Neuroscience

Ama-Neuroscience (noma ama-neurosciences emitholampilo) abhekisele egatsheni lezokwelapha eligxile ohlelweni lwezinzwa. Uhlelo lwezinzwa lwenziwe izingxenye ezimbili:

• Isistimu yezinzwa emaphakathi (i-CNS) iqukethe ubuchopho bakho nentambo yomgogodla.
• Uhlelo lwe-peripheral nervous luqukethe zonke izinzwa zakho, kufaka phakathi uhlelo lwe-autonomic nervous, ngaphandle kobuchopho nentambo yomgogodla, kufaka phakathi lezo ezingalweni zakho, emilenzeni, nasemgodleni womzimba.

Ngokubambisana, ubuchopho bakho nentambo yakho yomgogodla isebenza "njengesikhungo sokucubungula" esiyinhloko sohlelo lonke lwezinzwa, futhi ilawula yonke imisebenzi yomzimba wakho.

Izimo zezokwelapha ezahlukahlukene zingathinta uhlelo lwezinzwa, kufaka phakathi:

• Ukuphazamiseka kwemikhumbi yegazi ebuchosheni, kufaka phakathi ukungasebenzi kahle kwemithambo yegazi nama-aneurysms obuchopho
• Ama-tumors, benign and malignant (umdlavuza)
• Izifo eziwohlozayo, kubandakanya isifo i-Alzheimer nesifo seParkinson
• Ukuphazamiseka kwendlala ye-pituitary
• Isifo sokuwa
• Ukuphathwa yikhanda, kufaka phakathi i-migraines
• Ukulimala ekhanda njengokuxubana nokuhlukumezeka kwengqondo
• Ukuphazamiseka kokuhamba, njengokuthuthumela kanye nesifo seParkinson
• Ukuqeda izifo ezifana ne-multiple sclerosis
• Izifo ze-Neuro-ophthalmologic, okuyizinkinga zombono ezibangelwa ukulimala kwe-optic nerve noma ukuxhumana kwayo nobuchopho
• Izifo zemizwa yezinzwa (i-neuropathy), ezithinta izinzwa ezithwala imininingwane ziyise ebuchosheni nasemgogodleni
• Ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, njenge-schizophrenia
• Izinkinga zomgogodla
• Ukutheleleka, njenge-meningitis
• Unhlangothi

UKUHLOLA NOKUHLOLA

Izazi ze-Neurologists nezinye izazi ze-neuroscience zisebenzisa izivivinyo ezikhethekile namasu we-imaging ukubona ukuthi izinzwa nobuchopho busebenza kanjani.

Ngaphezu kokuhlolwa kwegazi nomchamo, ukuhlolwa okwenziwe ukuthola izifo zesistimu yezinzwa kungafaka:

• I-computed tomography (i-CT scan)
• Ukubhoboza i-Lumbar (umpompi womgogodla) ukubheka ukutheleleka komgogodla nobuchopho, noma ukukala ingcindezi ye-cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF)
• I-Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) noma i-magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
• I-Electroencephalography (EEG) ukubheka ukusebenza kobuchopho
• I-Electromyography (EMG) yokuhlola ukusebenza kwe-nerve ne-muscle
• I-Electronystagmography (ENG) yokuhlola ukunyakaza kwamehlo okungajwayelekile, okungaba wuphawu lokuphazamiseka kobuchopho
• Amandla akhishiwe (noma impendulo evuliwe), ebheka ukuthi ubuchopho busabela kanjani emisindweni, ekubukeni, nasekuthintweni
• I-Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
• I-Myelogram yomgogodla ukuxilonga ukulimala kwezinzwa
• Isivivinyo se-Nerve conduction velocity (NCV)
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-Neurocognitive (ukuhlolwa kwe-neuropsychological)
• I-Polysomnogram ukubona ukuthi ubuchopho busabela kanjani ngesikhathi sokulala
• Ukuskena okukodwa kwe-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) kanye ne-positron emission tomography (PET) ukuskena ukubuka umsebenzi we-metabolism.
• I-biopsy yobuchopho, imizwa, isikhumba, noma imisipha ukuthola ukuthi kunenkinga yini ngohlelo lwezinzwa

UKWELASHWA

I-Neuroradiology igatsha lomuthi we-neuroscience eligxile ekuhloleni nasekwelapheni izinkinga zesistimu yezinzwa.

I-neuroradiology engenelela ifaka ukufaka amashubhu amancane, aguquguqukayo abizwa ngokuthi ama-catheters emithanjeni yegazi eholela ebuchosheni. Lokhu kuvumela udokotela ukuthi alaphe ukuphazamiseka kwemithambo yegazi engathinta uhlelo lwezinzwa, njengokushaywa unhlangothi.

