Ukuthuthukiswa kwezingane

Izingane ezisacathula ziyizingane ezineminyaka engu-1 kuya ku-3.

IMIBONO YOKUTHUTHUKISWA KWENGANE

Amakhono okuthuthukisa ukuqonda (okucatshangwayo) ajwayelekile ezinganeni zihlanganisa:

• Ukusetshenziswa kwangoko kwamathuluzi noma amathuluzi
• Ukulandela ukufuduka okubukwayo (kamuva, okungabonakali) (ukusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye) kwezinto
• Ukuqonda ukuthi izinto nabantu bakhona, noma ungaziboni (into nabantu unomphela)

Ukuthuthuka komuntu siqu kanye nomphakathi kule minyaka kugxila ekufundeni kwengane ukuzivumelanisa nezimfuno zomphakathi. Kulesi sigaba, izingane zizama ukugcina ukuzimela nokuzethemba.

Lezi zigigaba zijwayelekile ezinganeni ezigabeni zokuhamba. Kungaba nokuhlukahluka okuthile. Khuluma nomhlinzeki wakho wezokunakekelwa kwezempilo uma unemibuzo mayelana nokukhula kwengane yakho.

UKUTHUTHUKISWA KOMZIMBA

Lokhu okulandelayo kuyizimpawu zokulindeleka kokukhula komzimba enganeni encane.

AMAKHONO E-GROSS MOTOR (ukusetshenziswa kwemisipha emilenzeni nasezingalweni)

• Umi wedwa kahle ngezinyanga eziyi-12.
• Uhamba kahle ngezinyanga eziyi-12 kuya kwezingu-15. (Uma ingane ingahambi ngezinyanga eziyi-18, khuluma nomhlinzeki.)
• Ufunda ukuhamba emuva naphezulu ngezinyathelo ngosizo cishe ezinyangeni eziyi-16 kuya kwezingu-18.
• Ugxuma endaweni cishe ngezinyanga ezingama-24.
• Ugibela ibhayisikili elinamasondo amathathu futhi ume kafushane ngonyawo olulodwa cishe izinyanga ezingama-36.

AMAKHONO AMAHLE EMOTORI (ukusetshenziswa kwezicubu ezincane ezandleni naseminwe)

• Kwenza umbhoshongo wamacube amane ngezinyanga ezingama-24
• Kuhlukaniswa ngezinyanga eziyi-15 kuya kwezingu-18
• Ungasebenzisa isipuni ngezinyanga ezingama-24
• Ungakopisha umbuthano ngezinyanga ezingama-24

UKUTHUTHUKISWA KOLIMI

• Isebenzisa amagama ama-2 kuye kwayi-3 (ngaphandle kukamama noma udada) ezinyangeni eziyi-12 kuye kwezi-15
• Uyaqonda futhi alandele imiyalo elula (njengokuthi "letha kumama") ezinyangeni eziyi-14 kuya kwezingu-16
• Qamba izithombe zezinto nezilwane ezinyangeni eziyi-18 kuya kwezingama-24
• Ukhomba izingxenye zomzimba eziqanjwe ezinyangeni eziyi-18 kuya kwezingama-24
• Iqala ukuphendula lapho ibizwa ngegama ezinyangeni eziyi-15
• Ihlanganisa amagama ama-2 ezinyangeni eziyi-16 kuye kwezingu-24 (Kunobubanzi beminyaka lapho izingane ziqala khona ukuhlanganisa amagama abe yimisho. Khuluma nomhlinzeki wengane yakho uma ingane ingakwazi ukwenza imisho ngezinyanga ezingama-24.)
• Wazi ubulili nobudala ngezinyanga ezingama-36

