Imishanguzo enconywa ohlelweni lokugoma asebekhulile

-Delile

• 1. Umuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane
• 2. Umuthi wokugoma we-pneumococcal
• 3. Umuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane ophuzi
• 4. Umuthi wokugoma i-Meningococcal
• 5. Umuthi wokugomela i-Herpes zoster
• 6. Umuthi wokugomela ubuthi (tetetus) ne-diphtheria
• 7. Ukugoma kathathu kwegciwane
• 8. Umuthi wokugomela i-hepatitis

Ukugonywa kwabantu asebekhulile kubaluleke kakhulu ukuhlinzeka ukuzivikela okudingekayo ukulwa nokuvikela izifo, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi abantu abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengama-60 banake uhlelo lokugoma kanye nemikhankaso yokugoma, ikakhulukazi leyo yomkhuhlane, enconyelwa abantu 55 futhi kwenzeka minyaka yonke.

Imithi yokugoma enconywe ekhalendeni lokugoma labantu asebekhulile, enqunywe yiBrazilian Society of Immunizations ngokubambisana neBrazil Society of Geriatrics and Gerontology, ingu-8: ukulwa nomkhuhlane, i-pneumococcal pneumonia, i-tetanus, i-diphtheria, i-hepatitis, i-yellow fever, i-virus kathathu, i-herpes zoster ne-meningococcal meningitis. Eminye yale mithi yokugoma itholakala nguMnyango Wezempilo mahhala nge-SUS, kanti eminye ingathengwa kuphela emitholampilo yangasese, efana ne-herpes zoster, meningococcus kanye ne-hepatitis A, isibonelo.

Uhlelo lokugoma asebekhulile lulandela izincomo zeBrazilian Society of Immunizations ngokubambisana neBrazilian Society of Geriatrics and Gerontology, futhi lubandakanya:

1. Umuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane

Umkhuhlane ukutheleleka okuphefumula okubangelwa ama-serotypes ahlukene wegciwane le-Influenza, ngaleyo ndlela kuvinjelwe umkhuhlane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengakwezinye izimo ngenxa yokwenziwa buthakathaka kwamasosha omzimba nezinguquko kumandla okuphefumula, okuvamile njengoba umuntu eguga, amagciwane abhekene nomkhuhlane angavumela ukuthuthuka kwezinkinga, njenge-pneumonia futhi, ngaleyo ndlela, umkhuhlane umuthi wokugoma uyakwazi futhi ukuvimbela le nkinga.

Umuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane uqukethe izingcezu zamagciwane angasebenzi futhi, ngakho-ke, abukho ubungozi bokubangela ukutheleleka kumuntu ngemuva kokugoma, kuvuselela kuphela impendulo yesistimu yomzimba, futhi kunconyelwa abantu abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengama-55 ubudala.

• Nini ukuthatha: Kanye ngonyaka, okungcono ngaphambi kokuqala kwekwindla, lapho amagciwane eqala ukusakazeka kaningi futhi kunamathuba amakhulu okubanjwa umkhuhlane, ngoba abantu bavame ukuhlala isikhathi eside ezindaweni ezivaliwe nangokusakazwa komoya okuncane okuthanda ukusakazeka kwegciwane .
• Ubani okungafanele athathe: abantu abanomlando wokuphendula nge-anaphylactic noma ukungezwani komzimba okuqinile namaqanda ezinkukhu kanye nezinto ezivela kuzo, noma kunoma iyiphi enye into yomuthi wokugoma. Umuthi wokugoma kufanele uhlehliswe kubantu abanesifo esilinganayo kuya kwesibucayi se-febrile noma ushintsho ekunqandeni igazi, uma kwenziwa nge-intramuscularly.

Umuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane unikezwa mahhala yi-SUS, ezikhungweni zezempilo, futhi kubalulekile ukuthi umuthi wokugoma uthathwe minyaka yonke ukuze umphumela wokuzivikela uqinisekiswe, njengoba igciwane lomkhuhlane likwazi ukushintsha futhi, ngaleyo ndlela, lingamelana nomuthi umuthi wokugoma owedlule. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi abantu abadala bathole umuthi wokugoma minyaka yonke ngesikhathi sikahulumeni somkhankaso ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amasosha omzimba alwa negciwane lomkhuhlane ngempumelelo. Bona okuningi ngomuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane.

2. Umuthi wokugoma we-pneumococcal

Umuthi wokugoma we-pneumococcal uvimbela ukutheleleka okubangelwa yigciwane I-Streptococcus pneumoniae, ikakhulu i-pneumonia ne-bacterial meningitis, ngaphezu kokuvimbela leli gciwane ukuthi lisabalale emzimbeni futhi lidale ukutheleleka komzimba okujwayelekile.

Kunezinhlobo ezi-2 ezihlukene zalo muthi wokugoma asebekhulile, okuyi-23-valent Polysaccharide (VPP23), equkethe izinhlobo ezingama-23 ze-pneumococci, ne-13-valent Conjugate (VPC13), equkethe izinhlobo eziyi-13.

