Ubuthi bomthofu

Ukuhola kungubuthi obunamandla kakhulu. Lapho umuntu egwinya into enomthofu noma ephefumulela othulini lomthofu, obunye ubuthi bungahlala emzimbeni futhi budale izinkinga ezinkulu zempilo.

Lo mbhalo ungowolwazi kuphela. UNGAYisebenzisi ukwelapha noma ukuphatha ukuvezwa kobuthi uqobo. Uma wena noma umuntu onaye unokuchayeka, shayela inombolo yakho ephuthumayo yasendaweni (njenge-911), noma isikhungo sendawo sakho sobuthi singafinyelelwa ngqo ngokushayela ucingo lwasimahla lwe-Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) kusuka noma yikuphi e-United States.

Ukuhola kwakujwayeleke kakhulu kuphethiloli nakupende wendlu e-United States. Ezinganeni, ukuvezwa komthofu kuvame ukwenzeka ngokungenisa. Izingane ezihlala emadolobheni anezindlu ezindala maningi amathuba okuthi zibe namazinga aphezulu omthofu. E-United States, kulinganiselwa ukuthi izingane eziyingxenye yesigidi ezineminyaka engu-1 kuya kwengu-5 zinamazinga omthofu angenampilo egazini lazo. Kubantu abadala, ukuvezwa komthofu kuvame ukuphefumula endaweni yokusebenza.

Izingane ezivela kwamanye amazwe nababaleki zisengozini enkulu kakhulu yokuthola ubuthi bomthofu kunezingane ezizalwe e-United States ngenxa yokudla nezinye izingozi zokuchayeka ngaphambi kokufika e-United States.

Yize uphethiloli nopende kungasenziwa ngomthofu kuzo, umthofu useseyinkinga yezempilo. Umthofu ukuyo yonke indawo, kufaka phakathi ukungcola, uthuli, amathoyizi amasha nopende wakudala wendlu. Ngeshwa, awukwazi ukubona, ukunambitha, noma ukuhogela umthofu.

Ngo-2014, izinhlangano zezempilo zalinganisela ukuthi cishe abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha emhlabeni wonke babenamazinga okuhola egazini anobuthi (anobuthi).

Umholi utholakala ku:

• Izindlu ezidwetshiwe ngaphambi kuka-1978. Ngisho noma upende ungacwecwi, kungaba yinkinga. Upende womthofu uyingozi kakhulu lapho uphuculwa noma ufakwa esihlabathini. Lezi zenzo zidedela uthuli oluholayo olungena emoyeni. Izinsana nezingane ezihlala ezindlini zangaphambi kuka-1960 (lapho upende uvame ukuba nomthofu) zisengozini enkulu yokufakwa ushevu womthofu. Izingane ezincane zivame ukugwinya amachips kapende noma uthuli kusuka kupende osuselwa kumthofu.
• Amathoyizi nefenisha edwetshiwe ngaphambi kowe-1976.
• Amathoyizi apendiwe nemihlobiso eyenziwe ngaphandle kwe-United States
• Izinhlamvu eziholayo, amasinki okudoba, izinsimbi zamakhethini.
• Amapayipi, amapayipi, nompompi. Umthofu ungatholakala emanzini okuphuza emakhaya aqukethe amapayipi ayexhunywe nge-lead solder. Yize amakhodi amasha wokwakha edinga i-solder engenamthofu, umthofu usatholakala kompompi abathile banamuhla.
• Umhlabathi ungcoliswe amashumi eminyaka wokuqothulwa kwezimoto noma iminyaka yokupenda kwendlu. Umthofu uvame kakhulu enhlabathini eseduze nemigwaqo emikhulu nezindlu.
• Izinto zokuzilibazisa ezibandakanya ukugoqana, ingilazi enamabala, ukwenza ubucwebe, ukubumba izitsha zobumba, nezinombolo zokuhola ezincane (bheka amalebula njalo)
• Amasethi opende wezingane nempahla yobuciko (njalo bheka amalebula).
• Pewter, ezinye izingilazi zobumba, izitsha zobumba noma ezicwebezelisiwe kanye ne-dinnerware.
• Amabhethri e-lead-acid, njengalawo asetshenziswa ezinjini zemoto.

Izingane zithola umthofu emizimbeni yazo lapho zifaka izinto eziholayo emlonyeni wazo, ikakhulukazi uma zigwinya lezo zinto. Bangathola futhi ubuthi bomthofu eminweni yabo ngokuthinta into enothuli noma exobukayo, bese befaka iminwe yabo emilonyeni yabo noma badle ukudla ngemuva kwalokho. Izingane nazo zingaphefumula ngamanani amancane womthofu.

