Kuchazwa iProto-Oncogenes

-Delile

• IProto-oncogene vs. oncogene
• Umsebenzi weproto-oncogenes
• Ingabe i-proto-oncogenes ingadala umdlavuza?
• Izibonelo ze-proto-oncogenes
• URas
• HER2
• I-Myc
• ICyclin D.
• Ukuthatha

Yini iproto-oncogene?

Izakhi zakho zofuzo zenziwa ngokulandelana kwe-DNA okuqukethe imininingwane edingekayo ukuze amangqamuzana akho asebenze futhi akhule kahle. Izakhi zofuzo ziqukethe imiyalo (amakhodi) atshela iseli ukuthi lenze uhlobo oluthile lwamaprotheni. Iphrotheni ngalinye linomsebenzi okhethekile emzimbeni.

A proto-oncogene yisakhi esijwayelekile esitholakala esitokisini. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-proto-oncogenes. Ngamunye unesibopho sokwenza iphrotheni ebandakanyeka ekukhuleni kwamaseli, ukwahlukana, nezinye izinqubo esitokisini. Isikhathi esiningi, lezi zofuzo zisebenza ngendlela obekufanele zisebenze ngayo, kepha kwesinye isikhathi izinto azihambi kahle.

Uma iphutha (ukuguquka) kwenzeka kwiproto-oncogene, isakhi singavulwa lapho kungafanele sikhanyiswe. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, iproto-oncogene ingaphenduka ibe yisakhi esingasebenzi kahle esibizwa nge- oncogene. Amaseli azoqala ukukhula ngaphandle kokulawulwa. Ukukhula kwamaseli okungalawuleki kuholela kumdlavuza.

IProto-oncogene vs. oncogene

Ama-Proto-oncogenes yizakhi zofuzo ezijwayelekile ezisiza amangqamuzana ukuba akhule. I-oncogene yinoma isiphi isakhi sofuzo esidala umdlavuza.

Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zomdlavuza ukukhula kweseli okungalawulwa. Ngoba ama-proto-oncogenes abandakanyekile enqubeni yokukhula kwamaseli, angaphenduka abe yi-oncogenes lapho ushintsho (iphutha) luvula unhlanyelo unomphela.

Ngamanye amagama, ama-oncogene izinhlobo eziguquliwe ze-proto-oncogenes. Iningi, kepha hhayi lonke, ama-oncogene emzimbeni avela kuma-proto-oncogenes.

Umsebenzi weproto-oncogenes

Ama-Proto-oncogenes ayiqembu lezakhi zofuzo ezijwayelekile esitokisini. Ziqukethe imininingwane edingekayo emzimbeni wakho ukwenza amaprotheni abhekele:

• ukukhuthaza ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli
• kuvimbela ukwehlukaniswa kwamaseli
• ukuvimbela i-apoptosis (ukufa kweseli)

Lezi zinqubo zibalulekile ekukhuleni kwamaseli nasekuthuthukiseni nasekugcineni izicubu nezitho ezinempilo emzimbeni wakho.

Ingabe i-proto-oncogenes ingadala umdlavuza?

I-proto-oncogene ayikwazi ukudala umdlavuza ngaphandle uma kwenzeka ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo okukuguqula kube yi-oncogene.

Lapho ukuguquka kwenzeka ku-proto-oncogene, kuvulwa unomphela (kwenziwe kwasebenza). Isakhi sizobe sesiqala ukwenza amaprotheni amaningi kakhulu aqukethe ukukhula kweseli. Ukukhula kwamaseli kwenzeka ngokungalawuleki. Lesi ngesinye sezici ezichaza izicubu zomdlavuza.

Wonke umuntu une-proto-oncogenes emzimbeni wakhe. Eqinisweni, ama-proto-oncogenes ayadingeka ukuze sisinde. Ama-Proto-oncogenes abangela umdlavuza kuphela lapho uguquko lwenzeka kuhlobo olwenza ukuthi ufuzo luvulwe unomphela. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukuguqulwa kokuthola umsebenzi.

Lezi zinguquko zibhekwa njengezinguquko ezinkulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi yikhophi eyodwa kuphela yesakhi esidinga ukuguqulwa ukuze kukhuthazwe umdlavuza.

Kunezinhlobo okungenani ezintathu ezahlukahlukene zokuguqulwa kokuthola umsebenzi ezingadala ukuthi iproto-oncogene ibe yi-oncogene:

• Ukuguqulwa kwephoyinti. Lokhu kuguquka kuguqula, kufake, noma kususe i-nucleotide eyodwa noma ezimbalwa ngokulandelana kofuzo, empeleni kusebenze i-proto-oncogene.
• Ukukhulisa i-Gene. Lokhu kuguquka kuholela kumakhophi engeziwe esakhiweni.
• Ukudluliswa kwe-Chromosomal. Yilapho ufuzo luthuthelwa kusayithi elisha le-chromosomal eliholela ekukhulumeni okuphezulu.