• Nini ukuthatha: imvamisa, uhlobo lwemithamo emi-3 luyaqalwa, luqala nge-VPC13, lulandelwe, ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha kuya kweziyishumi nambili, yi-VPP23, nomunye umthamo wokulekelela we-VPP23 ngemuva kweminyaka emi-5. Uma umuntu osekhulile esethole umthamo wokuqala we-VPP23, i-VPC13 kufanele isetshenziswe ngemuva konyaka ongu-1 bese ihlela umthamo we-booster we-VPP23 ngemuva kweminyaka emi-5 yomthamo wokuqala.
• Ubani okungafanele athathe: abantu abakhombise ukusabela kwe-anaphylactic kumthamo wangaphambilini womuthi wokugoma noma yiziphi izingxenye zawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umuthi wokugoma kufanele uhlehliswe uma kwenzeka umkhuhlane noma ushintsho ekunqandeni kwegazi, uma unikezwe nge-intramuscularly.

Lo muthi wokugoma wenziwa mahhala yi-SUS kubantu asebekhulile abasengozini enkulu yokutheleleka, njengalabo abahlala emakhaya asebekhulile, isibonelo, kanti abanye bangagonywa emitholampilo yangasese.

3. Umuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane ophuzi

Lo mgomo unikela ngokuvikelwa ekuthelelekeni kwe-yellow fever, ukutheleleka ngegciwane okuyingozi okudluliswa omiyane futhi kunganikezwa ezikhungweni zezempilo ze-SUS mahhala. Lo muthi wokugoma unconyelwa izakhamizi zezindawo ezikhona, abantu abahambela ezindaweni ezinesifo noma noma kunini lapho kunesidingo samazwe omhlaba, endaweni ethathwa njengengcuphe.

• Nini ukuthatha: Njengamanje, umnyango wezempilo uncoma umthamo owodwa kuphela wokuphila kusukela ezinyangeni eziyisi-9 ubudala, noma kunjalo, abantu abangakaze bathole umuthi wokugoma kufanele bathathe lo muthi uma behlala noma beya esifundeni esinobungozi obukhulu, okubandakanya izindawo ezisemakhaya eNyakatho. naseMidwest yezwe noma amazwe anezinkinga ze-yellow fever, njengamazwe ase-Afrika kanye ne-Australia, isibonelo.
• Ubani okungafanele athatheAbantu asebekhulile abanomlando wokungazwani komzimba ngemuva kokungeniswa kwamaqanda enkukhu noma izingxenye zomuthi wokugoma, izifo ezinciphisa ukuzivikela komzimba, njengomdlavuza, isifo sikashukela, ingculazi noma ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa zokuzivikela, i-chemotherapy noma i-radiotherapy, ngokwesibonelo, futhi ezimweni zokugula okungenamsoco .

Umuthi wokugomela i-yellow fever kufanele unikezwe kuphela ezimweni lapho kunesidingo esikhulu, uvikele ukusetshenziswa kwawo kubantu asebekhulile ababuthakathaka kanye nabantu abanamasosha omzimba abuthaka. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umuthi wokugoma wenziwe ngamasampula wamagciwane ancishisiwe aphilayo futhi kunengozi engajwayelekile yokuthola ukusabela okungathi sína, ngesithombe esifana ne-yellow fever, ebizwa nge- "virus visceralization".

4. Umuthi wokugoma i-Meningococcal

Lo muthi wokuvikela uvikela amagciwane I-Neisseria meningitidis, eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-Meningococcus, ekwazi ukusakazeka ngokuhamba kwegazi futhi ibangele ukutheleleka okungathi sína, njenge-meningitis ne-meningococcemia, okuyilapho amabhaktheriya abhekene ne-meningitis afinyelela khona egazini futhi abangele ukutheleleka okujwayelekile.

Njengoba lungekho lucwaningo oluningi lwesayensi olwenziwe ngalo muthi wokugoma kubantu asebekhulile, kuvame ukuthi kunconywe kwezinye izimo zobungozi obuphakeme, njengasesimweni sesifo esiwumshayabhuqe noma ukuhambela izindawo ezisengcupheni.

• Nini ukuthatha: umthamo owodwa kufanele uphathwe ezimweni zezifo eziwumshayabhuqe.
• Ubani okungafanele athathe: abantu abanezinto ezingezwani nezinto ezithile zomuthi wokugoma. Hlehlisa uma kwenzeka ugula ngomkhuhlane noma izifo ezibangela ukuphazamiseka kokuqina.

Umuthi wokugoma i-meningococcal utholakala kuphela emitholampilo yangasese yokugoma.

5. Umuthi wokugomela i-Herpes zoster

I-Herpes zoster yisifo esibangelwa ukuvuselelwa kwegciwane lengxibongo yenkukhu elingahlala lingene ezinzwa zomzimba iminyaka eminingana, futhi lidale ukubonakala kwamabhamuza amancane, abomvu futhi abuhlungu kakhulu esikhunjeni. Lokhu ukutheleleka kuvame kakhulu kubantu asebekhulile nakubantu abanamasosha omzimba abuthakathaka, futhi njengoba kungangakhululeki kakhulu futhi kushiye ama-sequelae abuhlungu esikhunjeni angahlala iminyaka, abantu abaningi asebekhulile bakhethe ukuvimbela.

