Umalaleveva

Umalaleveva yisifo esiyisidlakudla esibandakanya ukushisa kakhulu, ukuqhaqhazela, izimpawu ezifana nomkhuhlane kanye nokushoda kwegazi.

Umalaleveva ubangelwa yisinanakazana. Idluliselwa kubantu ngokulunywa omiyane abane-anopheles abanegciwane. Ngemuva kokutheleleka, ama-parasites (abizwa ngama-sporozoites) ahamba egazini aze aye esibindini. Lapho, bavuthwa futhi bakhiphe olunye uhlobo lwama-parasites, abizwa ngama-merozoites. Amagciwane angena egazini futhi athelele amangqamuzana abomvu egazi.

Amagciwane ayanda ngaphakathi kwamangqamuzana abomvu egazi. Amaseli abese evuleka kungakapheli amahora angama-48 kuya kwangu-72 bese ethelela amangqamuzana egazi abomvu amaningi. Izimpawu zokuqala zivame ukwenzeka ezinsukwini eziyi-10 kuya emavikini amane ngemuva kokutheleleka, noma zingavela ezinsukwini eziyi-8 noma unyaka owodwa ngemuva kokutheleleka. Izimpawu zenzeka kumjikelezo wamahora angama-48 kuye kwangu-72.

Izimpawu eziningi zibangelwa:

• Ukukhululwa kwama-merozoites egazini
• Ukushoda kwegazi okuvela ekubhujisweni kwamaseli abomvu egazi
• Inani elikhulu lama-hemoglobin amahhala akhishelwa ekusakazweni ngemuva kokuvuleka kwamangqamuzana abomvu egazi

Umalaleveva ungadluliselwa usuke kumama uye enganeni yakhe engakazalwa (ngokuzalwa) nangokumpontshelwa igazi. Umalaleveva ungathwalwa omiyane ezindaweni ezipholile, kepha amagciwane anyamalala ebusika.

Lesi sifo siyinkinga enkulu yezempilo ezindaweni eziningi ezishisayo nakwezindawo ezishisayo. I-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ilinganisela ukuthi kunamacala ayizigidi ezingama-300 kuye kwangama-500 we-malaria unyaka nonyaka. Bangaphezu kwesigidi esingu-1 abantu ababulawa yiso. Umalaleveva uyingozi enkulu yezifo kubahambi ezindaweni ezifudumele.

Kwezinye izindawo zomhlaba, omiyane abathwala umalaleveva sebemelane nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimuncagazi seziqale ukumelana namanye ama-antibiotic. Lezi zimo zenze kwaba nzima ukulawula zombili izinga lokutheleleka nokusabalala kwalesi sifo.

Izimpawu zifaka:

• I-anemia (isimo lapho umzimba ungenawo amangqamuzana egazi abomvu anele anele)
• Izitulo ezinegazi
• Ukugodola, umkhuhlane, ukujuluka
• I-Coma
• Ukudlikizela
• Ubuhlungu bekhanda
• I-jaundice
• Ubuhlungu bemisipha
• Isicanucanu nokuhlanza

Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa komzimba, umhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwempilo angathola isibindi esikhulisiwe noma ubende obukhulisiwe.

Ukuhlolwa okwenziwayo kufaka:

• Izivivinyo zokuxilonga ezisheshayo, eziya ngokuya zivame kakhulu ngoba kulula ukuzisebenzisa futhi zidinga ukuqeqeshwa okuncane ngochwepheshe baselebhu
• Ukugcotshwa kwegazi likamalaleveva okuthathwa ngezikhathi ezingamahora ayisithupha kuye kwayi-12 ukuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa
• Ukubalwa kwegazi okuphelele (i-CBC) kuzokhomba i-anemia uma ikhona

Umalaleveva, ikakhulukazi umalaleveva i-falciparum, yisimo esiphuthumayo sezokwelapha esidinga ukuhlala esibhedlela. I-chloroquine ivame ukusetshenziswa njengomuthi olwa nomalaleveva. Kodwa izifo ezingamelana ne-chloroquine zivamile kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba.

Ukwelashwa okungenzeka kwezifo ezingamelana ne-chloroquine kufaka:

• Inhlanganisela evela ku-Artemisinin, kufaka phakathi i-artemether ne-lumefantrine
• I-Atovaquone-proguanil
• Uhlobo olususelwa kuQuinine, ngokuhlangana ne-doxycycline noma i-clindamycin
• I-Mefloquine, ngokuhlanganiswa ne-artesunate noma i-doxycycline

Ukukhethwa kwesidakamizwa kuncike, ngokwengxenye, lapho uthole khona ukutheleleka.

Ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha, kufaka phakathi uketshezi ngomthambo (IV) nezinye izidakamizwa nokuphefumula (ukuphefumula) ukwesekwa kungadingeka.

Umphumela kulindeleke ukuthi ube muhle ezimeni eziningi zikamalaleveva ngokwelashwa, kepha kubi ekuthelelekeni kwe-falciparum ngezinkinga.

Izinkinga zempilo ezingabangelwa umalaleveva zihlanganisa:

• Ukutheleleka kobuchopho (i-cerebritis)
• Ukubhujiswa kwamaseli egazi (i-hemolytic anemia)
• Ukuhluleka kwezinso
• Ukuhluleka kwesibindi
• I-Meningitis
• Ukwehluleka kokuphefumula okuvela kuketshezi emaphashini (i-pulmonary edema)
• Ukuqhekeka kobende okuholela ekoneni okukhulu kwangaphakathi (ukopha)

Shayela umhlinzeki wakho wezokunakekelwa kwezempilo uma uba nomkhuhlane nekhanda ngemuva kokuvakashela noma iliphi izwe langaphandle.

Iningi labantu abahlala ezindaweni lapho kuvame khona umalaleveva sebenezivikela kulesi sifo. Izivakashi ngeke zivikeleke futhi kufanele zithathe imishanguzo yokuzivikela.

Kubalulekile ukubona umhlinzeki wakho wezempilo ngaphambi kohambo lwakho. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukwelashwa kungadinga ukuqala isikhathi eside noma amasonto ama-2 ngaphambi kokuya endaweni, bese uqhubeka inyanga ngemuva kokushiya indawo. Iningi labahambi abavela e-United States abathola umalaleveva bayehluleka ukuthatha izinyathelo ezifanele zokuphepha.

Izinhlobo zemithi elwa nomalaleveva ebekiwe incike endaweni oyivakashelayo. Abahambi abaya eNingizimu Melika, e-Afrika, ezwekazini laseNdiya, e-Asia, naseNingizimu Pacific kufanele bathathe esinye salezi zidakamizwa: mefloquine, doxycycline, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine noma i-atovaquone-proguanil. Ngisho nabesifazane abakhulelwe kufanele bakucabangele ukuthatha imishanguzo yokuvikela ngoba ubungozi enganeni engakavela emuthini bungaphansi kwengozi yokubanjwa kwalesi sifo.

I-chloroquine ibilokhu iyisidakamizwa esizikhethele ukuvikela umalaleveva. Kepha ngenxa yokumelana, manje kuphakanyiswa kuphela ukuthi kusetshenziswe ezindaweni lapho I-Plasmodium vivax, P okusaqanda, futhi P malariae abakhona.

Imalariya i-Falciparum iya ngokuya imelana nemithi yokwelapha umalaleveva Izidakamizwa ezinconyiwe zihlanganisa i-mefloquine, i-atovaquone / proguanil (i-Malarone), ne-doxycycline.

Vimbela ukulunywa omiyane ngo:

• Ukugqoka izingubo zokuzivikela ezingalweni nasemilenzeni
• Ukusebenzisa inetha lokuvimba omiyane ngenkathi ulele
• Kusetshenziswa izinambuzane

Ngemininingwane ngemalariya kanye nemithi yokuvimbela, vakashela iwebhusayithi ye-CDC: www.cdc.gov/malaria/travelers/index.html.

Umalaleveva weQuartan; Umalaleveva i-Falciparum; Umkhuhlane weBiduoterian; Umkhuhlane wamanzi amnyama; Umalaleveva waseTertian; IPlasmodium

• Umalaleveva - ukubuka okuncane kakhulu kwama-parasites amaselula
• Umiyane, ukudla kwabantu abadala esikhunjeni
• Umiyane, isihlenga samaqanda
• Umiyane - izibungu
• Umiyane, isiphungumangathi
• Umalaleveva, ukubuka okuncane kakhulu kwama-parasites amaselula
• Umalaleveva, i-photomicrograph yama-parasites amaselula
• Umalaleveva

I-Ansong D, Seydel KB, Taylor TE. Umalaleveva. Ku: Ryan ET, Hill DR, Solomon T, Aronson NE, Endy TP, eds. IHunter’s Tropical Medicine Nezifo Ezithathelwanayo. Umhlaka 10. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 101.

I-Fairhurst RM, i-Wellems TE. Umalaleveva (Izinhlobo ze-plasmodium). Ku: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, ama-eds. Mandell, Douglas, kanye neBennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Umhlaka 9. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 274.

UFreedman DO. Ukuvikelwa kwabahambi. Ku: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, ama-eds. Mandell, Douglas, kanye neBennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Umhlaka 9. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 318.