Kunezimpawu eziningi ezingaba khona zobuthi bomthofu. Ukuhola kungathinta izingxenye eziningi zomzimba. Umthamo owodwa ophezulu wokuhola ungadala izimpawu zesimo esiphuthumayo.

Kodwa-ke, kuvame kakhulu ukuthi ubuthi bomthofi bukhule kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kwenzeka kusuka ekuvezweni okuphindaphindwayo kumanani amancane omthofu. Kulokhu, kungahle kungabikho zimpawu ezisobala. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngisho namazinga aphansi okuvezwa komthofu angalimaza ukukhula kwengqondo kwengane. Izinkinga zempilo ziba zimbi njengoba izinga lomthofu egazini likhuphuka.

Ukuhola kuyingozi kakhulu ezinganeni kunabantu abadala ngoba kungathinta izinzwa nobuchopho obukhulayo bezingane. Lapho ingane isencane, ukuhola okungaba yingozi kakhulu kungaba. Izingane ezingakazalwa yizona ezisengozini kakhulu.

Izinkinga ezingaba khona zifaka:

• Izinkinga zokuziphatha noma zokunaka
• Ukwehluleka esikoleni
• Izinkinga zokuzwa
• Ukulimala kwezinso
• Yehlisiwe IQ
• Ukukhula komzimba kancane

Izimpawu zobuthi bomthofu zingabandakanya:

• Ubuhlungu besisu nokuqunjelwa (imvamisa kuyisibonakaliso sokuqala somthamo onobuthi ophakeme, onobuthi)
• Ukuziphatha ngolaka
• I-anemia (inani eliphansi elibomvu lamaseli egazi)
• Ukuqunjelwa
• Kunzima ukukhulelwa
• Kunzima ukulala
• Ukuphathwa ikhanda
• Ukulahlekelwa ukuzwa
• Ukuthukuthela
• Ukulahleka kwamakhono okuthuthuka wangaphambilini (ezinganeni ezincane)
• Ukudla okuphansi namandla
• Ukunciphisa imizwa

Izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lomthofu lingadala ukuhlanza, ukopha ngaphakathi, ukuhamba okumangazayo, ubuthakathaka bemisipha, ukuquleka, noma ikhoma.

Unganciphisa ukuvezwa kokuhola ngezinyathelo ezilandelayo:

• Uma usola ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi unopende wokuhola endlini yakho, thola izeluleko ngokususwa okuphephile eNational Lead Information Center - www.epa.gov/lead ku- (800) 424-5323.
• Gcina ikhaya lakho lingenathuli ngangokunokwenzeka.
• Bonke abantu mabageze izandla ngaphambi kokudla.
• Phonsa amathoyizi amadala apendiwe uma ungazi ukuthi upende uqukethe yini umthofu.
• Vumela amanzi ompompi asebenze umzuzu ngaphambi kokuphuza noma ukupheka ngawo.
• Uma amanzi akho evivinye ukuhola okuphezulu, cabanga ukufaka ithuluzi lokuhlunga elisebenzayo noma ushintshele emanzini asemabhodleleni okuphuza nokupheka.
• Gwema izimpahla ezisemathinini ezivela emazweni angaphandle kuze kuqale ukusebenza kokuvinjelwa kwamathini athengisiwe.
• Uma iziqukathi zewayini ezingenisiwe zine-lead foil esonga, sula irimu nentamo yebhodlela ngethawula elifakwe ujusi kalamula, uviniga, noma iwayini ngaphambi kokulisebenzisa.
• UNGABEKI iwayini, imimoya, noma uviniga osuselwe kwisaladi kumalitha we-crystal decanters isikhathi eside, ngoba umthofu ungangena kuketshezi.

Nikeza imininingwane elandelayo kusizo oluphuthumayo:

• Iminyaka yomuntu, isisindo, nesimo
• Igama lomkhiqizo noma into ocabanga ukuthi ibiholele kuyo
• Idethi / isikhathi sokuhola sigwinyiwe noma sahogela
• Inani ligwinyiwe noma lihogelwe

Kodwa-ke, UNGALIBALI ukubiza usizo uma lolu lwazi lungatholakali ngokushesha.

Uma othile enezimpawu ezinzima ezivela ekuvezeni okuholela phambili (njengokuhlanza noma ukuquleka) shayela u-911 ngokushesha.

Ngezinye izimpawu ocabanga ukuthi zingabangelwa ubuthi bomthofu, shayela isikhungo sakho sendawo sokulawula ubuthi.

