I-Wild vs Farmed Salmon: Yiluphi Uhlobo Lwe-Salmon Olunempilo?

-Delile

• Kuxhaswe kusuka ezindaweni ezihluke kakhulu
• Umehluko kuNani Lokunomsoco
• Okuqukethwe kwamafutha kwePolyunsaturated
• AmaSalmon atshaliwe Angaphakama Kokungcola
• I-Mercury kanye nezinye izinsimbi zokulandelela
• Imithi elwa namagciwane enhlanzini efuywe
• Ingabe I-Salmon Yasendle Ifanele Izindleko Ezengeziwe Nokuphazamiseka?
• Okusemqoka

I-Salmon yaziswa ngezinzuzo zayo zezempilo.

Le nhlanzi enamafutha ilayishwa nge-omega-3 fatty acids, abantu abaningi abangayitholi ngokwanele.

Kodwa-ke, akuyona yonke i-salmon edaliwe elinganayo.

Namuhla, iningi le-salmon oyithengayo alibanjwa endle, kepha lifuywa emapulazini ezinhlanzi.

Lo mbhalo uhlola umehluko phakathi kwesalmon yasendle kanye nepulazi futhi ikutshele ukuthi ngabe omunye uphilile yini kunomunye.

Kuxhaswe kusuka ezindaweni ezihluke kakhulu

I-salmon yasendle ibanjwa ezindaweni zemvelo ezifana nolwandle, imifula namachibi.

Kepha isigamu salmon esithengiswa emhlabeni wonke sivela emapulazini ezinhlanzi, asebenzisa inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-aquaculture ukuzala izinhlanzi ezizosetshenziswa ngabantu ().

Umkhiqizo waminyaka yonke womhlaba wonke we-salmon olinyiwe ukhuphukile usuka ku-27,000 waya ngaphezu kwamathani ayisigidi esi-1 eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule (2).

Ngenkathi i-salmon yasendle idla ezinye izinto ezitholakala endaweni yazo yemvelo, ama-salmon afuyiwe anikezwa ukudla okucutshungulwayo, okunamafutha aphezulu, okunamaprotheni amaningi ukuze kukhiqizwe izinhlanzi ezinkulu ().

I-salmon yasendle isatholakala, kepha amasheya omhlaba wonke anciphe ngohafu emashumini ambalwa nje eminyaka (4).

Ukukhiqizwa kwama-salmon afuyiwe kukhuphuke kakhulu kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule. I-salmon etshaliwe inokudla okuhluke ngokuphelele nemvelo kune-salmon yasendle.

Umehluko kuNani Lokunomsoco

I-salmon efuyiwe yondliwa ngokudla okucutshungulwayo kwenhlanzi, kanti i-salmon yasendle idla izinambuzane eziningi ezingenamgogodla.

Ngalesi sizathu, ukwakheka komsoco we-salmon yasendle kanye nepulazi kuhluke kakhulu.

Ithebula elingezansi linikeza ukuqhathanisa okuhle. Amakholori, amaprotheni kanye namafutha ahanjiswa ngamanani aphelele, kanti amavithamini namaminerali avezwa njengamaphesenti (%) wesithenjwa sokudla kwansuku zonke (i-RDI) (5, 6).

Ngokusobala, umehluko wokondleka phakathi kwesalmon yasendle kanye nepulazi ungabonakala.

I-salmon efuyiwe iphezulu kakhulu emafutheni, aqukethe i-omega-3s ethe xaxa, i-omega-6 kakhulu futhi iphindwe kathathu inani lamafutha agcwele. Ibuye ibe nama-calories angu-46% ngaphezulu - ikakhulu avela emafutheni.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isalmon yasendle iphezulu kumaminerali, kufaka phakathi i-potassium, i-zinc nensimbi.

I-salmon yasendle iqukethe amaminerali amaningi. I-salmon efuyiwe iphezulu ku-vitamin C, amafutha agcwele, ama-fatty acids nama-calories.

Okuqukethwe kwamafutha kwePolyunsaturated

Amafutha amabili amakhulu we-polyunsaturated yi-omega-3 ne-omega-6 fatty acids.

Lawa mafutha acid adlala indima ebalulekile emzimbeni wakho.

Babizwa ngama-fatty acids abalulekile, noma ama-EFA, ngoba udinga kokubili ekudleni kwakho.

Kodwa-ke, kuyadingeka ukushaya ibhalansi elungile.

Iningi labantu namuhla lidla i-omega-6 eningi kakhulu, lihlanekezela ibhalansi entekenteke phakathi kwalawa mafutha acid amabili.

Ososayensi abaningi bacabanga ukuthi lokhu kungakhuphula ukuvuvukala futhi kungadlala indima kubhadane lwanamuhla lwezifo ezingamahlalakhona, njengesifo senhliziyo (7).

