Umdlavuza wamaphaphu

Umdlavuza wamaphaphu ngumdlavuza oqala emaphashini.

Amaphaphu atholakala esifubeni. Uma uphefumula, umoya ungena ngamakhala akho, wehle ngomphebe womoya (trachea), ungene emaphashini, lapho ugeleza khona ngamashubhu abizwa nge-bronchi. Umdlavuza omningi wamaphaphu uqala kumaseli agudle la ma-tubes.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zomdlavuza wamaphaphu:

• Umdlavuza wamangqamuzana ongewona omncane (i-NSCLC) uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lomdlavuza wamaphaphu.
• Umdlavuza omncane wamaphaphu wamangqamuzana (SCLC) wenza cishe amaphesenti angama-20 awo wonke amacala omdlavuza wamaphaphu.

Uma umdlavuza wamaphaphu wakhiwe ngazo zombili izinhlobo, ubizwa ngokuthi ngumdlavuza omncane weseli / omkhulu weseli.

Uma umdlavuza uqale kwenye indawo emzimbeni futhi usakazekela emaphashini, ubizwa ngokuthi ngumdlavuza we-metastatic oya ephashini.

Umdlavuza wamaphaphu wuhlobo lomdlavuza olubulala abantu besilisa nabesifazane. Unyaka nonyaka, abantu abaningi babulawa ngumdlavuza wamaphaphu kunokubulawa komdlavuza webele, wekolon nowesibeletho kuhlangene.

Umdlavuza wamaphaphu uvame kakhulu kubantu abadala asebekhulile. Kuyaqabukela kubantu abangaphansi kweminyaka engama-45.

Ukubhema ugwayi kuyimbangela ehamba phambili yomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Cishe i-90% yomdlavuza wamaphaphu ihlobene nokubhema. Lapho usikilidi ubhema kakhulu ngosuku futhi lapho uqala khona ukubhema, iba sengcupheni enkulu yokuba nomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Ubungozi buyancipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngemuva kokuyeka ukubhema. Akunabufakazi bokuthi ukubhema osikilidi abanetiyela eliphansi kwehlisa ubungozi.

Izinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza wamaphaphu nazo zingathinta abantu abangakaze babheme.

Intuthu kagwayi (ukuphefumula intuthu yabanye) kwandisa ingozi yokuba nomdlavuza wamaphaphu.

Okulandelayo kungandisa ingozi yakho yomdlavuza wamaphaphu:

• Ukuvezwa kwe-asbestos
• Ukuvezwa kumakhemikhali abangela umdlavuza njenge-uranium, i-beryllium, i-vinyl chloride, i-nickel chromates, imikhiqizo yamalahle, igesi lwesinaphi, i-chloromethyl ethers, uphethiloli, nedizili
• Ukuvezwa kwegesi ye-radon
• Umlando womndeni womdlavuza wamaphaphu
• Amazinga aphezulu okungcoliswa komoya
• Izinga eliphakeme le-arsenic emanzini okuphuza
• Ukwelashwa ngemisebe emaphashini

Umdlavuza wamaphaphu wokuqala awunakubanga zimpawu.

Izimpawu zincike ohlotsheni lomdlavuza onawo, kepha zingafaka:

• Ubuhlungu besifuba
• Ukukhwehlela okungapheli
• Akhwehlele igazi
• Ukukhathala
• Ukwehlisa isisindo ngaphandle kokuzama
• Ukuphelelwa isifiso sokudla
• Ukuphelelwa umoya
• Ukuqhuma

Ezinye izimpawu ezingaphinde zivele ngomdlavuza wamaphaphu, imvamisa ngezigaba zokugcina:

• Ubuhlungu bamathambo noma isisa
• Ijwabu lehla
• Ukukhubazeka ebusweni
• Ukubola noma ukushintsha kwezwi
• Ubuhlungu obuhlangene
• Izinkinga zesipikili
• Ubuhlungu behlombe
• Ukugwinya ubunzima
• Ukuvuvukala kobuso noma izingalo
• Ubuthakathaka

Lezi zimpawu zingabangelwa ezinye, izimo ezingezinhle kangako, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukukhuluma nomhlinzeki wakho wezokunakekelwa kwempilo.

Umdlavuza wamaphaphu uvame ukutholakala lapho kwenziwa i-x-ray noma i-CT scan ngesinye isizathu.

Uma kusolwa umdlavuza wamaphaphu, umhlinzeki uzokwenza ukuhlolwa komzimba abuze ngomlando wakho wezokwelapha. Uzobuzwa ukuthi uyabhema yini. Uma kunjalo, uzobuzwa ukuthi ubhema kangakanani nokuthi unesikhathi esingakanani ubhema. Uzobuzwa futhi nangezinye izinto okungenzeka zikubeke engcupheni yomdlavuza wamaphaphu, njengokuchayeka kumakhemikhali athile.

Lapho ulalele isifuba nge-stethoscope, umhlinzeki angase ezwe uketshezi oluzungeze amaphaphu. Lokhu kungaphakamisa umdlavuza.

