Ukuphazamiseka kwe-Autism spectrum

I-Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) iyinkinga yokuthuthuka. Kuvame ukuvela eminyakeni emithathu yokuqala yokuphila. I-ASD ithinta ikhono lobuchopho lokuthuthukisa amakhono ezejwayelekile kwezenhlalo nokuxhumana.

Imbangela ngqo yeASD ayaziwa. Kungenzeka ukuthi ziningi izinto eziholela ku-ASD. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi izakhi zofuzo zingabandakanyeka, ngoba i-ASD isebenza kweminye imindeni. Imithi ethile ethathwe ngesikhathi ukhulelwe nayo ingaholela ku-ASD enganeni.

Kusolwe ezinye izimbangela, kepha akufakazelwa. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka kulimale ingxenye ethile yobuchopho, ebizwa ngokuthi i-amygdala. Abanye babheka ukuthi ngabe igciwane lingadala izimpawu.

Abanye abazali bezwile ukuthi imijovo yokugoma ingadala i-ASD. Kodwa ucwaningo alutholanga ukuxhumana phakathi kwemithi yokugoma ne-ASD. Wonke amaqembu ochwepheshe bezokwelapha nohulumeni asho ukuthi akukho ukuxhumana phakathi kwemithi yokugoma ne-ASD.

Ukwanda kwezingane ezine-ASD kungabangelwa ukuxilongwa kangcono nezincazelo ezintsha ze-ASD. I-Autism spectrum disorder manje ifaka ama-syndromes abekade ethathwa njengezinkinga ezihlukile:

• Isifo se-Autistic
• I-Asperger syndrome
• Ukuphazamiseka kokuhlukaniswa kwengane
• Isifo sokukhula esigcwele yonke indawo

Iningi labazali bezingane ze-ASD lisola ukuthi kukhona okungahambi kahle ngesikhathi ingane inezinyanga eziyi-18 ubudala. Izingane ezine-ASD zivame ukuba nezinkinga nge:

• Dlala ngathi
• Ukuxhumana komphakathi
• Ukuxhumana ngamazwi nangamazwi

Ezinye izingane zibonakala zijwayelekile ngaphambi kweminyaka yobudala eyi-1 noma ye-2. Bese belahlekelwa ngokungazelelwe ulimi noma amakhono okuxhumana nabantu abebevele benawo.

Izimpawu zingahluka kusuka kokulingene kuya kokubi.

Umuntu one-autism anga:

• Yiba nozwelo kakhulu emehlweni, ukuzwa, ukuthinta, ukuhogela, noma ukunambitha (ngokwesibonelo, bayenqaba ukugqoka izingubo "ezilumayo" futhi bayacasuka uma bephoqeleka ukugqoka izingubo)
• Casula kakhulu lapho kuguqulwa onkhe
• Phinda ukunyakaza komzimba ngokuphindaphindiwe
• Namathela ngokungavamile ezintweni

Izinkinga zokuxhumana zingafaka:

• Ayikwazi ukuqala noma ukugcina ingxoxo
• Isebenzisa ukushukuma komzimba esikhundleni samagama
• Uthuthukisa ulimi kancane noma cha
• Ayilungisi ukubuka ukuze ubuke izinto abanye ababukayo
• Akubhekisi kimi ngendlela efanele (isibonelo, ithi "ufuna amanzi" lapho ingane isho ukuthi "Ngifuna amanzi")
• Ayikhombisi ukukhombisa abanye abantu izinto (imvamisa zenzeka ezinyangeni eziyi-14 zokuqala zempilo)
• Iphinda amagama noma izindima ngekhanda, ezifana nezikhangiso

Ukuxhumana komphakathi:

• Akwenzi abangane
• Ayidlali imidlalo yokuhlanganyela
• Ihoxisiwe
• Kungangaphenduli ukuthintana kwamehlo noma ukumamatheka, noma kungagwema ukuxhumana kwamehlo
• Singaphatha abanye njengezinto
• Uncamela ukuba wedwa kunokuhlala nabanye
• Ayikwazi ukukhombisa ukuzwelana

Impendulo kulwazi lwezinzwa:

• Ayithuki imisindo ephezulu
• Inezinzwa eziphakeme kakhulu noma eziphansi kakhulu zokubona, ukuzwa, ukuthinta, ukuhogela, noma ukunambitha
• Ungathola imisindo ejwayelekile ibuhlungu futhi ubambe izandla zabo ezindlebeni zabo
• Ingahle ihoxe ekuthintaneni ngokomzimba ngoba ivusa kakhulu noma yehlula
• Hlikihla indawo, imilomo noma izinto zokukhotha
• Kungaba nempendulo ephezulu kakhulu noma ephansi kakhulu ebuhlungwini

