“Ubhadane Olukhulu Kunalo Lonke Emlandweni” Lwaluyiminyaka Eyikhulu Edlule - Kodwa Abaningi Bethu Basathola Amaphuzu Ayisisekelo Engalungile
-Delile
- 1. Ubhadane lwavela eSpain
- 2. Ubhadane lwaluwumsebenzi we-super-virus
- 3. Igagasi lokuqala lo bhubhane lalibulala kakhulu
- 4. Leli gciwane labulala abantu abaningi ababenalo
- 5. Izindlela zokwelapha zosuku zazingenamthelela omncane kulesi sifo
- 6. Ubhadane lwaluphethe izindaba zosuku
- 7. Ubhadane lwashintsha inkambo yeMpi Yezwe I
- 8. Ukugonywa okusabalele kwaqeda ubhadane
- 9. Izakhi zofuzo zegciwane azikaze zilandelwe
- 10. Ubhadane lwango-1918 lunikeza izifundo ezimbalwa zango-2018
Sifaka imikhiqizo esicabanga ukuthi ilusizo kubafundi bethu. Uma uthenga ngezixhumanisi ezikuleli khasi, singathola ikhomishini encane. Nansi inqubo yethu.
Kulo nyaka kugujwa iminyaka engu-100 kubhebhetheka umkhuhlane omkhulu wango-1918. Abantu abaphakathi kwezigidi ezingama-50 nengu-100 kucatshangwa ukuthi bafa, abamele cishe amaphesenti amahlanu omphakathi womhlaba. Ingxenye yesigidigidi sabantu yatheleleka.
Okuphawuleka kakhulu ukubandlululwa komkhuhlane ngo-1918 ngokuthatha impilo yabantu abadala abasebasha, uma kuqhathaniswa nezingane nasebekhulile, abavame ukuhlupheka kakhulu. Abanye baye balubiza ngokuthi ubhadane olukhulu kunawo wonke emlandweni.
Ubhadane lomkhuhlane luka-1918 bekulokhu kuyindaba evamile yokuqagelwa phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Izazi-mlando nososayensi bathuthukise imicabango eminingi maqondana nemvelaphi yayo, ukusabalala nemiphumela yayo. Ngenxa yalokho, iningi lethu linemibono eyiphutha ngalo.
Ngokulungisa lezi zinganekwane eziyishumi, singaqonda kangcono ukuthi kwenzekeni futhi sifunde ukuthi singazivikela kanjani futhi sizinciphise lezo zinhlekelele ngokuzayo.
1. Ubhadane lwavela eSpain
Akekho okholelwa ukuthi okuthiwa yi "Spanish flu" yavela eSpain.
Ubhadane kungenzeka lwathola lesi sidlaliso ngenxa yeMpi Yezwe I, eyayigcwele ngamandla ngaleso sikhathi. Amazwe amakhulu ayebandakanyeka empini ayezimisele ukugwema ukukhuthaza izitha zawo, ngakho-ke imibiko yobungako bomkhuhlane yacindezelwa eJalimane, e-Austria, eFrance, e-United Kingdom nase-US Ngokuphambene nalokho, iSpain engathathi hlangothi yayingenasidingo sokugcina umkhuhlane ngaphansi kokugoqwa. Lokho kwakha umbono ongewona wokuthi iSpain yiso esasithwala kanzima kulesi sifo.
Eqinisweni, imvelaphi yomkhuhlane kusaphikiswana ngayo kuze kube yilolu suku, noma ngabe imibono iphakamise i-East Asia, i-Europe kanye neKansas.
2. Ubhadane lwaluwumsebenzi we-super-virus
Umkhuhlane wango-1918 wasakazeka ngokushesha, wabulala abantu abayizigidi ezingama-25 ezinyangeni eziyisithupha nje zokuqala. Lokhu kuholele ekutheni abanye besabe ukuphela kwesintu, futhi sekuyisikhathi eside kubhebhethekisa umbono wokuthi uhlobo lomkhuhlane luyingozi kakhulu.
Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwamuva nje luphakamisa ukuthi leli gciwane uqobo, yize libulala kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo, belingahlukile ngokuyisisekelo kunalezo ezidale ubhadane kweminye iminyaka.
