Konke Mayelana Nohlelo Lokuphefumula Komuntu

-Delile

• I-anatomy nokusebenza
• Umgudu wokuphefumula ongaphezulu
• Indlela yokuphefumula engezansi
• Izimo ezivamile
• Izimo zomgudu wokuphefumula ongaphezulu
• Izimo zomgudu wokuphefumula ezingezansi
• Ukwelashwa
• Ukutheleleka kwamagciwane
• Ukutheleleka ngegciwane
• Izimo ezingalapheki
• Ukubonana nodokotela nini
• Okubalulekile

Uhlelo lokuphefumula lubhekele ukushintshaniswa kwe-carbon dioxide ne-oxygen emzimbeni womuntu. Lolu hlelo lusiza nokususa imikhiqizo kadoti nokugcina amazinga e-pH ehlolwe.

Izingxenye ezinkulu zohlelo lokuphefumula zibandakanya umgudu wokuphefumula ophezulu kanye nomgudu wokuphefumula ongezansi.

Kule ndatshana, sizohlola konke okumele sikwazi ngohlelo lokuphefumula komuntu, kufaka phakathi izingxenye nemisebenzi, kanye nezimo ezivamile ezingaluthinta.

I-anatomy nokusebenza

Lonke uhlelo lokuphefumula luqukethe amapheshana amabili: umgudu wokuphefumula ophezulu nomgudu wokuphefumula ongezansi. Njengoba amagama asho, umgudu wokuphefumula ophezulu uqukethe konke okungaphezulu kwamafinyela ezwi, kanti umgudu wokuphefumula ongezansi uhlanganisa yonke into engezansi kwamaphimbo ezwi.

La mapheshana amabili asebenza ndawonye ukwenza ukuphefumula, noma inqubo yokushintshanisa isikhutha nomoya-mpilo phakathi komzimba wakho nomoya.

Ukusuka ekhaleni kuye emaphashini, izinto ezahlukahlukene zomgudu wokuphefumula zidlala izindima ezihlukile kodwa ezibalulekile kuyo yonke inqubo yokuphefumula.

Umgudu wokuphefumula ongaphezulu

Umgudu wokuphefumula ophezulu uqala ngezinsimbi kanye nomgodi wamakhala, womabili lawo asendaweni engemuva kwekhala.

• I- umgodi wamakhala yindawo ngqo ngemuva kwekhala evumela umoya wangaphandle ungene emzimbeni. Njengoba umoya uza ngamakhala, uhlangabezana ne-cilia efaka umgodi wamakhala. Lezi cilia zisiza ukubamba nokulahla noma yiziphi izinhlayiya zangaphandle.
• I- amasinusi kukhona izikhala zomoya ngemuva ngaphambili kogebhezi lwakho ezitholakala ngapha nangapha kwekhala nasebunzini. Izono zisiza ukulawula ukushisa komoya njengoba uphefumula.

Ngaphezu kokungena ngomgodi wamakhala, umoya ungangena futhi ngomlomo. Lapho umoya ungene emzimbeni, ugelezela engxenyeni engezansi yesistimu yokuphefumula ephezulu ngepharynx ne-larynx.

• I- umphimbo, noma umphimbo, kuvumela ukudlula komoya kusuka emgodini wamakhala noma emlonyeni uye kwi-larynx naku-trachea.
• I- umphimbo, noma ibhokisi lezwi, liqukethe amafolda ezwi adingekayo ukuze sikhulume futhi senze imisindo.

Ngemuva kokungena komoya ku-larynx, kuyaqhubeka kuye ezansi ekuphefumuleni, okuqala ngoqhoqhoqho.

Indlela yokuphefumula engezansi

• I- trachea, noma i-windpipe, yindlela evumela umoya ukuba ugeleze uqonde emaphashini. Le tube iqinile kakhulu futhi yakhiwe ngamasongo amaningi wethreyi. Noma yini ebangela ukuthi i-trachea inciphe, njengokuvuvukala noma ukuvinjelwa, izonqanda ukuhamba kwe-oxygen emaphashini.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wamaphaphu ukushintsha umoya-mpilo ukhiphe isikhutha. Lapho siphefumula, amaphaphu adonsa umoya-mpilo futhi akhiphe isikhutha.

• Emaphashini, amagatsha e-trachea ahlukane abe mabili bronchi, noma amashubhu, aholela ephashini ngalinye. Lezi bronchi bese ziyaqhubeka nokuncipha zibe zincane bronchioles. Ekugcineni, la ma-bronchioles agcina ngo- alveoli, noma amasaka omoya, abhekene nokushintshaniswa komoya-mpilo nomoya ongcolile.

