Ama-Zoonoses: ayini, izinhlobo eziyinhloko nokuthi ungakuvimbela kanjani

-Delile

• Ama-zoonoses amakhulu
• 1. Intukuthelo
• 2. I-Sporotrichosis
• 3. I-Brucellosis
• 4. Umkhuhlane Ophuzi
• 5. Udenga noZika
• 6. I-Leishmaniasis
• 7. I-Leptospirosis
• 8. I-Toxoplasmosis
• 9. Iziphungumangathi zesibungu ezifudukayo
• 10. I-Teniasis
• 11. Isifo seLyme
• 12. I-Cryptococcosis
• Idluliselwa kanjani iZoonoses
• Ungakugwema kanjani

Ama-Zoonoses yizifo ezidluliswa phakathi kwezilwane nabantu futhi ezingabangelwa amagciwane, izimuncagazi, isikhunta kanye namagciwane. Amakati, izinja, imikhaza, izinyoni, izinkomo kanye namagundane, ngokwesibonelo, angasebenza njengezihambeli ezichazayo noma eziphakathi zalawa malungu athathelanayo.

Ama-Zoonoses angahlukaniswa abe:

• I-Anthropozoonosis, okuyizifo zezifo ezingadluliselwa kubantu;
• I-Zooantroponose, okuyizifo zabantu kodwa ezingadluliselwa ezilwaneni.

Ama-Zoonoses athathwa njengesimo sempilo yomphakathi, ngakho-ke, izinhlelo zesifunda nezikahulumeni ezihlobene nokuvinjelwa kwalezi zifo ziyasungulwa. Enye yezinyathelo ukuphathwa nokunakekelwa kwezilwane ezifuywayo, ukugqugquzela ukuvakashelwa njalo kudokotela wezilwane ukuyokwenza ukukhipha izikelemu nokulawula imigomo. Ngale ndlela, kuyenzeka ukuthi kuvinjelwe izilwane ekutholeni izifo futhi zizidlulisele kubantu.

Ama-zoonoses amakhulu

Kunezifo eziningana ezidluliswa phakathi kwezilwane nabantu, kepha ezivamile kakhulu yilezi:

1. Intukuthelo

Amarabi abantu yisifo esithathelwanayo esibangelwa igciwane lomndeni Rhabdoviridae futhi ingadluliselwa kubantu ngokulunywa yilulwane noma inja enegciwane, okungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi yenzeke. Uma uluma umuntu, igciwane elikhona ematheni wesilwane lingena ngqo egazini lomuntu futhi likwazi ukusabalala ohlelweni lwemizwa, okuholela ekubonakaleni kwezimpawu nezimpawu zesifo.

Izimpawu zokuqala zamarabi ezingabantu zingathatha izinsuku ezingama-30 kuye kwezingama-50 ngemuva kokuthintana naleli gciwane, kuya ngesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni somuntu, futhi kungaphanjaniswa nokutheleleka okuvamile. Kodwa-ke, njengoba igciwane lisakazeka egazini futhi lifinyelela ohlelweni lwezinzwa, ukukhubazeka kwezitho ezingezansi, ukudideka kwengqondo, ukukhathazeka ngokweqile nokukhuphula ukukhiqizwa kwamathe ngenxa yokuqaqamba kwemisipha yomphimbo. Yazi ukuthi ungazibona kanjani izimpawu zentukuthelo.

2. I-Sporotrichosis

I-Sporotrichosis kubantu iyi-zoonosis edluliswa ngemikrwelo nangokulunywa kwamakati angenwe yikhunta elibhekele lesi sifo, isifo Sporothrix schenckii, engatholakala ngokwemvelo enhlabathini nasezitshalweni. Njengoba amakati ehlotshaniswa nezimo eziningi ze-sporotrichosis, lesi sifo saziwa kakhulu ngokuthi yi-cat scratch disease, noma kunjalo amakati asekhaya asenomuthi wokugoma usesikhathini samanje asengozini yokutheleleka yile fungus futhi, ngenxa yalokho, yokudlulisa lesi sifo.

Izimpawu nezimpawu zokuqala ze-sporotrichosis zivela cishe ezinsukwini eziyi-7 kuya kwezingama-30 ngemuva kokuthintana nefungus futhi inkomba enkulu yokutheleleka ukuvela kwesigaxa esincane, esibomvu nesibuhlungu esikhunjeni esikhula ngaphezu kwezinsuku bese sakha ubomvu. Uma ukutheleleka kungaziwa futhi kwelashwa, kungenzeka ukuthi ukhunta ludlulele kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba, ikakhulukazi amaphaphu, okuholela ezinkomba zokuphefumula. Funda kabanzi mayelana ne-sporotrichosis.

