuntu onalesi sifo.
• Igciwane le-Herpes simplex. Ingane ivamise ukuyithola kunina esibelethweni noma ngesikhathi sokuzalwa.
• Igciwane le-West Nile. Lokhu kudluliselwa ngokulunywa omiyane.

Izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-5, kufaka phakathi izingane, zisengozini enkulu yokuthola i-viral meningitis. Izingane eziphakathi kokuzalwa nenyanga eyodwa ubudala zinamathuba amaningi okuthola ukutheleleka okunzima ngegciwane.

I-meningitis yebhaktheriya

Phakathi nezinsuku zokuqala ezingama-28 zokuphila, i-bacterial meningitis ivame ukubangelwa amagciwane abizwa ngokuthi:

• Iqembu B I-Streptococcus.Lokhu kuvame ukusabalala kusuka kumama kuye enganeni yakhe lapho izalwa.
• I-bac-gram-negative bacilli, efana ne- I-Escherichia coli (E. coli) futhi UKlebsiella pneumoniae.E. coli ingasabalalisa ngokudla okungcolisiwe, ukudla okulungiselelwe ngumuntu osebenzise indlu yangasese ngaphandle kokugeza izandla ngemuva kwalokho, noma kusuka kumama kuya enganeni ngesikhathi sokuzalwa.
• IListeria monocytogenes.Ama-neonates ajwayele ukuthola lokhu kumama wawo esibelethweni. Kwesinye isikhathi ingane ingayithola ngesikhathi sokubeletha. Umama uyithola ngokudla ukudla okungcolisiwe.

Ezinganeni ezingaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu, kufaka phakathi izingane ezingaphezulu kwenyanga eyodwa ubudala, amabhaktheriya ajwayelekile abangela i-meningitis yilawa:

• I-Streptococcus pneumoniae. Leli bhaktheriya litholakala ezinkalweni, emakhaleni nasemaphashini. Isakazeka ngokuphefumula komoya umuntu otheleleke ngakho athimule noma akhwehlele. Yimbangela ejwayelekile kakhulu ye-bacterial meningitis ezinganeni ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-2.
• I-Neisseria meningitidis. Lesi yisizathu sesibili esivame kakhulu se-bacterial meningitis. Isakazeka ngokuthinta uketshezi oluvela emaphashini noma emlonyeni womuntu onalo. Izingane ezingaphansi konyaka owodwa ubudala zisengozini enkulu yokuthola lokhu.
• Haemophilus influenzaethayipha b (Hib). Lokhu kusakazwa ngokuthintana nezimfihlo ezivela emlonyeni womuntu ophethe. Izithwali zebhaktheriya ngokuvamile aziguli ngokwazo kodwa zingakugulisa. Ingane kufanele ibe nokuxhumana okuseduze nomphathi izinsuku ezimbalwa ukuyithola. Noma kunjalo, iningi lezingane lizoba ngabathwali kuphela futhi lingatholi i-meningitis.

I-fungal meningitis

I-fungal meningitis ayivamile kakhulu ngoba imvamisa ithinta kuphela abantu abanamasosha omzimba abuthakathaka.

Izinhlobo eziningana zesikhunta zingadala i-meningitis. Izinhlobo ezintathu zesikhunta zihlala emhlabathini, kanti uhlobo olulodwa luhlala ngasesitini sezinyosi nezinyoni. Isikhunta singena emzimbeni ngokuphefumulelwa ngaphakathi.

Izingane ezizalwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi ezingabi nesisindo esikhulu zisengozini enkulu yokuthola ukutheleleka ngegazi ku-fungus ebizwa UCandida. Ingane ivame ukungenela lesi fungus esibhedlela ngemuva kokuzalwa. Ngemuva kwalokho ingaya ebuchosheni, ibangele i-meningitis.

Ukuxilongwa kwe-meningitis ezinganeni

Izivivinyo zingaqinisekisa ukuxilongwa kwe-meningitis futhi zinqume ukuthi yini ebangela umzimba. Ukuhlolwa kufaka:

• Amasiko egazi. Igazi elisuswe emthanjeni wengane yakho lisakazeka emapuletini akhethekile lapho kukhula kahle amagciwane, amagciwane noma ukhunta. Uma okuthile kukhula, mhlawumbe yimbangela ye-meningitis.
• Ukuhlolwa kwegazi. Elinye igazi elisusiwe lizohlaziywa elebhu ukuze kutholakale izimpawu zokutheleleka.
• Ukubhoboza i-lumbar. Lokhu kuhlolwa kubizwa nangokuthi umpompi womgogodla. Olunye uketshezi oluzungeze ingqondo yengane yakho nomgogodla luyasuswa futhi kuhlolwe. Kubuye kubekwe amapuleti akhethekile ukubona ukuthi kukhona yini okukhulayo.
• Iskena se-CT. Udokotela wakho angathola isithwebuli se-CT ekhanda lengane yakho ukuze abone ukuthi alikho yini iphakethe lesifo, elibizwa nge-abscess.

