I-pneumonia ezinganeni - umphakathi utholakele

I-pneumonia ukutheleleka kwamaphaphu okubangelwa amagciwane, amagciwane, noma isikhunta.

Lo mbhalo uhlanganisa inyumoniya etholwe ngumphakathi ezinganeni. Lolu hlobo lwe-pneumonia lwenzeka ezinganeni ezinempilo ezingakabi khona nje esibhedlela noma kwenye indawo yokunakekelwa kwezempilo.

I-pneumonia ethinta abantu abasezikhungweni zokunakekelwa kwezempilo, njengezibhedlela, ivame ukubangelwa amagciwane okunzima ukuwelapha.

Amagciwane ayimbangela evame kakhulu yenyumoniya ezinganeni nasezinganeni.

Izindlela ingane yakho engathola i-CAP zifaka phakathi:

• Amagciwane namagciwane ahlala ekhaleni, ama-sinus, noma umlomo angasakazeka emaphashini.
• Ingane yakho ingaphefumulela amanye ala magciwane ngqo emaphashini.
• Ingane yakho iphefumulela ukudla, uketshezi, noma ukuhlanza kusuka emlonyeni kuya emaphashini ayo.

Izici ezinobungozi ezandisa amathuba engane okuthola i-CAP zifaka:

• Ukuba mncane kunezinyanga eziyisithupha ubudala
• Ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi
• Ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa, okufana nolwanga oluvulekile
• Izinkinga zesistimu yezinzwa, njengokuquleka noma ukukhubazeka kobuchopho
• Isifo senhliziyo noma samaphaphu sikhona lapho kuzalwa
• Amasosha omzimba abuthakathaka (lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yokwelashwa komdlavuza noma izifo ezifana ne-HIV / AIDS)
• Ukuhlinzwa kwakamuva noma ukuhlukumezeka

Izimpawu ezivamile ze-pneumonia ezinganeni zifaka:

• Imigoqo egxishiwe noma egijimayo, ikhanda
• Ukukhwehlela okukhulu
• Umkhuhlane, ongahle ube mncane noma uphakame, unamakhaza nokujuluka
• Ukuphefumula ngokushesha, ngamakhala aqabukile nokuhlunga kwemisipha phakathi kwezimbambo
• Ukuqhuma
• Ukuqaqamba noma ukugwaza kobuhlungu besifuba okuba kubi kakhulu lapho uphefumula ngokujulile noma ukhwehlela
• Amandla aphansi kanye ne-malaise (engazizwa kahle)
• Ukuhlanza noma ukulahlekelwa isifiso sokudla

Izimpawu ezivamile ezinganeni ezinezifo ezinzima kakhulu zifaka:

• Izindebe nezinzipho eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngenxa yomoya-mpilo omncane egazini
• Ukudideka noma kunzima kakhulu ukuvusa

Umhlinzeki wezempilo uzolalela esifubeni sengane yakho nge-stethoscope. Umhlinzeki uzolalela ukuqhekeka noma imisindo yokuphefumula engajwayelekile. Ukuthinta odongeni lwesifuba (ukushayisana) kusiza umhlinzeki alalele futhi azwe ngemisindo engajwayelekile.

Uma kusolwa i-pneumonia, umhlinzeki uzo-oda i-x-ray yesifuba.

Ezinye izivivinyo zingafaka:

• Amagesi egazi emithanjeni ukubona ukuthi umoya-mpilo owanele ungena yini egazini lengane yakho kusuka emaphashini
• Isiko legazi nesiko lesikhwehlela ukubheka igciwane elingase libangele inyumoniya
• I-CBC ukuhlola isibalo samaseli amhlophe egazi
• I-X-ray yesifuba noma i-CT scan esifubeni
• I-Bronchoscopy - ishubhu eliguquguqukayo elinekhamera ekhanyisiwe ekugcineni edluliselwe emaphashini (ezimweni ezingavamile)
• Ukususa uketshezi esikhaleni esiphakathi kolwelwesi lwangaphandle lwamaphaphu nodonga lwesifuba (ezimweni ezingavamile)

Umhlinzeki kufanele aqale anqume ukuthi ingane yakho idinga ukuba sesibhedlela yini.

Uma welashwa esibhedlela, ingane yakho izothola:

• Uketshezi, ama-electrolyte, nama-antibiotics ngemithambo noma ngomlomo
• Ukwelashwa kwe-oxygen
• Imishanguzo yokuphefumula ukusiza ukuvula imigwaqo yomoya

Ingane yakho kungenzeka ukuthi ingeniswe esibhedlela uma:

• Unenye inkinga enkulu yezokwelapha, kufaka phakathi izingqinamba zezempilo zesikhathi eside (ezingapheli) ezinjenge-cystic fibrosis noma isifo sikashukela
• Yiba nezimpawu ezinzima
• Abakwazi ukudla noma ukuphuza
• Kunezinyanga ezingaphansi kwezingu-3 kuya kwezi-6 ubudala
• Yiba nenyumoniya ngenxa yegciwane eliyingozi
• Uthathe ama-antibiotic ekhaya, kepha akubi ngcono

Uma ingane yakho ine-CAP ebangelwa amagciwane, kuzonikezwa ama-antibiotic. Imithi elwa namagciwane ayinikezwa i-pneumonia ebangelwa igciwane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ama-antibiotics awabulali amagciwane. Eminye imithi, njengemithi elwa namagciwane, inganikezwa uma ingane yakho iphethwe umkhuhlane.