Dlala:

• Ayilingisi izenzo zabanye
• Uncamela umdlalo wedwa noma wesiko
• Kukhombisa umdlalo omncane wokuzenzisa noma wokuqagela

Ukuziphatha:

• Ulingisa ngokufutheka okukhulu
• Ubambelela esihlokweni noma emsebenzini owodwa
• Inesikhathi esifushane sokunaka
• Inentshisekelo encane kakhulu
• Iyasebenza ngokweqile noma ayenzi lutho
• Inolaka kwabanye noma uqobo
• Kukhombisa isidingo esinamandla sezinto ezifanayo
• Iphinda ukunyakaza komzimba

Zonke izingane kufanele zenze izivivinyo ezijwayelekile ezenziwa ngudokotela wazo wezingane.Ukuhlolwa okuningi kungadingeka uma umhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwezempilo noma abazali bekhathazekile. Lokhu kuyiqiniso uma ingane ingahlangabezani nanoma iziphi zalezi zigigaba zolimi:

• Ukubhebhana ngezinyanga eziyi-12
• Ukuthinta (ukukhomba, ukuphakamisa ukuvalelisa) ngezinyanga eziyi-12
• Ukusho amagama awodwa ngezinyanga eziyi-16
• Ukusho imishwana yamagama amabili ngokuzenzekelayo ngezinyanga ezingama-24 (hhayi ukunanela nje kuphela)
• Ukulahlekelwa yiluphi ulimi noma amakhono okuxhumana nomphakathi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi

Lezi zingane zingadinga ukuhlolwa kokuzwa, ukuhlolwa kwegazi, nokuhlolwa kwe-ASD.

Umhlinzeki onolwazi ekuhloleni nasekwelapheni i-ASD kufanele abone ingane ukuthi ihlolwe kanjani. Ngenxa yokuthi akukho ukuhlolwa kwegazi kwe-ASD, ukuxilongwa kuvame ukususelwa kumihlahlandlela evela encwadini yezokwelapha enesihloko Incwajana Yokuhlola Nezibalo Yezinkinga Zengqondo (DSM-V).

Ukuhlolwa kwe-ASD kuvame ukufaka ukuhlolwa okuphelele komzimba novalo (neurologic). Ukuhlolwa kungenziwa ukubona ukuthi ngabe kunenkinga yini ngezakhi zofuzo noma imetabolism yomzimba. I-Metabolism yizinqubo zomzimba zomzimba nezamakhemikhali.

I-ASD ifaka phakathi ububanzi bezimpawu. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlolwa okukodwa, okufushane akukwazi ukutshela amakhono eqiniso engane. Kungcono ukuba neqembu lochwepheshe abazohlola ingane. Bangase bahlole:

• Ukuxhumana
• Ulimi
• Amakhono ezimoto
• Inkulumo
• Impumelelo esikoleni
• Amakhono okucabanga

Abanye abazali abafuni ukuthi ingane yabo ihlolwe ngoba besaba ukuthi ingane izofakwa ilebula. Kepha ngaphandle kokuxilongwa, ingane yabo kungenzeka ingatholi ukwelashwa nezinsizakalo ezidingekayo.

Ngalesi sikhathi, alikho ikhambi le-ASD. Uhlelo lokwelashwa luzothuthukisa kakhulu umbono wezingane eziningi ezisencane. Iningi lezinhlelo lakha phezu kwezintshisekelo zengane ngohlelo oluhleleke kakhulu lwemisebenzi eyakhayo.

Izinhlelo zokwelashwa zingahlanganisa amasu, kufaka phakathi:

• Ukuhlaziywa kokuziphatha okusetshenzisiwe (ABA)
• Imithi, uma idingeka
• Ukwelashwa emsebenzini
• Ukwelashwa ngokomzimba
• Ukwelashwa kolimi lokukhuluma

ISICELO SOKUHLAZIYWA KOKUZIPHATHA (ABA)

Lolu hlelo olwenzelwe izingane ezincane. Kuyasiza kwezinye izimo. I-ABA isebenzisa ukufundisa komuntu ngamunye okuqinisa amakhono ahlukahlukene. Inhloso ukusondeza ingane ekusebenzeni okujwayelekile kweminyaka yayo.

Uhlelo lwe-ABA luvame ukwenziwa ekhaya lengane. Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo siphethe uhlelo. Izinhlelo ze-ABA zingabiza kakhulu futhi azisetshenziswa kakhulu yizinhlelo zesikole. Ngokuvamile abazali kufanele bathole uxhaso nabasebenzi kweminye imithombo, engatholakali emiphakathini eminingi.