Ukwelashwa kwe-meningitis ezinganeni

Ukwelashwa kwe-meningitis kuncike embangela. Izingane ezinezinhlobo ezithile ze-viral meningitis ziba ngcono ngaphandle kokwelashwa.

Kodwa-ke, njalo hambisa ingane yakho uye kudokotela ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka noma nini lapho usola i-meningitis. Ngeke uqiniseke ukuthi kubangelwa yini kuze kube yilapho udokotela wakho enza izivivinyo ezithile ngoba izimpawu ziyefana nezinye izimo.

Lapho kudingeka, ukwelashwa kufanele kuqale ngokushesha okukhulu ukuze kube nomphumela omuhle.

I-meningitis yegciwane

Isikhathi esiningi, i-meningitis ngenxa yama-enteroviruses angenayo uvendle, umkhuhlane, kanye nezimungumungwane namagciwane emungumungwane imnene. Kodwa-ke, izingane ezincane zisengozini enkulu yokuba nezifo ezinzima. Ingane enayo ingaba ngcono zingakapheli izinsuku eziyi-10 ngaphandle kokudinga ukwelashwa.

I-Meningitis ebangelwa amanye amagciwane, njenge-varicella, i-herpes simplex, ne-West Nile virus, ingaba yingozi. Lokhu kungasho ukuthi ingane yakho idinga ukuthi ilaliswe esibhedlela futhi yelashwe ngemithi elwa namagciwane (IV) ngemithi elwa namagciwane.

I-meningitis yebhaktheriya

Ama-antibiotic asetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-bacterial meningitis. Zivame ukunikezwa nge-IV. Ingane yakho mhlawumbe kuzodingeka ihlale esibhedlela.

I-fungal meningitis

Izifo ze-fungal ziphathwa ngemithi ye-IV yokubulala. Ingane yakho cishe kuzodingeka ithole ukwelashwa esibhedlela inyanga noma ngaphezulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izifo zokukhunta kunzima ukuziqeda.

Ukuvimbela i-meningitis ezinganeni

Imithi yokugoma ingavimbela izinhlobo eziningi, kodwa hhayi zonke, ze-meningitis uma zinikezwa njengoba kunconyiwe. Azikho ezisebenza ngamaphesenti ayi-100, ngakho-ke ngisho nezingane ezigonyiwe zingathola i-meningitis.

Qaphela ukuthi yize kukhona "umuthi wokugoma i-meningitis," ungowohlobo oluthile lwe-bacterial meningitis olubizwa nge-meningococcal meningitis. Ngokuvamile kunconywa izingane ezindala nentsha e-United States. Ayisetshenziswa ezinganeni.

Kwamanye amazwe afana ne-United Kingdom, izingane zivame ukuthola umuthi wokugoma i-meningitis.

I-meningitis yegciwane

Imishanguzo yokulwa namagciwane angaholela kwi-meningitis yilena:

• Umkhuhlane. Lokhu kuvikela i-meningitis ebangelwa igciwane lomkhuhlane. Inikezwa minyaka yonke kusukela ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ubudala. Yize izingane ezincane zingawutholi lo mgomo, unikeza ukuvikelwa lapho amalungu omndeni nabanye abazobe bezungeze ingane yakho begonyiwe.
• I-Varicella. Lo mgomo uvikela ingxibongo. Owokuqala unikezwa lapho ingane yakho inezinyanga eziyi-12 ubudala.
• Izimungumungwane, izindumbane, i-rubella (MMR). Uma ingane yakho ithola isimungumungwane noma imvukuzane, ingaholela ekutheni i-meningitis. Lo mgomo uvikela kulawo magciwane. Umthamo wokuqala unikezwa ezinyangeni eziyi-12 ubudala.

I-meningitis yebhaktheriya

Imithi yokugoma yokuvimbela izifo ezingaholela ekutheni i-bacterial meningitis ezinganeni yilezi:

• I-Haemophilus influenzae umuthi wokugoma wohlobo b (Hib). Lokhu kuvikela ngokumelene H. umkhuhlane amagciwane. Emazweni athuthukile, njenge-United States, lo mgomo ucishe walususa lolu hlobo lwe-meningitis. Umuthi wokugoma uvikela ingane ekutholeni i-meningitis nasekuphathweni kwayo. Ukunciphisa inani labathwali kuholela ekuvikeleni umhlambi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho nezingane ezingagonyiwe zinokuvikelwa okuthile ngoba mancane amathuba okuthi zihlangane nomphathi. Umthamo wokuqala unikezwa ezinyangeni ezimbili ubudala.
• Umuthi wokugoma we-Pneumococcal (PCV13). Lokhu kuvikela i-meningitis ngenxa yezinhlobo eziningi ze- I-Streptococcus pneumoniae. Umthamo wokuqala unikezwa ezinyangeni ezimbili ubudala.
• Umuthi wokugoma we-Meningococcal. Lo mgomo uvikela kuwo I-Neisseria meningitidis. Akunikezwa njalo kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-11, ngaphandle kwalapho kunenkinga ngesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela somntwana noma behambela amazwe lapho igciwane livame khona. Uma kunjalo, khona-ke unikezwa kusukela ezinyangeni ezimbili ubudala.

Ngokusakazwa kweqembu B, ama-antibiotic anganikezwa umama ngesikhathi sokubeletha ukusiza ukuvimbela ingane ekutholeni.

Abesifazane abakhulelwe kufanele bagweme ushizi owenziwe ngobisi olungasetshenziswanga ngoba ngumthombo ovamile we IListeria. Lokhu kusiza ukuvimbela umama ekungeneni enkingeni IListeria bese eyidlulisela enganeni yakhe.

Landela izinyathelo ezijwayelekile zokugwema ukutheleleka futhi usize ukwehlisa ubungozi bokuthola i-meningitis kunoma yimaphi amabhaktheriya noma amagciwane:

• Geza izandla zakho kaningi, ikakhulukazi ngaphambi kokuphatha ukudla nangemva kokulandelayo:
  • usebenzisa indlu yangasese
  • ukushintsha inabukeni lengane yakho
  • ukumboza umlomo wakho ukuthimula noma ukukhwehlela
  • ukushaya amakhala
  • ukunakekela umuntu ongathathelana noma onegciwane
• Sebenzisa inqubo efanele yokugeza izandla. Lokhu kusho ukugeza ngensipho namanzi afudumele okungenani imizuzwana engama-20. Qiniseka ukuthi ugeza izihlakala zakho nangaphansi kwezinzipho zakho namasongo.
• Vala umlomo wakho ngengaphakathi lendololwane yakho noma isicubu njalo uma uthimula noma ukhwehlela. Uma usebenzisa isandla sakho ukumboza, geza ngaso leso sikhathi.
• Ungabelani ngezinto ezingaphatha amathe, njengezitishi, izinkomishi, amapuleti, nezitsha. Gwema ukuqabula umuntu ogulayo.
• Ungathinti umlomo wakho noma ubuso uma izandla zakho zingageziwe.
• Hlanza njalo futhi ubulale amagciwane ezintweni ojwayele ukuzithinta, njengefoni yakho, ikhibhodi yekhompyutha, izilawuli kude, izibambo zomnyango, namathoyizi.

I-fungal meningitis

Ayikho imithi yokugoma ye-fungal meningitis. Izingane azivamisile ukuba sezindaweni lapho kuhlala khona isikhunta esiningi, ngakho-ke mancane amathuba okuthi zithole i-fungal meningitis.

Njengoba kuvame ukuthathwa esibhedlela, ukusebenzisa izindlela ezijwayelekile zokuqapha ukutheleleka kungasiza ekuvikeleni i- UCandida ukutheleleka, okungaholela ku-meningitis, ezinganeni ezinesisindo esiphansi ngaphambi kwesikhathi.

Imiphumela yesikhathi eside nombono

I-Meningitis isifo esingajwayelekile kodwa esibi, esisongela impilo. Kodwa-ke, ingane cishe iyohlala ilulama ngokuphelele lapho itholakala futhi yelashwa kusenesikhathi.

Uma ukwelashwa kubambezeleka, ingane isengalulama, kepha ingashiywa nomphumela owodwa noma eminingi yesikhathi eside, kufaka phakathi:

• ubumpumputhe
• ukungezwa
• isithuthwane
• uketshezi oluzungeze ubuchopho (i-hydrocephalus)
• ukulimala kwengqondo
• ubunzima bokufunda

Kulinganiselwa ukuthi amaphesenti angama-85 kuya kwangu-90 abantu (izingane kanye nabantu abadala) abane-meningitis ngenxa yamagciwane e-meningococcal asinda. Cishe amaphesenti ayi-11 kuye kwayi-19 azoba nemiphumela yesikhathi eside.

Lokhu kungazwakala kusabisa, kepha ukubeka ngenye indlela, cishe amaphesenti angama-80 kuye kwangama-90 abantu abalulamayo abanayo imiphumela yesikhathi eside. I-CDC ilinganisela ukuthi ilinganiswa ne-meningitis ngenxa ye-pneumococcus isinda.