Ukwelashwa okungenayo kwe-neuroradiology kufaka:

• I-Balloon angioplasty nokuqina kwe-carotid noma i-vertebral artery
• Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Endovascular and coiling ukwelapha ama-aneurysms ebuchosheni
• Ukwelashwa kwangaphakathi kwe-arterial kwesifo sohlangothi
• I-radiation oncology yobuchopho nomgogodla
• Izinaliti biopsies, umgogodla nezicubu ezithambile
• I-Kyphoplasty ne-vertebroplasty yokwelapha ukuqhekeka kwe-vertebral

I-neurosurgery evulekile noma yendabuko ingadingeka kwezinye izimo ukuphatha izinkinga ebuchosheni nasezakhiweni ezizungezile. Lokhu ukuhlinzwa okuhlasela kakhulu okudinga ukuthi udokotela ohlinzayo avule, okuthiwa yi-craniotomy, kugebhezi.

I-Microsurgery ivumela udokotela ohlinzayo ukuthi asebenze ezakhiweni ezincane kakhulu ebuchosheni esebenzisa imicroscope nezinsimbi ezincane kakhulu, eziqondile.

Ama-radiosurgery we-stereotactic angadingeka ezinhlotsheni ezithile zokuphazamiseka kwesistimu yezinzwa. Lolu uhlobo lokwelashwa ngemisebe okugxila kulo ama-x-ray anamandla amakhulu endaweni encane yomzimba, ngaleyo ndlela agweme ukulimala kwezicubu zobuchopho ezizungezile.

Ukwelashwa kwezifo noma ukuphazamiseka okuhlobene nohlelo lwezinzwa kungafaka futhi:

• Imithi, okungenzeka inikezwe ngamaphampu ezidakamizwa (njengalezo ezisetshenziselwa abantu abane-spasms ebucayi)
• Ukugqugquzela ubuchopho obujulile
• Ukukhuthazwa kwentambo yomgogodla
• Ukuvuselelwa / ukwelashwa ngokomzimba ngemuva kokulimala kobuchopho noma isifo sohlangothi
• Ukuhlinzwa komgogodla

NGUBANI OTHILE

Ithimba lezokwelapha le-neuroscience livame ukwenziwa abahlinzeki bezokunakekelwa kwezempilo abavela kuzinto eziningi ezahlukahlukene. Lokhu kungafaka:

• I-Neurologist - udokotela othole ukuqeqeshwa okwengeziwe ekwelapheni ukuphazamiseka kobuchopho nobuchopho
• Udokotela ohlinzayo we-Vascular - udokotela othole ukuqeqeshwa okwengeziwe ekwelashweni kokuhlinzwa kokuphazamiseka kwemithambo yegazi
• I-Neurosurgeon - udokotela othole ukuqeqeshwa okwengeziwe ekuhlinzweni kobuchopho nomgogodla
• I-Neuropsychologist - udokotela oqeqeshwe ngokukhethekile ekuphathweni nasekuhumusheni izivivinyo zomsebenzi wokuqonda kwengqondo
• Udokotela wezinhlungu - udokotela owathola ukuqeqeshwa ekwelapheni ubuhlungu obuyinkimbinkimbi ngezinqubo nemithi
• Udokotela wezifo zengqondo - udokotela owelapha isifo sokuziphatha kobuchopho ngezidakamizwa
• Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo - udokotela olapha izimo zokuziphatha kobuchopho ngokwelashwa kokukhuluma
• I-Radiologist - udokotela owathola ukuqeqeshwa okwengeziwe ekuhumusheni izithombe zezokwelapha nasekusebenzeni izinqubo ezahlukene esebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-imaging ngokukhethekile ekwelapheni ukuphazamiseka kobuchopho nobuchopho
• Isazi sezinzwa - umuntu owenza ucwaningo ngohlelo lwezinzwa
• Abahlengikazi (NPs)
• Abasizi bodokotela (PAs)
• Izazi zokudla okunomsoco noma izazi zokudla
• Odokotela bokunakekelwa okuyisisekelo
• Abelaphi bomzimba, abasiza ngokuhamba, amandla, ukulinganisela, nokuguquguquka
• Abelaphi basemsebenzini, abasiza ukugcina abantu basebenza kahle ekhaya nasemsebenzini
• Abelaphi bolimi lwenkulumo, abasiza ngenkulumo, ulimi, nokuqonda

Lolu hlu aluhlanganisi konke.

UDaroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL. Ukuxilongwa kwesifo sezinzwa. Ku: Daroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, ama-eds. I-Neurology kaBradley ekwenziweni kwemitholampilo. Umhla wesi-7. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: isahluko 1.

UDaroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL. Uphenyo lwelabhoratri ekutholeni nasekulawulweni kwesifo sezinzwa. Ku: Daroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, ama-eds. I-Neurology kaBradley ekwenziweni kwemitholampilo. Umhla wesi-7. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: isahluko 33.

UDaroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL. Ukuphathwa kwesifo sezinzwa. Ku: Daroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SK, ama-eds. I-Neurology kaBradley ekwenziweni kwemitholampilo. Umhla wesi-7. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: isahluko 53.

Ama-Purves D, u-Augustine GJ, uFitzpatrick D, et al. Ukufunda uhlelo lwezinzwa. Ku: Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, et al, ama-eds. I-Neuroscience. Umhlaka 6. ENew York, NY: I-Oxford University Press; 2017; isahluko 1.