Izingane eziningi zingelashwa ekhaya. Uma kunjalo, ingane yakho ingadinga ukuthatha imishanguzo efana nama-antibiotic noma ama-antivirals.

Lapho unikeza ingane yakho ama-antibiotic:

• Qiniseka ukuthi ingane yakho ayiphuthelwa yimithamo.
• Qiniseka ukuthi ingane yakho iphuza yonke imithi njengokuyalelwa kwayo. Ungayeki ukunikeza umuthi, noma ngabe ingane yakho iqala ukuzizwa ingcono.

Ungayiniki ingane yakho umuthi wokukhwehlela noma umuthi obandayo ngaphandle kokuthi udokotela wakho athi kulungile. Ukukhwehlela kusiza umzimba ukuthi ususe amafinyila emaphashini.

Ezinye izinyathelo zokunakekelwa kwasekhaya zifaka:

• Ukuletha amafinyila aphume emaphashini, thepha isifuba sengane yakho ngobumnene izikhathi ezimbalwa ngosuku. Lokhu kungenziwa njengoba ingane yakho ilele phansi.
• Cela ingane yakho ukuthi iphefumule kancane izikhathi ezimbili noma ezi-3 njalo ngehora. Ukuphefumula okujulile kusiza ukuvula amaphaphu engane yakho.
• Qinisekisa ukuthi ingane yakho iphuza iziphuzo eziningi. Buza umhlinzeki wakho ukuthi ingane yakho kufanele iphuze kangakanani usuku ngalunye.
• Yenza ingane yakho ithole ukuphumula okuningi, kufaka phakathi ukulala usuku lonke uma kudingeka.

Iningi lezingane liyathuthuka ezinsukwini eziyi-7 kuya kwezingu-10 ngokwelashwa. Izingane ezine-pneumonia enamandla kakhulu enezinkinga zingadinga ukwelashwa amasonto amabili kuya kwamathathu. Izingane ezisengozini yokuphefumula kanzima zibandakanya:

• Izingane amasosha omzimba angasebenzi kahle
• Izingane ezine-lung noma isifo senhliziyo

Kwezinye izimo, izinkinga ezinkulu kakhulu zingakhula, kufaka phakathi:

• Izinguquko ezisongela impilo emaphashini ezidinga umshini wokuphefumula (umshini wokuphefumula)
• Uketshezi oluzungeze iphaphu, olungatheleleka
• Amathumba emaphaphu
• Amagciwane egazini (bacteremia)

Umhlinzeki anga-oda enye i-x-ray. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amaphaphu engane yakho acacile. Kungathatha amasonto amaningi ukuthi i-x-ray icace. Ingane yakho ingazizwa ingcono isikhashana ngaphambi kokuthi ama-x-ray acace.

Shayela umhlinzeki uma ingane yakho inalezi zimpawu ezilandelayo:

• Ukukhwehlela okubi
• Ukuphefumula kanzima (ukuqhuma, ukububula, ukuphefumula okusheshayo)
• Ukuhlanza
• Ukuphelelwa isifiso sokudla
• Umkhuhlane namakhaza
• Izimpawu zokuphefumula (zokuphefumula) eziba zimbi kakhulu
• Ubuhlungu besifuba obuba bucayi lapho ukhwehlela noma uphefumulela ngaphakathi
• Izimpawu zenyumoniya namasosha omzimba abuthakathaka (njenge-HIV noma i-chemotherapy)
• Izimpawu zokuwohloka ngemuva kokuqala ukuba ngcono

Fundisa izingane ezindala ukugeza izandla njalo:

• Ngaphambi kokudla ukudla
• Ngemuva kokushaya amakhala abo
• Ngemuva kokuyogeza
• Ngemuva kokudlala nabangani
• Ngemuva kokuhlangana nabantu abagulayo

Imithi yokugoma ingasiza ekuvikeleni ezinye izinhlobo zenyumoniya. Qiniseka ukuthi ugoma ingane yakho nge:

• Umuthi wokugoma we-pneumococcal
• Umuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane
• Umuthi wokugoma wePertussis nomuthi wokugoma we-Hib

Lapho izinsana zincane kakhulu ukuthi zingagonywa, abazali noma abanakekeli bangazitholela ukugomela inyumoniya evikeleka ekugomeni.

I-bronchopneumonia - izingane; I-pneumonia etholakala emphakathini - izingane; CAP - izingane

• Inyumoniya

UBradley JS, uByington CL, Shah SS, et al. Isifinyezo sesiphathimandla: ukuphathwa kwe-pneumonia etholwa ngumphakathi ezinganeni nasezinganeni ezindala kunezinyanga ezi-3 ubudala: imihlahlandlela yokwenziwa kwemitholampilo yiPediatric Infectious Diseases Society of America. I-Clin Infect Dis. 2011; 53 (7): 617-630. I-PMID: 21890766 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21890766/.

UKelly MS, uSandora TJ. I-pneumonia etholwe ngumphakathi. Ku: Kliegman RM, St Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Incwadi kaNelson Yezingane. Umhlaka 21. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 428.

U-Shah SS, uBradley JS. I-pneumonia etholwe ngumphakathi yezingane. Ku: Cherry JD, Harrison GJ, Kaplan SL, Steinbach WJ, Hotez PJ. Incwadi kaFeigin neCherry's Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Umhlaka 8. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019: isahluko 22.