UKUTHUTHUKISWA KOMPHAKATHI

• Ikhombisa ezinye izidingo ngokukhomba ezinyangeni eziyi-12 kuya kwezingu-15
• Ifuna usizo lapho isenkingeni ngezinyanga eziyi-18
• Isiza ukukhumula futhi ubeke izinto kude ngezinyanga eziyi-18 kuye kwezingu-24
• Kulalela izindaba lapho kukhonjiswa izithombe futhi kungakhuluma ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwakamuva ngezinyanga ezingama-24
• Ungabamba iqhaza ekulingiseni ukudlala nemidlalo elula ngezinyanga ezingama-24 kuya kwezingama-36

UKUZIPHATHA

Ojahidada bahlala bezama ukuzimela ngokwengeziwe. Ungaba nokukhathazeka ngokuphepha kanye nezinselelo zokuziphatha. Fundisa ingane yakho imingcele yokuziphatha okufanelekile uma kuqhathaniswa nokuziphatha okungafanele.

Lapho izingane zizama ukwenza imisebenzi emisha, zingakhungatheka futhi zithukuthele. Ukuphefumula, ukukhala, ukumemeza, nentukuthelo kungenzeka kwenzeke.

Kubalulekile enganeni kulesi sigaba ukuthi:

• Funda kokuhlangenwe nakho
• Thembela emingceleni phakathi kokuziphatha okwamukelekayo nokungamukeleki

UKUPHEPHA

Ukuphepha kwezingane kubaluleke kakhulu.

• Yazi ukuthi ingane isiyakwazi ukuhamba, ukugijima, ukukhuphuka, ukugxuma, nokuhlola. Ukuqinisekisa ingane ekhaya kubaluleke kakhulu kulesi sigaba esisha. Faka onogada bamawindi, amasango ezitebhisini, okhiye bekhabethe, okhiye besihlalo sangasese, izembozo zikagesi, nezinye izinto zokuphepha ukugcina ingane iphephile.
• Beka encane esihlalweni semoto lapho ugibela emotweni.
• Ungashiyi ingane encane yodwa ngisho nangesikhathi esifushane. Khumbula, izingozi eziningi zenzeka phakathi neminyaka yokuhamba kunanoma isiphi esinye isigaba sobuntwana.
• Yenza imithetho ecacile ngokungadlali ezitaladini noma ukuwela ngaphandle komuntu omdala.
• Ukuwa kuyimbangela enkulu yokulimala. Gcina amasango noma iminyango ezitebhisini zivaliwe. Sebenzisa onogada kuwo wonke amawindi ngaphezu kwephansi. Ungashiyi izihlalo noma isitebhisi ezindaweni ezingalinga ingane encane. Bangazama ukukhuphuka ukuze bahlole ukuphakama okusha. Sebenzisa onogada basemakhoneni kwifenisha ezindaweni lapho ingane encane kungenzeka ihambe khona, idlale noma igijime.
• Ubuthi buyimbangela ejwayelekile yokugula nokufa kwengane encane. Gcina yonke imithi kwikhabethe elikhiyiwe. Gcina yonke imikhiqizo yasekhaya enobuthi (ama-polish, ama-acid, izixazululo zokuhlanza, i-chlorine bleach, i-lighter fluid, ama-insecticide, noma ama-poison) kwikhabethe noma ikhabethe elikhiyiwe. Izitshalo eziningi zasendlini nezingadi, njengezitokisi zezinja, zingadala ukugula okubi noma ukufa uma zidliwe. Buza umhlinzeki wengane yakho uhlu lwezitshalo ezivamile ezinobuthi.
• Uma kunesibhamu endlini, sisigcine singalayishiwe bese sizivalele endaweni ephephile.
• Gcina izingane zisuka ekhishini ngesango lezokuphepha. Kubeke endaweni yokudlala noma esihlalweni esiphakeme ngenkathi usebenza. Lokhu kuzosusa ubungozi bokusha.
• Ungalokothi ushiye ingane inganakiwe eduze kwechibi, indlu yangasese evulekile, noma ubhavu. Ingane encane ingaminza, ngisho nasemanzini angajulile kubhavu wokugezela. Izifundo zokubhukuda komzali nengane kungaba yindlela ephephile nejabulisayo yokuthi izingane zidlale emanzini. Izingane ezisencane azikwazi ukufunda ukubhukuda futhi azikwazi ukuzihambela zodwa eduze kwamanzi.