3. I-Brucellosis

I-Brucellosis yisifo esithathelwanayo esibangelwa amagciwane ohlobo lohlobo UBrucella nokuthi ingadluliselwa ngokuthintana nezimfihlo, umchamo, igazi noma izinsalela zezinkomo ezinegciwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudluliswa kwamagciwane kungenzeka ngokungeniswa kwemikhiqizo yobisi engasetshenziswanga, njengobisi noshizi, ukusetshenziswa kwenyama engaphekiwe noma ngesikhathi sokuhlanzwa kokunyakaza okuzinzile noma kwemfuyo, ngokwesibonelo.

Izimpawu ze-brucellosis zivela ezinsukwini noma ezinyangeni ngemuva kokutheleleka, izimpawu zokuqala zifana nalezo zomkhuhlane. Kodwa-ke, njengoba isifo siqhubeka, kungavela izimpawu ezithile, ezinjengobuhlungu bemisipha, ukungazizwa kahle, ubuhlungu besisu, izinguquko zememori nokuthuthumela.

4. Umkhuhlane Ophuzi

I-yellow fever yisifo esidalwa yigciwane umjikelezo wempilo yaso uvela komiyane, ikakhulukazi omiyane bohlobo Aedes. Ngakho-ke, i-yellow fever idluliselwa kubantu ngokulunywa omiyane abanegciwane. Ezifundeni zehlathi, ngaphezu kokudluliswa ngomiyane wohlobo Aedes, ukudluliswa kwegciwane ngomiyane bohlobo kungenzeka I-Haemagogus futhi AmaSabatha futhi kulezi zifunda, izinkawu zibhekwa njengezinqolobane eziyinhloko zaleli gciwane.

Izimpawu nezimpawu ze-yellow fever zivela phakathi kwezinsuku ezi-3 no-7 ngemuva kokulunywa omiyane kanti okuyinhloko ubuhlungu besisu, ikhanda nomkhuhlane. Lesi sifo sithola igama laso ngoba leli gciwane liyasifaka esibindini, liphazamise ukukhiqizwa kwama-enzyme wesibindi nezinto ezijiyisayo, kwandise inani le-bilirubin egazini futhi lenze isikhumba siphuzi ngokwengeziwe.

5. Udenga noZika

UDenga neZika yizifo ezithathelwanayo ezidluliswa ngamagciwane anengxenye yempilo yawo komiyane Aedes aegypti, eluma abantu, idlulisa igciwane, eliqeda umjikelezo wempilo yalo emzimbeni womuntu futhi liholele ekubonakaleni kwezimpawu nezimpawu zesifo.

Ngaphandle kodenga noZika ngaphandle kokubangelwa amagciwane ahlukene, igciwane likadenga neZika virus ngokulandelana, banezimpawu ezifanayo, ezinobuhlungu emzimbeni nasekhanda, ukukhathala, imfiva, ubuhlungu bamalunga nokubukeka kwamabala abomvu esikhunjeni. Endabeni yokutheleleka ngegciwane le-Zika, ukulunywa nokubomvu nokuzwela okukhulu emehlweni kungabonakala.

6. I-Leishmaniasis

Njenge-yellow fever, i-leishmaniasis nayo idluliswa ngokulunywa umiyane, kulokhu okungumiyane wohlobo I-Lutzomyia, edume kakhulu ngokuthi umiyane wotshani. Isisebenzeli esithathelwanayo esibhekene nalesi sifo yi-protozoan yohlanga I-Leishmania, etholakala kaningi eBrazil izinhloboLeishmania braziliensis, Leishmania donovani futhi Leishmania chagasi.

Ngemuva kokulunywa omiyane, iprotozoan ingena emzimbeni womuntu futhi iholele ekwakhekeni kwezimpawu ezinobunzima bazo obungahluka ngokuya ngohlobo lomuntu namasosha omzimba. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko ze-leishmaniasis:

• I-leishmaniasis enqamulelayo, ebonakala ngokuvela kwesigaxa esisodwa noma ngaphezulu endaweni yokulunywa omiyane futhi okuthi ngezinsuku ezithile ikhule ibe isilonda esivulekile futhi esingenabuhlungu;
• I-leishmaniasis yemococutaneous, lapho izilonda zikhulu kakhulu futhi kukhona ukubandakanyeka kwe-mucosa, ikakhulukazi yekhala, ipharynx nomlomo, okungadala ubunzima ekukhulumeni, ekugwinyeni nasekuphefumuleni;
• I-visceral leishmaniasis, Izimpawu zayo ziguquka ngendlela engalapheki futhi kungahle kube nesibindi esandisiwe kanye nobende, ukwehla kwesisindo kanye nobungozi obengeziwe bezinye izifo.

