I-Hypercalcemia

I-Hypercalcemia isho ukuthi une-calcium eningi egazini lakho.

I-Parathyroid hormone (PTH) ne-Vitamin D zisiza ukuphatha ibhalansi ye-calcium emzimbeni.

• I-PTH yenziwa yizindlala ze-parathyroid. Lezi yizindlala ezine ezincane ezisentanyeni ngemuva kwendlala yegilo.
• Uvithamini D utholakala lapho isikhumba sivezwa yilanga, nasemithonjeni yokudla noma izithasiselo.

Isizathu esivame kakhulu sezinga eliphezulu legazi le-calcium yi-PTH eyeqile ekhishwa yizinhlungu ze-parathyroid. Lokhu okweqile kwenzeka ngenxa ye:

• Ukwandiswa kwesinye sezindlala ze-parathyroid.
• Ukukhula kwesinye sezindlala. Isikhathi esiningi, lokhu kukhula kuyingozi (hhayi umdlavuza).

Izinga legazi le-calcium lingaphakama uma umzimba wakho uphansi kuketshezi noma amanzi.

Ezinye izimo zingadala ne-hypercalcemia:

• Izinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza, njengomdlavuza wamaphaphu nowesifuba, noma umdlavuza osabalele ezithweni zakho.
• Uvithamini D omningi egazini lakho (hypervitaminosis D).
• Ukunganyakazi embhedeni izinsuku eziningi noma amasonto (ikakhulukazi ezinganeni).
• I-calcium eningi ekudleni kwakho. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi-milk-alkali syndrome. Imvamisa kwenzeka lapho umuntu ethatha ama-milligram angaphezu kwama-2000 we-calcium bicarbonate supplements ngosuku kanye nemithamo ephezulu kaVitamin D.
• Indlala yegilo eyeqile.
• Isifo esingapheliyo sezinso noma ukwehluleka kwezinso.
• Imithi efana ne-lithium ne-thiazide diuretics (amaphilisi amanzi).
• Ezinye izifo noma izinkinga zempilo njenge, Isifo se-Paget, isifo sofuba kanye ne-sarcoidosis.
• Isimo esizuzwe njengefa esithinta amandla omzimba okuphatha i-calcium.

Abesilisa nabesifazane bayo yonke iminyaka bangaba nezinga eliphakeme le-calcium egazini. Kodwa-ke, kuvame kakhulu kwabesifazane abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-50 (ngemuva kokunqamuka kokuya esikhathini). Ezimweni eziningi, lokhu kubangelwa indlala ye-parathyroid eyeqile.

Isimo sitholakala kakhulu kusenesikhathi kusetshenziswa ukuhlolwa kwegazi okujwayelekile. Iningi labantu alinazo izimpawu.

Izimpawu ngenxa yezinga eliphakeme le-calcium zingahluka, kuya ngesizathu nokuthi inkinga ibe khona isikhathi eside kangakanani. Zingafaka:

• Izimpawu zokugaya ukudla, ezifana nesicanucanu noma ukuhlanza, ukungathandi ukudla, noma ukuqunjelwa
• Ukoma okwandisiwe noma ukuchama kaningi, ngenxa yezinguquko ezinso
• Ubuthakathaka bemisipha noma ukudikiza
• Izinguquko ekusebenzeni kobuchopho bakho, njengokuzizwa ukhathele noma ukhathele noma udidekile
• Ubuhlungu bamathambo namathambo entekenteke aphuka kalula

Ukuxilongwa okunembile kuyadingeka ku-hypercalcemia. Abantu abanamatshe ezinso kufanele bahlolwe ukuze bahlole i-hypercalcemia.

• I-calcium yeserum
• ISerum PTH
• I-Serum PTHrP (amaprotheni ahlobene ne-PTH)
• Izinga le-vitamin D le-Serum
• I-calcium yomchamo

Ukwelashwa kuhloselwe imbangela ye-hypercalcemia lapho kungenzeka khona. Abantu abane-hyperparathyroidism eyinhloko (i-PHPT) bangadinga ukuhlinzwa ukuze kususwe indlala engavamile ye-parathyroid. Lokhu kuzokwelapha i-hypercalcemia.