• Ukuthatha nini: Kunconywa umthamo owodwa wabo bonke abantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-60. Kubantu asebevele benamashingles, kufanele ulinde okungenani izinyanga eziyisithupha kuya onyakeni owodwa ukuze kusetshenziswe umuthi wokugoma.
• Ubani okungafanele athathe: abantu abanezinto ezingezwani nezakhi zomuthi wokugoma, noma labo abanokukhubazeka okungafanele ngenxa yezifo noma ukusetshenziswa kwemithi, njengabantu abane-AIDS, umdlavuza, besebenzisa i-systemic corticosteroids noma i-chemotherapy, isibonelo.

Umuthi wokugomela ushingles ungasetshenziswa emitholampilo yangasese yokugoma. Thola okuningi mayelana nokuthi kuyini nokuthi ungaphatha kanjani i-herpes zoster.

6. Umuthi wokugomela ubuthi (tetetus) ne-diphtheria

Umuthi wokugoma ophindwe kabili wegciwane, noma i-dT, unikela ngokuvikelwa ezifweni nge-tetanus, okuyisifo esibi kakhulu esithathelwanayo esingaholela ekufeni, kanye ne-diphtheria, okuyisifo esithathelwanayo esithathelwanayo kakhulu.

• Nini ukuthatha: njalo eminyakeni eyishumi, njengokuqinisa abantu abagonywe kahle ebuntwaneni. Kubantu asebekhulile abangazange bagonywe noma abangenalo irekhodi lomuthi wokugoma, kuyadingeka ukwenza uhlelo lwemithamo emi-3 ngesikhawu sezinyanga ezimbili phakathi komunye nomunye bese benza i-booster njalo eminyakeni eyishumi.
• Lapho kungafanele uthathe: esimweni se-anaphylactic reaction ngaphambi komuthi wokugoma noma yiziphi izingxenye zawo. Kumele ihlehliswe uma kwenzeka izifo eziqinisa igazi, uma zenziwe nge-intramuscularly.

Lo muthi wokugoma utholakala mahhala ezikhungweni zezempilo, kodwa-ke kukhona nomuthi wokugoma wabantu abadala webhaktheriya ophindwe kathathu, noma i-dTpa, okungezelela ku-tetanus ne-diphtheria okuvikela i-pertussis, ngaphezu komuthi wokugomela isifo ngxi ngokwahlukana, otholakala emitholampilo yangasese ekugomeni.

7. Ukugoma kathathu kwegciwane

Lona umuthi wokugomela amagciwane esimungumungwane, omqubuzana nowe-rubella, okudingeka ezimeni zobungozi obandayo bokutheleleka, njengokuqubuka, ukuya ezindaweni eziyingozi, abantu abangakaze batheleleke noma abangatholanga imithamo emi-2 yomuthi wokuphila impilo yonke.

• Ukuthatha nini: kuphela imithamo emi-2 edingekayo kuyo yonke impilo, ngesikhawu esiphansi senyanga engu-1.
• Ubani okungafanele athathe: abantu abanamasosha omzimba abucayi kakhulu noma abake baba ne-anaphylactic reaction ngemuva kokudla iqanda.

Ayitholakali mahhala kubantu asebekhulile, ngaphandle kwezikhathi zomkhankaso, futhi kuyadingeka ukuthi uye emtholampilo wangasese wokugoma.

8. Umuthi wokugomela i-hepatitis

Ukuvikelwa ekulweni nesifo sokusha kwesibindi kohlobo A kanye nesifo sokusha kwesibindi kohlobo B kungatholakala ngemigomo ehlukene noma ehlanganisiwe, kubantu abangenakho ukuzivikela kulezi zifo, abangakaze bagonywe noma abangenawo amarekhodi okugoma.

• Ukuthatha nini: umuthi wokugomela i-hepatitis B, noma u-A no-B ohlanganisiwe, wenziwa ngemithamo emi-3, kushejuli izinyanga eziyi-0 - 1 - 6. Umuthi wokugoma we-hepatitis A ongawodwa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ungathathwa ngemuva kokuhlolwa kwe-serological okukhombisa ukungavikeleki kwaleli gciwane noma ezimweni zokuchayeka noma ukuqubuka, kumthamo wemithamo emibili, ngesikhawu sezinyanga eziyisithupha.
• Ubani okungafanele athathe: abantu abane-anaphylactic reaction ezingxenyeni zomuthi wokugoma. Kufanele ihlehliswe ezimweni zokugula kakhulu kwe-febrile noma ushintsho lwe-coagulation uma isetshenziswe nge-intramuscularly.

Umuthi wokugomela i-hepatitis B ungenziwa mahhala yi-SUS, kepha ukugoma i-hepatitis A kutholakala kuphela emitholampilo yangasese yokugoma.