I-Carbon dioxide ne-oxygen kushintshaniswa ku-alveoli ngalezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo:

1. Inhliziyo iphampa igazi elingenawo amandla emaphashini. Leli gazi elingenawo amandla aqukethe i-carbon dioxide, okuwumphumela womzimba wethu wansuku zonke wokugaya umzimba.
2. Lapho igazi elingenawo umoya lifinyelela ku-alveoli, likhipha isikhutha ukuze lithole umoya-mpilo. Igazi manje selinomoya-mpilo.
3. Igazi elinomoya-mpilo libe selisuka emaphashini libuyele enhliziyweni, lapho liphinde likhishwe libuyele khona ohlelweni lokujikeleza kwegazi.

Kanye nokushintshaniswa kwamaminerali ezinso, lokhu kushintshaniswa kwe-carbon dioxide emaphashini nakho kunesibopho sokusiza ukugcina ukulinganisela kwe-pH yegazi.

Izimo ezivamile

Amagciwane, amagciwane, kanye nezimo zokuzivikela komzimba kungadala ukugula kohlelo lokuphefumula. Ezinye izifo zokuphefumula nezimo zithinta kuphela ipheshana eliphezulu, kanti ezinye zithinta kakhulu umgudu ongezansi.

Izimo zomgudu wokuphefumula ongaphezulu

• Ukungezwani komzimba. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zokungezwani komzimba, kubandakanya ukungezwani kokudla, ukungezwani komzimba ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka, kanye nokungezwani komzimba nesikhumba, okungathinta umgudu wokuphefumula ongaphezulu. Okunye ukungezwani komzimba nomzimba kubangela izimpawu ezimnene, ezifana nekhala eligobayo, ukuminyana, noma umphimbo onukayo. Ukungezwani komzimba okungathí sina kungaholela ku-anaphylaxis nasekuvalweni kwemigwaqo yomoya.
• Umkhuhlane ovamile. Umkhuhlane ovamile ukutheleleka okuphezulu okuphefumulayo okungabangelwa amagciwane angaphezu kwama-200. Izimpawu zomkhuhlane ovamile zifaka phakathi ukuvuza noma ukucinana kwamakhala, isiminyaminya, ingcindezi ezonweni, umphimbo obuhlungu, nokuningi.
• I-Laryngitis. I-Laryngitis yisimo esenzeka lapho i-larynx noma izintambo zezwi zivutha. Lesi simo singabangelwa ukucasuka, ukutheleleka, noma ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile. Izimpawu ezivame kakhulu ukulahlekelwa ukucasuka kwezwi lakho nomphimbo.
• Pharyngitis. Eyaziwa nangokuthi umphimbo obuhlungu, i-pharyngitis ukuvuvukala kwe-pharynx ebangelwa ukutheleleka kwamagciwane noma kwegciwane. Umphimbo obuhlungu, oklwebekile, owomile uphawu oluyinhloko lwe-pharyngitis. Lokhu kungahle futhi kuhambisane nezimpawu ezibandayo noma zomkhuhlane ezifana nekhala eligijimayo, ukukhwehlela, noma ukuphefumula.
• Isinusitis. I-Sinusitis ingaba yimbi futhi engapheli. Lesi simo sibonakala ngokuvuvukala, ulwelwesi oluvuvukele emakhaleni nasekhaleni. Izimpawu zifaka isiminyaminya, ingcindezi yesinus, i-mucus drainage, nokuningi.

Izimo zomgudu wokuphefumula ezingezansi

• Isifuba Somoya. I-asthma yisimo esingelapheki sokuvuvukala esithinta imigwaqo yomoya. Lokhu kuvuvukala kubangela ukuthi imigwaqo yomoya inciphe, okudala ukuthi kube nzima ukuphefumula. Izimpawu ze-asthma zingabandakanya ukuphefumula okuncane, ukukhwehlela nokushaya. Uma lezi zimpawu ziba nzima ngokwanele, zingaba yisifo se-asthma.
• I-bronchitis. I-bronchitis yisimo esibonakala ngokuvuvukala kwamashubhu e-bronchial. Izimpawu zalesi simo zivame ukuzwa njengezimpawu ezibandayo ekuqaleni, bese ziphenduka ukukhwehlela okukhiqiza amafinyila. I-bronchitis ingaba i-acute (ngaphansi kwezinsuku eziyi-10) noma ingapheli (amasonto ambalwa futhi ephindaphindwayo).
• Isifo esingapheliyo se-pulmonary disease (COPD). I-COPD yigama lesambulela seqembu lezifo ezingalapheki, eziqhubekayo zamaphaphu, okuvame kakhulu ukuba yi-bronchitis ne-emphysema. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lezi zimo zingaholela ekonakaleni kwemimoya yomoya namaphaphu. Uma zingelashwa, zingadala ezinye izifo zokuphefumula ezingalapheki. Izimpawu ze-COPD zifaka:
  • ukuphelelwa umoya
  • ukuqina kwesifuba
  • isifuba
  • ukukhwehlela
  • izifo zokuphefumula njalo
• I-Emphysema. I-Emphysema yisimo esilimaza i-alveoli yamaphaphu futhi sidale ukwehla kwenani le-oxygen ejikelezayo. I-Emphysema yisifo esingelapheki, esingelapheki. Izimpawu ezivame kakhulu ukukhathala, ukunciphisa umzimba, nokukhuphuka kwenhliziyo.
• Umdlavuza wamaphaphu. Umdlavuza wamaphaphu uhlobo lomdlavuza osemaphashini. Umdlavuza wamaphaphu uyehluka kuye ngokuthi umdlavuza ukutholakala kuphi, njengase-alveoli noma ezindleleni zomoya. Izimpawu zomdlavuza wamaphaphu zibandakanya ukuphefumula okuncane nokuphefumula, okuhambisana nobuhlungu besifuba, ukukhwehlela okuqhubekayo negazi, kanye nokwehla kwesisindo okungaqondakali.
• Inyumoniya. I-pneumonia yisifo esidala ukuthi i-alveoli ivuvuke ubomvu noketshezi. I-SARS, noma isifo esibucayi sokuphefumula, kanye ne-COVID-19 zombili zidala izimpawu ezifana nenyumoniya, zombili ezibangelwa i-coronavirus. Lo mndeni uxhunyaniswe nezinye izifo ezinzima zokuphefumula. Uma ishiywe ingalashwa, inyumoniya ingabulala. Izimpawu zifaka phakathi ukuphefumula, ubuhlungu besifuba, ukukhwehlela ngamafinyila, nokuningi.