Abantu abane-hypercalcemia emnene bangakwazi ukuqapha lesi simo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngaphandle kokwelashwa.

Kwabesifazane abasesikhathini sokuya esikhathini, ukwelashwa nge-estrogen kwesinye isikhathi kungaguqula i-hypercalcemia emnene.

I-hypercalcemia enamandla edala izimpawu futhi edinga ukuhlala esibhedlela ingaphathwa ngalokhu okulandelayo:

• Uketshezi ngomthambo - Lokhu ukwelashwa okubaluleke kakhulu.
• I-Calcitonin.
• I-Dialysis, uma kuthinteka ukulimala kwezinso.
• Imithi yokwelapha, njenge-furosemide.
• Izidakamizwa eziyeka ukuwohloka kwamathambo nokufakwa komzimba (ama-bisphosphonates).
• Ama-Glucocorticoids (ama-steroids).

Ukwenza kahle kangakanani kuya ngesizathu seleveli yakho ephezulu ye-calcium. Umbono muhle kubantu abane-hyperparathyroidism emnene noma i-hypercalcemia enembangela elaphekayo. Isikhathi esiningi, azikho izinkinga.

Abantu abane-hypercalcemia ngenxa yezimo ezinjengomdlavuza noma i-sarcoidosis kungenzeka bangenzi kahle. Lokhu kuvame kakhulu ngenxa yesifo uqobo, esikhundleni sezinga eliphakeme le-calcium.

IGASTROINTESTINAL

• I-Pancreatitis
• Isifo sesilonda se-Peptic

KIDNEY

• Ukufakwa kwe-calcium ezinso (nephrocalcinosis) okubangela ukungasebenzi kahle kwezinso
• Ukuphela kwamanzi emzimbeni
• Umfutho wegazi ophezulu
• Ukuhluleka kwezinso
• Amatshe ezinso

YENGQONDO

• Ukucindezeleka
• Kunzima ukugxila noma ukucabanga

ISKELETALI

• Ama-cysts amathambo
• Izintanda
• I-osteoporosis

Lezi zinkinga ze-hypercalcemia yesikhathi eside azivamile namuhla emazweni amaningi.

Xhumana nomhlinzeki wakho wezokunakekelwa kwezempilo uma une:

• Umlando womndeni we-hypercalcemia
• Umlando womndeni we-hyperparathyroidism
• Izimpawu ze-hypercalcemia

Izimbangela eziningi ze-hypercalcemia azikwazi ukuvinjelwa. Abesifazane abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-50 kufanele babone abahlinzeki babo njalo futhi bahlolwe izinga labo le-calcium egazini uma banezimpawu ze-hypercalcemia.

Khuluma nomhlinzeki wakho mayelana nomthamo ofanele uma uthatha izithako ze-calcium nevithamini D.

I-calcium - iphakanyisiwe; Izinga eliphezulu le-calcium; Hyperparathyroidism - i-hypercalcemia

• Hypercalcemia - ukukhipha

• Izindlala ze-Endocrine

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UColeman RE, uBrown J, uHolen I. Amathambo ama-metastases. Ku: Niederhuber JE, Armitage JO, Kastan MB, Doroshow JH, Tepper JE, abahleli. I-Abeloff’s Clinical Oncology. Umhlaka 6. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 56.

UDarr EA, uSritharan N, uPellitteri PK, uSofferman RA, uRandolph GW. Ukuphathwa kokuphazamiseka kwe-parathyroid. Ku: Flint PW, Haughey BH, Lund V, et al, ama-eds. I-Cummings Otolaryngology: Ukuhlinzwa Kwekhanda Nentamo. Umhlaka 6. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2015: isahluko 124.

I-Thakker RV. Izindlala ze-parathyroid, i-hypercalcemia, ne-hypocalcemia. Ku: IGoldman L, iSchafer AI, ama-eds. Imithi yeGoldman-Cecil. Umhla ka-26. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 232.