Ngenkathi i-salmon epulazi inamafutha salmon asendle aphindwe kathathu, ingxenye enkulu yala mafutha yi-omega-6 fatty acids (, 8).

Ngalesi sizathu, isilinganiso se-omega-3 kuya ku-omega 6 sicishe siphindwe kathathu ku-salmon elinyiwe kunasendle.

Kodwa-ke, isilinganiso sama-salmon asefuyiwe (1: 3-4) sisahle kakhulu - sincane kakhulu kunesasoni yasendle, okuyi-1: 10 ().

Kokubili i-salmon efuyiwe neyasendle kufanele iholele ekuthuthukisweni okukhulu kokudla kwe-omega-3 kubantu abaningi - futhi kuvame ukunconyelwa leyo njongo.

Ocwaningweni lwamasonto amane kubantu abangu-19, ukudla ama-salmon ase-Atlantic afuywe kabili ngesonto kukhuphule amazinga egazi e-omega-3 DHA ngama-50% ().

Yize isalmon elinyiwe iphakeme kakhulu kuma-omega-6 fatty acids kune-salmon yasendle, inani selisephansi kakhulu ukubanga ukukhathazeka.

AmaSalmon atshaliwe Angaphakama Kokungcola

Izinhlanzi zivame ukungena kokungcola okungaba yingozi okuvela emanzini ababhukuda kuwo kanye nokudla abakudlayo (, 11).

Izifundo ezashicilelwa ngo-2004 nango-2005 zakhombisa ukuthi isalmon epulazi yayinokugxila okuphezulu kakhulu kune-salmon yasendle (,).

Amapulazi aseYurophu ayenokungcola okuningi kunamapulazi aseMelika, kepha izinhlobo ezivela eChile zabonakala zinokuncane (, 14).

Eminye yalezi zingcolisi zibandakanya ama-biphenyls anama-polychlorine (ama-PCB), ama-dioxin kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane eziningana ezine-chlorine.

Ngokusobala okungcolisayo okuyingozi kakhulu okutholakala ku-salmon yi-PCB, ehambisana kakhulu nomdlavuza nezinye izinkinga ezahlukahlukene zezempilo (,,,).

Ucwaningo olulodwa olushicilelwe ngonyaka we-2004 lunqume ukuthi ukugxila kwe-PCB ku-salmon epulazi kwakuphakame kasishiyagalombili kune-salmon yasendle, ngokwesilinganiso ().

Lawo mazinga wokungcola abhekwa ephephile yi-FDA kepha hhayi yi-US EPA (20).

Abaphenyi baphakamise ukuthi uma imihlahlandlela ye-EPA ingasetshenziswa ku-salmon epulazi, abantu bazokhuthazwa ukuthi banqande ukusetshenziswa kwe-salmon hhayi ngaphezu kwesisodwa ngenyanga.

Noma kunjalo, olunye ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi amazinga ezingcolisi ezivamile, njengama-PCB, ngesiNorway, ama-salmon afuyiwe anciphe kakhulu kusuka ngo-1999 kuya ku-2011.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaningi bathi izinzuzo zokudla ama-omega-3s kusuka ku-salmon zidlula izingozi zezempilo zokungcola.

I-salmon etshaliwe ingaqukatha inani eliphakeme lokungcola kune-salmon yasendle. Kodwa-ke, amazinga okungcoliswa epulazini, isalmon yaseNorway kuyehla.

I-Mercury kanye nezinye izinsimbi zokulandelela

Ubufakazi obukhona bamanje bokulandelela izinsimbi ku-salmon buyaphikisana.

Izifundo ezimbili zibone umehluko omncane kakhulu emazingeni e-mercury phakathi kwe-salmon yasendle kanye nepulazi (11,).

Kodwa-ke, olunye ucwaningo luthole ukuthi i-salmon yasendle ibinamazinga aphakeme kathathu (23).

Konke okushiwo, amazinga e-arsenic aphezulu ku-salmon epulazi, kepha amazinga e-cobalt, ithusi ne-cadmium aphezulu ku-salmon yasendle ().

Kunoma ikuphi, ukulandelela izinsimbi kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-salmon kwenzeka ngamanani aphansi kangangoba akunakwenzeka ukuthi kube yimbangela yokukhathazeka.

Kumuntu ojwayelekile, ukulandelela izinsimbi kuzo zombili izinhlanzi zasendle nezasendle ezifuyile akubonakali kutholakala ngobuningi obuyingozi.