Kunezinye izimo nezifo ezingathinta uhlelo lokuphefumula, kepha izimo ezivame kakhulu zibalwe ngenhla.

Ukwelashwa

Ukwelashwa kwezimo zokuphefumula kuyahluka ngokuya ngohlobo lokugula.

Ukutheleleka kwamagciwane

Ukutheleleka kwamagciwane okuholela ezimeni zokuphefumula kudinga ama-antibiotic ukwelashwa. Ama-antibiotic angathathwa njengamaphilisi, ama-capsule, noma iziphuzo.

Uma uthatha ama-antibiotic, ayasebenza ngokushesha. Noma uqala ukuzizwa ungcono, kufanele njalo uthathe yonke inkambo yama-antibiotic oyinikezwe.

Ukutheleleka kwamagciwane kungabandakanya:

• I-laryngitis
• pharyngitis
• sinusitis
• i-bronchitis
• inyumoniya

Ukutheleleka ngegciwane

Ngokungafani nokutheleleka kwamagciwane, ngokuvamile akukho ukwelashwa kwezifo zokuphefumula ezibangelwa amagciwane. Esikhundleni salokho, kufanele ulinde umzimba wakho ukuthi ulwe nokutheleleka ngegciwane uwedwa. Imithi ye-Over-the-counter (OTC) inganikeza ukukhululeka ezimpawu futhi ivumele umzimba wakho uphumule.

I-laryngitis ebandayo ne-virus ejwayelekile, i-pharyngitis, i-sinusitis, i-bronchitis, noma i-pneumonia ingathatha amasonto amaningi ukwelulama ngokuphelele.

Izimo ezingalapheki

Ezinye izimo zesistimu yokuphefumula azilapheki futhi azilashwa. Kulezi zimo, ukugxila ekuphatheni izimpawu zokugula.

• Ukungezwani komzimba okuncane, Imithi yokwelapha i-OTC ingasiza ekunciphiseni izimpawu.
• Okwesifuba somoya, ukushintshwa kwe-inhaler kanye nendlela yokuphila kungasiza ekwehliseni izimpawu nokuqubuka.
• Ye-COPD, Ukwelashwa kubandakanya imithi nemishini engasiza amaphaphu ukuthi aphefumule kalula.
• Ngomdlavuza wamaphaphu, ukuhlinzwa, imisebe, nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali kuyizindlela zokwelashwa.

Ukubonana nodokotela nini

Uma uhlangabezana nanoma yiziphi izimpawu zezifo zokuphefumula ezibangelwa amagciwane, igciwane, noma ezingamahlalakhona, vakashela udokotela wakho. Bangabheka izimpawu emakhaleni nasemlonyeni wakho, balalele imisindo ku-airways yakho, bese benza izivivinyo eziningi zokuxilonga ukuthola ukuthi unanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwesifo sokuphefumula.

Okubalulekile

Uhlelo lokuphefumula lomuntu lubhekene nokusiza ukuhlinzeka nge-oxygen kumaseli, ukususa i-carbon dioxide emzimbeni, nokulinganisa i-pH yegazi.

Umgudu wokuphefumula ongaphezulu nomgudu wokuphefumula ongezansi zombili kudlala indima ebalulekile ekushintshaneni komoya-mpilo nomoya ongcolile.

Lapho amagciwane namagciwane engena emzimbeni, angadala ukugula nezimo eziholela ekuvukeleni kwamapheshana okuphefumula.

Uma ukhathazekile ukuthi unesifo sokuphefumula, vakashela udokotela wakho khona manjalo ukuthola ukuxilongwa nokwelashwa okusemthethweni.