Isikhungo sakho sendawo sokulawula ubuthi singafinyelelwa ngqo ngokushayela inombolo yocingo yamahhala kazwelonke (1-800-222-1222) kusuka noma yikuphi e-United States. Le nombolo yocingo kazwelonke izokuvumela ukuthi ukhulume nochwepheshe bokufaka ushevu. Bazokunikeza eminye imiyalelo.

Le yisevisi yamahhala futhi eyimfihlo. Zonke izikhungo zokulawula ubuthi e-United States zisebenzisa le nombolo kazwelonke. Kufanele ushaye uma unemibuzo mayelana nobuthi noma ukuvimbela ubuthi. Akudingeki ukuthi kube yisimo esiphuthumayo. Ungashayela nganoma yisiphi isizathu, amahora angama-24 ngosuku, izinsuku eziyi-7 ngeviki.

Ngaphandle kwezimo ezinzima lapho othile evezwe kumthamo omkhulu wokuhola, uhambo oluya egumbini lezimo eziphuthumayo aludingeki. Xhumana nomhlinzeki wakho wezokunakekelwa kwempilo noma umnyango wezempilo yomphakathi uma usola ukuthi kungenzeka ukutholakala kokuhola okuphansi.

Ukuhlolwa kwegazi kungasiza ekuboneni ukuthi ngabe inkinga ikhona yini. Ngaphezulu kwe-10 mcg / dL (0.48 µmol / L) ukukhathazeka okuqondile. Izinga eliphakathi kuka-2 no-10 mcg / dL (0.10 no-0.48 µmol / L) kufanele lixoxwe nodokotela wakho. Ezifundazweni eziningi, kunconywa ukuhlolwa kwegazi ezinganeni ezisengozini.

Okunye ukuhlolwa kwelebhu kungafaka:

• I-bone marrow biopsy (isampula yomnkantsha wethambo)
• Qedela ukubalwa kwegazi (CBC) kanye ne-coagulation (ikhono legazi lokunqanda)
• I-Erythrocyte protoporphyrin (uhlobo lwe-protein / lead compound kumaseli abomvu egazi)
• Izinga lokuhola
• I-X-ray yamathambo amade nesisu

Ezinganeni ezinamazinga egazi omthofu aphakeme ngokulinganisela, thola yonke imithombo emikhulu yokuvezwa komthofu futhi ugcine ingane ikude nayo. Ukuhlolwa kwegazi okulandelwayo kungadingeka.

Ukwelashwa kwe-Chelation (izinhlanganisela ezibopha ukuhola) inqubo engasusa amazinga aphezulu omthofu akhele emzimbeni womuntu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ezimweni lapho othile kungenzeka ukuthi udle umthamo onobuthi omkhulu womthofu esikhathini esifushane, kungenzeka ukwelashwa okulandelayo:

• Ukunisela ngamathumbu (ukukhipha) nge-polyethylene glycol solution
• Ukuhlanza isisu (ukugeza isisu)

Abantu abadala abanamazinga okuhola aphezulu kancane bavame ukululama ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Ezinganeni, ngisho nobuthi obuncane bomthofu bungaba nomthelela onomphela ekunakekelweni nase-IQ.

Abantu abanamazinga aphezulu okuhola banengozi enkulu yezinkinga zezempilo ezihlala isikhathi eside. Kumele zilandelwe ngokucophelela.

Izinzwa nemisipha yabo kungathinteka kakhulu futhi kungenzeka kungabe kusasebenza njengoba kufanele. Ezinye izinhlelo zomzimba zingalimala kumazinga ahlukahlukene, njengezinso nemithambo yegazi. Abantu abasinda emazingeni okuhola anobuthi bangalimala ubuchopho unomphela. Izingane zisengozini enkulu yezinkinga ezinkulu zesikhathi eside.

Ukululama okuphelele kusuka kubuthi obungapheli bomthofu kungathatha izinyanga kuya eminyakeni.

Plumbism

Izikhungo Zokulawulwa Nokuvimbelwa Kwezifo iwebhusayithi. Hola. www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/default.htm. Kubuyekezwe u-Okthoba 18, 2018. Kufinyelelwe ngoJanuwari 11, 2019.

UMarkowitz M. Ubuthi obuholayo. Ku: Kliegman RM, St Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Incwadi kaNelson Yezingane. Umhlaka 21. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 739.

UTheobald JL, Mycyk MB. Insimbi nezinsimbi ezisindayo. Ku: Walls RM, Hockberger RS, Gausche-Hill M, ama-eds. Imithi Ephuthumayo yaseRosen: Imiqondo kanye Nokuzijwayeza Komtholampilo. Umhlaka 9. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018: isahluko 151.