Njengoba izimpawu zinganciphisa kakhulu futhi zenze impilo yomuntu icebe, kubalulekile ukuthi ngokushesha nje lapho kuvela izimpawu zokuqala zesifo se-leishmaniasis, umuntu lowo uya esibhedlela ayokwenza ukuxilongwa futhi aqale ukwelashwa, ukuvimbela izinkinga.

7. I-Leptospirosis

I-Leptospirosis yisifo esibangelwa amagciwane i-Leptospira, esitholakala kumagundane, ikakhulukazi. Ukudluliselwa kubantu kwenzeka ngokuthintana nomchamo noma indle yesilwane esingcolisiwe, ngokungena kwamagciwane emzimbeni womuntu ngezinambuzane ezinamafinyila noma amanxeba esikhumba futhi kuholele kwizimpawu ezinjengomkhuhlane, ukubanda, amehlo abomvu, ikhanda. Ikhanda nesicanucanu.

Izimo zezikhukhula, iziziba kanye nezindawo lapho kunenqwaba yokuqoqwa kukadoti zithathwa njengezisengozini enkulu yokungcola kweLeptospira, ngoba kulezi zimo umchamo wezilwane ezinegciwane ungasakazeka kalula, ube nengozi enkulu yokutheleleka.

8. I-Toxoplasmosis

I-Toxoplasmosis yisifo esithathelwanayo esaziwa kakhulu njengesifo sekati, ngoba i-parasite ebhekene nalesi sifo, i- I-Toxoplasma gondii, inezinhloli zayo eziphakathi nendawo, ikakhulukazi amakati, okungukuthi, ingxenye yomjikelezo wayo wokuphila kumele ibe sekati. Ngaleyo ndlela, abantu bangatheleleka ngo- I-Toxoplasma gondii ngokuxhumana ngqo nendle yamakati athelelekile noma ngokungenisa amanzi noma ukudla okungcoliswe ama-cyst of the parasite.

Ezimweni eziningi, i-toxoplasmosis ayinalutho, kepha kubalulekile ukuthi abesifazane abakhulelwe benze izivivinyo ze-serological ukukhomba amagciwane, ngoba uma owesifazane ene-toxoplasmosis, angayidlulisela enganeni yakhe ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, okungaholela ezinkingeni zengane. isiphuzo.

9. Iziphungumangathi zesibungu ezifudukayo

I-cutaneous larva migrans, edume kakhulu njenge-geographic bug, iyisifo esithathelwanayo esibangelwa amagciwane I-Ancylostoma brasiliense futhi I-Ancylostoma caninum, engatholakala ezinjeni nasemakati. Lezi zinambuzane ziyasuswa endle yezilwane futhi lapho umuntu ehamba engafake zicathulo, ngokwesibonelo, angangena emzimbeni ngamanxeba amancane akhona esizeni, okuholela ekubonakaleni kwezimpawu ezinjengokulunywa nokubomvu kwendawo, ngaphezu kokukwazi ukubona umugqa omncane we-rectilinear esikhunjeni, okukhombisa ukufuduka kwamagciwane.

Ukugwema ukutheleleka, kunconywa ukuthi izilwane ezifuywayo ziyiswe kudokotela wezilwane ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze kugonywe imishanguzo futhi kwenziwe izikelemu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunconywa ukuthi ugweme ukuhamba ungafake zicathulo ezindaweni ezingaba nendle yezinja namakati ukunciphisa ubungozi bokutheleleka.

Bona ukuthi ungazi kanjani uma uyisilwane sendawo.

10. I-Teniasis

I-Teniasis iyi-zoonosis ebangelwa amagciwane Taenia sp. edluliselwa kubantu ngokudla ingulube noma inyama yenkomo eluhlaza noma engaphekiwe. Lesi silokazane saziwa kakhulu ngokuthi sisodwa, njengoba sifinyelela ebukhulu obukhulu, sizinamathela odongeni lwamathumbu futhi sivimba ukumuncwa kwezakhi zomzimba, okuholele ekubonakaleni kwezimpawu ezifana nesicanucanu, isifo sohudo kanye nokwehlisa isisindo, ngokwesibonelo.

Umuntu otheleleke nge Taenia sp. ikhipha emaqandeni ayo amaqanda ale gciwane, elingangcolisa abanye abantu nezilwane, liqale omunye umjikelezo wempilo. Qonda ukuthi umjikelezo wempilo we Taenia sp.

11. Isifo seLyme

Isifo seLyme ngesinye sezifo ezingadluliselwa ngemikhaza, esitholakala emakati nasezinja, ikakhulukazi. Lesi sifo sidluliswa ngomkhaza wohlobo lwegciwaneAma-Ixode ungenwe amagciwane IBorrelia burgdorferi, okuthi lapho umuntu eluma akhiphe amabhaktheriya futhi kubangele ukusabela kwasendaweni okungabonakala ngokuvuvukala nokubomvu endaweni.