UCHWEPHESHE

Olunye uhlelo lubizwa ngeTreatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children (TEACCH). Isebenzisa amashejuli wesithombe nezinye izinkomba ezibukwayo. Lokhu kusiza izingane ukuba zisebenze ngokwazo futhi zihlele futhi zihlele izindawo zazo.

Yize i-TEACCH izama ukuthuthukisa amakhono nekhono lengane lokuzivumelanisa nezimo, ibuye yamukele nezinkinga ezihambisana ne-ASD. Ngokungafani nezinhlelo ze-ABA, i-TEACCH ayilindeli ukuthi izingane zizuze ukuthuthuka okujwayelekile ngokwelashwa.

IMITHI

Awukho umuthi owelapha i-ASD uqobo. Kodwa imithi ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwelapha izinkinga zokuziphatha noma ezingokomzwelo abantu abane-ASD abangaba nazo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:

• Ulaka
• Ukukhathazeka
• Izinkinga zokunaka
• Ukuphoqelelwa okukhulu ingane engakwazi ukukuyeka
• Ukungasebenzi kahle
• Ukuxhamazela
• Ukuthukuthela
• Ukushintsha kwemizwelo
• Ukuqhuma
• Ubunzima bokulala
• Ukuhlambalaza

Isidakamizwa i-risperidone kuphela esivunyelwe ukwelapha izingane ezineminyaka engu-5 kuya kwengu-16 ngenxa yokucasuka nolaka okungenzeka nge-ASD. Eminye imishanguzo engasetshenziswa futhi izinto zokuqinisa imizwa nezikhuthazi.

UKUDLA

Ezinye izingane ezine-ASD zibonakala zenza kahle ngokudla okungenayo i-gluten noma i-casein-free. I-Gluten ikukudla okuqukethe ukolweni, i-rye nebhali. I-Casein isobisini, ushizi, neminye imikhiqizo yobisi. Akubona bonke ochwepheshe abavumayo ukuthi izinguquko ekudleni zenza umehluko. Futhi akuzona zonke izifundo eziveze imiphumela emihle.

Uma ucabanga ngalezi noma ezinye izinguquko zokudla, khuluma nabo bobabili abahlinzeki kanye nodokotela wezokudla obhalisiwe. Ufuna ukuqiniseka ukuthi ingane yakho isathola amakhalori anele nezakhamzimba ezifanele.

EZINYE IZINDLELA

Qaphela ukwelashwa okusakazwa kabanzi kwe-ASD okungenakho ukusekelwa ngokwesayensi, nemibiko yokwelashwa okuyisimangaliso. Uma ingane yakho ine-ASD, khuluma nabanye abazali. Futhi xoxani ngezinkinga zenu nochwepheshe beASD. Landela inqubekela phambili yocwaningo lwe-ASD, olukhula ngokushesha.

Izinhlangano eziningi zinikela ngolwazi olungeziwe nosizo ku-ASD.

Uma welashwa ngendlela efanele, izimpawu eziningi ze-ASD zingathuthukiswa. Iningi labantu abane-ASD banezimpawu ezithile ezimpilweni zabo zonke. Kodwa, bayakwazi ukuhlala nemindeni yabo noma emphakathini.

I-ASD ingaxhunyaniswa nezinye izinkinga zobuchopho, njenge:

• Isifo se-Fragile X
• Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo
• Isifo sokuqina kwemithambo (tuberous sclerosis)

Abanye abantu abane-autism baba nokuquleka.

Ingcindezi yokubhekana ne-autism ingaholela ezinkingeni zenhlalo nezingokomzwelo emindenini nakubanakekeli, nakumuntu one-autism.

Abazali bavame ukusola ukuthi kunenkinga yentuthuko isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokutholakala kwesifo. Shayela umhlinzeki wakho uma ucabanga ukuthi ingane yakho ayikhuli ngendlela ejwayelekile.

Autism; Isifo se-Autistic; I-Asperger syndrome; Ukuphazamiseka kokuhlukaniswa kwengane; Isifo sokukhula esigcwele yonke indawo

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Izikhungo Zokulawulwa Nokuvimbelwa Kwezifo iwebhusayithi. I-Autism spectrum disorder, izincomo kanye nemihlahlandlela. www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/hcp-recommendations.html. Kubuyekezwe u-Agasti 27, 2019. Kufinyelelwe ngoMeyi 8, 2020.

UNass R, Sidhu R, Ross G. Autism nokunye ukukhubazeka kokuthuthuka. Ku: Daroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, ama-eds. I-Neurology kaBradley ekwenziweni kwemitholampilo. Umhla wesi-7. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: isahluko 90.

National Institute of Mental Health iwebhusayithi. Ukuphazamiseka kwe-Autism spectrum. www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml. Kubuyekezwe uMashi 2018. Kufinyelelwe kuMeyi 8, 2020.