Imithi elwa namagciwane enhlanzini efuywe

Ngenxa yobuningi bezinhlanzi ezisezindaweni zasemanzini, izinhlanzi ezifuyiwe ngokuvamile zisengozini yokutheleleka nezifo kunezinhlanzi zasendle. Ukumelana nale nkinga, ama-antibiotic afakwa kaningi ekudleni kwezinhlanzi.

Ukusetshenziswa okungalawulwa nokunganakwa kwama-antibiotic kuyinkinga embonini yezolimo, ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka.

Akukhona nje ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic kuyinkinga yemvelo, kepha futhi kuyinkinga yezempilo kubathengi. Iminonjana yama-antibiotic ingadala ukungezwani komzimba nabantu abathintekayo ().

Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotic e-aquaculture nakho kukhuthaza ukumelana nama-antibiotic kuma-bacterium ezinhlanzi, kukhulisa ubungozi bokumelana namagciwane emathunjini omuntu ngokudluliswa kofuzo (,).

Ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic kuhlala kungalawulwa kahle emazweni amaningi asathuthuka, njengeChina neNigeria. Kodwa-ke, i-salmon ngokuvamile ayifuywa kula mazwe ().

Abakhiqizi abaningi abakhulu be-salmon emhlabeni, njengeNorway neCanada, babhekwa njengezinhlaka zokulawula ezisebenzayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic kulawulwa ngokuqinile futhi amazinga ama-antibiotic enyameni yenhlanzi adinga ukuba ngaphansi kwemikhawulo ephephile lapho izinhlanzi zivunwa.

Amanye amapulazi ezinhlanzi amakhulu kunawo wonke eCanada abelokhu enciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwawo kwama-antibiotic eminyakeni yamuva ().

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iChile - umkhiqizi wesibili we-salmon olinyiwe emhlabeni - ubelokhu ebhekene nezinkinga ngenxa yokusebenzisa ngokweqile ama-antibiotic ().

Ku-2016, kulinganiselwa amagremu ama-530 wama-antibiotic asetshenzisiwe kuthani ngalinye le-salmon evuniwe eChile. Ukuqhathanisa, iNorway isebenzise igremu elilinganisiwe le-1 lama-antibiotic ngethani ngalinye le-salmon evuniwe ngo-2008 (,).

Uma ukhathazekile ngokumelana nama-antibiotic, kungaba umqondo omuhle ukugwema i-salmon yaseChile okwamanje.

Ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic ekufuyeni izinhlanzi kuyingozi kwezemvelo kanye nokukhathazeka okungaba khona kwezempilo. Amazwe amaningi athuthukile alawula ngokuqinile ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic, kepha ihlala ingalawulwa kahle emazweni amaningi asathuthuka.

Ingabe I-Salmon Yasendle Ifanele Izindleko Ezengeziwe Nokuphazamiseka?

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ama-salmon afuyiwe asenempilo enhle.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ijwayele ukuba nkulu kakhulu futhi inikeze ama-omega-3s amaningi.

I-salmon yasendle nayo ibiza kakhulu ukwedlula okulinyiwe futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ayifanele izindleko ezengeziwe zabanye abantu. Ngokuya ngesabelomali sakho, kungahle kube nzima noma kungenzeki ukuthenga i-salmon yasendle.

Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokwehluka kwemvelo nokudla, i-salmon epulazi iqukethe ukungcola okungaba yingozi kakhulu kune-salmon yasendle.

Ngenkathi lokhu kungcola kubonakala kuphephile kumuntu ojwayelekile odla inani elilinganisiwe, abanye ochwepheshe bancoma ukuthi izingane nabesifazane abakhulelwe badle kuphela i-salmon ebanjwe endle - ukuze babe sohlangothini oluphephile.

Okusemqoka

Kungumqondo omuhle ukuthi udle izinhlanzi ezinamafutha njenge-salmon 1-2 izikhathi ngesonto ukuze ube nempilo enhle.

Le nhlanzi imnandi, ilayishwe izakhamzimba ezinenzuzo futhi igcwalisa kakhulu - ngakho-ke isisindo sokwehlisa isisindo.

Okukhathazeka kakhulu nge-salmon epulazi kungcolisi okungokwemvelo njengama-PCB. Uma uzama ukunciphisa ukudla kwakho ubuthi, kufanele ugweme ukudla i-salmon kaningi.

Imithi elwa namagciwane ku-salmon epulazi nayo iyinkinga, ngoba ingakhuphula ubungozi bokumelana namagciwane esiswini sakho.

Kodwa-ke, uma unikezwa inani eliphakeme lama-omega-3s, amaprotheni asezingeni eliphakeme nezakhamzimba ezinenzuzo, noma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-salmon kusengukudla okunempilo.

Noma kunjalo, i-salmon yasendle ngokuvamile ingcono empilweni yakho uma ukwazi ukuyikhokhela.