Ukuhlolwa okungenziwa ukuthola umdlavuza wamaphaphu noma ukubona ukuthi kusakazekile kufaka:

• Ukuskena kwamathambo
• I-x-ray yesifuba
• Qedela ukubalwa kwegazi (CBC)
• I-CT scan yesifuba
• I-MRI yesifuba
• Ukuskena kwePositron emission tomography (PET)
• Ukuhlolwa kwesikhwehlela ukubheka amangqamuzana omdlavuza
• I-Thoracentesis (isampuli yokwakhiwa ketshezi elizungeze iphaphu)

Ezimweni eziningi, ucezu lwesicubu luyasuswa emaphashini akho ukuze luhlolwe ngesibonakhulu. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi-biopsy. Kunezindlela eziningana zokwenza lokhu:

• I-Bronchoscopy ihlangene ne-biopsy
• I-CT-scan-iqondise i-needle biopsy
• I-endoscopic esophageal ultrasound (EUS) ene-biopsy
• I-Mediastinoscopy ene-biopsy
• Vula i-biopsy yamaphaphu
• I-Pleural biopsy

Uma i-biopsy ikhombisa umdlavuza, kwenziwa ukuhlolwa okuningi kwe-imaging ukuthola isigaba somdlavuza. Isiteji sisho ukuthi sikhulu kangakanani isimila nokuthi sesisabalale kangakanani. Isiteji sisiza ukuqondisa ukwelashwa nokulandelela futhi sikunikeze umbono wokuthi yini ongayilindela.

Ukwelashwa komdlavuza wamaphaphu kuncike ohlotsheni lomdlavuza, ukuthi uthuthuke kangakanani, nokuthi unempilo kangakanani:

• Ukuhlinzwa ukukhipha isimila kungenziwa uma kungasakazeki ngaphesheya kwama-lymph node aseduze.
• I-Chemotherapy isebenzisa izidakamizwa ukubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza nokuvimba amaseli amasha ukuthi angakhuli.
• Ukwelashwa ngemisebe isebenzisa ama-x-ray anamandla noma ezinye izinhlobo zemisebe ukubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza.

Le mithi engenhla ingenziwa yodwa noma inhlanganisela. Umhlinzeki wakho angakutshela kabanzi mayelana nokwelashwa okuthile ozokuthola, kuya ngohlobo oluthile lomdlavuza wamaphaphu nokuthi yisiphi isigaba.

Unganciphisa ukucindezela kokugula ngokujoyina iqembu lokusekela umdlavuza. Ukwabelana nabanye abanokuhlangenwe nakho okuvamile nezinkinga kungakusiza ungazizwa uwedwa.

Ukwenza kahle kwakho kuncike kakhulu ekutheni umdlavuza wamaphaphu usakazeke kangakanani.

Shayela umhlinzeki wakho uma unezimpawu zomdlavuza wamaphaphu, ikakhulukazi uma ubhema.

Uma ubhema, manje isikhathi sokuyeka. Uma unenkinga yokuyeka, khuluma nomhlinzeki wakho. Kunezindlela eziningi zokukusiza uyeke, kusuka emaqenjini okusekela kuya emithini kadokotela. Futhi, zama ukugwema intuthu kagwayi.

Umdlavuza - amaphaphu

• Ukuhlinzwa kwamaphaphu - ukukhipha

U-Araujo LH, uPhondo L, uMerritt RE, et al. Umdlavuza wamaphaphu: umdlavuza wamaphaphu weseli ongeyona omncane nomdlavuza omncane wamaphaphu weseli. Ku: Niederhuber JE, Armitage JO, Kastan MB, Doroshow JH, Tepper JE, abahleli. I-Abeloff’s Clinical Oncology. Umhlaka 6. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 69.

UGillaspie EA, Lewis J, Leora Horn L. Umdlavuza wamaphaphu. Ku: Kellerman RD, Rakel DP, ama-eds. Ukwelashwa Kwamanje kukaConn 2020. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier 2020: 862-871.

Iwebhusayithi yeNational Cancer Institute. Ukwelashwa komdlavuza wamangqamuzana ongewona omncane (PDQ) - inguqulo yezobuchwepheshe yezempilo. www.cancer.gov/types/lung/hp/non-small-cell-lung-treatment-pdq. Kubuyekezwe uMeyi 7, 2020. Kufinyelelwe ngoJulayi 14, 2020.

Iwebhusayithi yeNational Cancer Institute. Ukwelashwa komdlavuza wamangqamuzana amancane (PDQ) - inguqulo yezobuchwepheshe yezempilo. www.cancer.gov/types/lung/hp/small-cell-lung-treatment-pdq. Kubuyekezwe ngoMashi 24, 2020. Kufinyelelwe ngoJulayi 14, 2020.

USilvestri GA, uPastis NJ, uTanner NT, uJett JR. Izici zomtholampilo zomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Ku: Broaddus VC, Mason RJ, Ernst JD, et al, abakwa-eds. Incwadi kaMurray neNadel Yemithi Yokuphefumula. Umhlaka 6. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016: isahluko 53.