Uma lesi sifo singaziwa futhi singelashwa, amabhaktheriya angasakazeka egazini futhi afinyelele ezingxenyeni eziningana, ezingaphazamisa izinhlelo zezinzwa nezenhliziyo. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi umkhaza ususwe esikhunjeni ngokushesha futhi ukwelashwa kwama-antibiotic kuqalwe ngemuva nje kwalokho.

Funda ngezinye izifo ezibangelwa imikhaza.

12. I-Cryptococcosis

I-Cryptococcosis yaziwa kakhulu njengesifo sejuba, ngoba isikhunta esibhekene nokutheleleka, i- I-Cryptococcus neoformans, yenza ingxenye yomjikelezo wayo wokuphila kulezi zilwane, ikhululwe endle. Ngaphezu kokuba khona kumajuba, le fungus ingatholakala enhlabathini, ezihlahleni nasezinhlamvwini.

Ukudluliswa kwe-cryptococcosis kwenzeka ngokuhogela izinhlamvu noma imvubelo yalesi sikhunta esikhona emvelweni, okungaholela ekwakhekeni kwezimpawu zokuphefumula, njengokuthimula, ikhala eligijimayo nokuphefumula kanzima. Kodwa-ke, uma ukutheleleka kungakhonjwa nokwelashwa, kungenzeka ukuthi ukhunta lusabalale futhi luholele ezimpawu ezinzima kakhulu, njengokuqaqamba kwesifuba, intamo eqinile nokudideka kwengqondo, ngokwesibonelo. Bona ezinye izimpawu ze-cryptococcosis.

O I-Cryptococcus neoformans kuthathwa njengesikhunta esinethuba, okusho ukuthi, izimpawu zivame ukuthuthukiswa kuphela kubantu abanamasosha omzimba angasebenzi kahle, njengalapho kwenzeka kubantu abaphethe igciwane le-HIV noma abelashwa umdlavuza.

Idluliselwa kanjani iZoonoses

Zonke izilwane zingadlulisa izifo. Ngakho-ke, ukudluliswa kungenzeka ngezindlela eziningana, njenge:

• Ukulunywa kwezilwane noma ukuklwebheka;
• Ukulunywa izinambuzane;
• Ukuthintana nezinto noma ukungcola kwezilwane ezinegciwane;
• Ukungeniswa kwamanzi noma ukudla okungcoliswe indle, umchamo noma amathe esilwane esinaso

Abantu abasebenza noma abaxhumana njalo nezilwane maningi amathuba okuthi bathole i-zoonosis, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukunaka imikhuba yenhlanzeko eyomuntu uqobo neyesilwane ukuze ungabi sengozini yokuthola isifo. Endabeni yabantu abasebenza nezilwane, kunconywa ukuthi kusetshenziswe imishini yokuvikela ngesikhathi kuthintwa leso silwane, njengamagilavu ​​nezimaski, ikakhulukazi, ukugwema ukungcoliswa.

Uma umuntu esola ukuthi unesifo okungenzeka ukuthi sidluliswe yizilwane, kunconywa ukuba uye kudokotela ukuze kwenziwe ukuhlolwa futhi kuqale ukwelashwa okufanele.

Ungakugwema kanjani

Ukugwema ama-zoonoses, kubalulekile ukunaka inhlanzeko yemvelo nenhlanzeko yomuntu siqu, njalo ugeza izandla zakho ngemuva kokuhlangana nezilwane nokugcina izindawo ezihlala izilwane zisesimweni esihle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukugcina imigomo yezilwane isesikhathini.

Imikhaza, amaphela nezintuthwane nakho kungadlulisa izifo, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukugcina indlu ihlanzekile nezilwane zikhipha izikelemu. Ngesikhathi sokulawulwa kwezinambuzane, uma umuntu enesilwane esifuywayo, kunconywa ukuthi isilwane sihlukaniswe kwelinye igumbi amahora ambalwa ukuze singadakwa ngumkhiqizo osetshenzisiwe.

Endabeni yomiyane, ngokwesibonelo, imikhankaso yokulawula omiyane yethulwa ngezikhathi ezithile nguhulumeni, ikhombisa izinyathelo ezingathathwa ukuvimbela ukwanda komiyane futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukusabalala kwezifo. Bona kuvidiyo elandelayo ukuthi ungazivikela kanjani izifo ezithwalwa omiyane:

Kuyanconywa futhi ukuthi uqaphele lapho uphatha futhi ulungisa ukudla, unaka ikhwalithi yamanzi nokugwema ukuxhumana nezilwane ezingaziwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuthi uhulumeni akhuthaze amasu okulawulwa kwenhlanzeko, inhlanzeko nokugoma ezindaweni zokufuya izilwane. Bona okuningi ngokuthi ungazivikela kanjani izifo ezithathelwanayo.