Ngokwe-American Cancer Society, izinguquko eziningi ezibanga umdlavuza ziyatholakala, hhayi njengefa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi awuzalwa unephutha lofuzo. Esikhundleni salokho, ushintsho lwenzeka ngesikhathi esithile empilweni yakho.

Ezinye zalezi zinguquko zibangelwa ukutheleleka ngohlobo lwegciwane elibizwa ngokuthi i-retrovirus. Imisebe, intuthu, nobunye ubuthi bezemvelo nakho kungadlala indima ekubangeleni ukuguquka kwama-proto-oncogenes. Futhi, abanye abantu basengozini enkulu yokushintshwa kwezinguquko kuma-proto-oncogenes abo.

Izibonelo ze-proto-oncogenes

Kutholakale ama-proto-oncogenes angaphezu kwama-40 ahlukene emzimbeni womuntu. Izibonelo zifaka:

URas

Iproto-oncogene yokuqala ezokhonjiswa ukuthi iphenduke i-oncogene ibizwa ngokuthi URas.

URas ifaka amaprotheni we-intracellular signal-transduction protein. Ngamanye amazwi, URas kungenye yokuvula / ukuvala ochungechungeni lwezinyathelo ezindleleni ezinkulu ezigcina ziholela ekukhuleni kweseli. Nini URas ishintshiwe, ifaka iprotheni ebangela isignali yokukhuthaza ukukhula engalawulwa.

Izimo eziningi zomdlavuza we-pancreatic zinokushintshwa kwephuzu kufayela le- URas isakhi sofuzo. Izimo eziningi zamaphaphu, i-colon, kanye nezicubu ze-thyroid zitholakale zinezinguquko URas.

HER2

Enye i-proto-oncogene eyaziwayo HER2. Lesi sakhi senza amaprotheni receptors abandakanyeka ekukhuleni nasekuhlukanisweni kwamaseli esifubeni. Abantu abaningi abanomdlavuza webele banokuguquguquka kwezakhi zofuzo kubo HER2 isakhi sofuzo. Lolu hlobo lomdlavuza webele luvame ukubizwa ngokuthi HER2-umdlavuza webele omuhle.

I-Myc

I- I-Myc I-gene ihlotshaniswa nohlobo lomdlavuza obizwa ngeBurkitt's lymphoma. Kwenzeka lapho ukuhanjiswa kwe-chromosomal kuhambisa ukulandelana kwesithuthukisi sofuzo eduze kwe- I-Myc proto-oncogene.

ICyclin D.

ICyclin D. kungenye i-proto-oncogene. Umsebenzi wawo ojwayelekile ukwenza iprotheni ebizwa nge-Rb tumor suppressor protein engasebenzi.

Kweminye imidlavuza, njengezicubu ze-parathyroid gland, ICyclin D. yenziwe yasebenza ngenxa yokuguquka kwesimo. Ngenxa yalokhu, ayisakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wayo wokwenza ukuthi iprotheyini yokucindezela isimila ingasebenzi. Lokhu nakho kubangela ukukhula kwamaseli okungalawulwa.

Ukuthatha

Amaseli akho aqukethe izakhi zofuzo eziningi ezibalulekile ezilawula ukukhula kwamaseli nokwehlukana. Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zalezi zofuzo zibizwa ngokuthi ama-proto-oncogenes. Amafomu aguqukile abizwa nge- oncogenes. I-Oncogenes ingaholela kumdlavuza.

Awukwazi ukuvimbela ngokuphelele ukuguquka kokuvela kweproto-oncogene, kepha indlela yakho yokuphila ingaba nomthelela. Ungakwazi ukwehlisa ubungozi bokushintshwa okubangelwa umdlavuza ngu:

• ukugcina isisindo esinempilo
• ukugoma amagciwane angaholela kumdlavuza, njenge-hepatitis B ne-human papillomavirus (HPV)
• ukudla ukudla okunomsoco ogcwele izithelo nemifino
• ukuzivocavoca umzimba njalo
• ukugwema imikhiqizo kagwayi
• kunciphisa ukuphuza kwakho utshwala
• usebenzisa ukuvikelwa kwelanga lapho uphumela ngaphandle
• ukubona udokotela njalo ukuze ahlolwe

Noma ngabe uphila impilo enempilo, ushintsho lusengenzeka kwiproto-oncogene. Kungakho abacwaningi njengamanje bebheka ama-oncogene njengezinto ezibhekiswe kakhulu emithini elwa nomdlavuza.