AMACEBISO OKUKHULISA ABAZALI

• Izingane ezisencane zidinga ukufunda imithetho eyamukelekile yokuziphatha. Yiba njalo ekuziphatheni kokumodela (uziphathe ngendlela ofuna ingane yakho iziphathe ngayo) futhi ukhombe indlela yokuziphatha engafanele enganeni. Umvuzo wokuziphatha okuhle. Banikeze isikhathi sokuphumula sokuziphatha okubi, noma sokudlula imikhawulo ebekiwe.
• Igama eliyintandokazi losana lungabonakala ngathi "NO !!!" Ungaweli kuphethini lokuziphatha okubi. Ungasebenzisi ukuthethisa, ukushaya, nokusongela ukuyala ingane.
• Fundisa izingane amagama afanele ezitho zomzimba.
• Gxilisa izimfanelo ezihlukile, ezingazodwana zengane.
• Fundisa imiqondo yokujabulisa, ngiyabonga, futhi wabelane nabanye.
• Fundela ingane njalo. Lokhu kuzosiza ukuthuthukisa amakhono okukhuluma.
• Ukuvama njalo kuyisihluthulelo. Izinguquko ezinkulu enkambisweni yabo zinzima kubo. Bavumele balale kancane, balale, badle, nezikhathi zokudla.
• Ojahidada akumele bavunyelwe ukuthi badle amakhekhe amaningi usuku lonke. Ukudla okulula kakhulu kungasusa isifiso sokudla ukudla okunomsoco njalo.
• Ukuhamba nengane encane noma ukuba nezivakashi endlini kungaphazamisa inqubo yengane. Lokhu kungenza ingane icasuke kalula. Kulezi zimo, qinisekisa ingane bese uzama ukubuyela esimeni ngendlela enokuthula.

• Ukuthuthukiswa kwezingane

Izikhungo Zokulawulwa Nokuvimbelwa Kwezifo iwebhusayithi. Izinyathelo ezibalulekile: ingane yakho ngeminyaka emibili. www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/milestones/milestones-2yr.html. Kubuyekezwe uDisemba 9, 2019. Kufinyelelwe ngoMashi 18, 2020.

UCarter RG, Feigelman S. Unyaka wesibili. Ku: Kliegman RM, St Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Incwadi kaNelson Yezingane. Umhlaka 21. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 23.

UFeldman HM, uChaves-Gnecco D. Izifo zezingane zokuthuthuka / zokuziphatha. Ku: Zitelli BJ, McIntire SC, Nowalk AJ, ama-eds. UZitelli noDavis ’Atlas of Pediatric Physical Diagnosis. Umhla wesi-7. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018: isahluko 3.

IHazen EP, i-Abrams AN, iMuriel AC. Ingane, ukukhula, nokukhula kwabantu abadala. Ku: Stern TA, Fava M, Wilens TE, Rosenbaum JF, ama-eds. IMassachusetts General Hospital Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry. Okwesibili. Elsevier; 2016: isahluko 5.

I-Reimschisel T. Ukulibaziseka kokuthuthuka komhlaba wonke nokubuyela emuva. Ku: Daroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, ama-eds. I-Neurology kaBradley ekwenziweni kwemitholampilo. Umhla wesi-7. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: isahluko 8.

Thorn J. Ukuthuthuka, isimilo, nempilo yengqondo. Ku: Isibhedlela iJohns Hopkins; UHughes HK, Kahl LK, ama-eds. Isibhedlela iJohns Hopkins: IHarriet Lane Handbook. Umhlaka 21. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018: isahluko 9.