Izinga eliphezulu lokufa lingabangelwa ukuminyana emakamu ezempi nasezindaweni zasemadolobheni, kanye nokungondleki kahle nokuthuthwa kwendle, okwahlupheka ngesikhathi sempi. Manje sekucatshangwa ukuthi ukufa okuningi kwakubangelwa ukuthuthukiswa kwamaphaphu omkhuhlane we-pneumonia emaphashini abuthaka ngenxa yomkhuhlane.
3. Igagasi lokuqala lo bhubhane lalibulala kakhulu
Empeleni, igagasi lokuqala lokufa kwabantu kusukela kulo bhubhane engxenyeni yokuqala ka-1918 laliphansi kakhulu.
Kwakusegagasini lesibili, kusukela ngo-Okthoba kuya kuDisemba walowo nyaka, lapho amazinga aphezulu okufa abonwa khona. Igagasi lesithathu entwasahlobo ka-1919 lalibulala kakhulu kunelokuqala kodwa lalingaphansi kakhulu kunelesibili.
Ososayensi manje bakholelwa ukuthi ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwabantu abafayo kugagasi lesibili kubangelwe yizimo ezithanda ukusabalala kohlobo olubi kakhulu. Abantu abanamacala amancane babehlala emakhaya, kepha labo abaneziguli ezinzima babevame ukugcwala ndawonye ezibhedlela nasemakamu, okwandisa ukudluliswa kohlobo lwegciwane olubulalayo.
4. Leli gciwane labulala abantu abaningi ababenalo
Eqinisweni, iningi labantu ababanjwa umkhuhlane wango-1918 lasinda. Izinga lokufa kukazwelonke kwabangenwe yilesi sifo ngokuvamile alizange leqe ngamaphesenti angama-20.
Kodwa-ke, amazinga okufa ayehlukahluka phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene. E-US, ukufa kwakuphezulu kakhulu kubantu baseMelika baseMelika, mhlawumbe ngenxa yamanani aphansi okuchayeka ezinhlotsheni zomkhuhlane ezedlule. Kwezinye izimo, yonke imiphakathi yaboMdabu yaqothulwa.
Yiqiniso, ngisho nesilinganiso sokufa samaphesenti angama-20 siyedlula kakhulu, okubulala ngaphansi kwephesenti elilodwa lalabo abangenwe yilesi sifo.
5. Izindlela zokwelapha zosuku zazingenamthelela omncane kulesi sifo
Azikho izindlela ezithile zokwelapha ezilwa namagciwane ezazitholakala ngesikhathi somkhuhlane wango-1918. Lokho kuseyiqiniso nanamuhla, lapho ukunakekelwa okuningi kwezokwelapha ngomkhuhlane kuhlose ukuxhasa iziguli, kunokuba kuzelaphe.
I-hypothesis eyodwa iphakamisa ukuthi ukufa komkhuhlane okuningi kungabangelwa ubuthi be-aspirin. Iziphathimandla zezokwelapha ngaleso sikhathi zancoma imithamo emikhulu ye-aspirin efinyelela kumagremu angama-30 ngosuku. Namuhla, cishe amagremu amane angabhekwa njengomthamo ophephile ophelele nsuku zonke. Imithamo emikhulu ye-aspirin ingaholela ezinkampanini eziningi zalolu bhubhane, kuhlanganise nokopha.
Kodwa-ke, amazinga okufa abonakala ephakeme ngokulinganayo kwezinye izindawo emhlabeni lapho i-aspirin ibingatholakali kalula, ngakho-ke impikiswano iyaqhubeka.
6. Ubhadane lwaluphethe izindaba zosuku
Izikhulu zezempilo zomphakathi, abezomthetho kanye nezombusazwe babenezizathu zokuba namandla komkhuhlane wango-1918, okwaholela ekutheni kungabikwa kangako emaphephandabeni. Ngaphezu kokwesaba ukuthi ukudalulwa okugcwele kungazikhuthaza izitha ngesikhathi sempi, bafuna ukugcina ukuthula komphakathi futhi bagweme ukwethuka.
Kodwa-ke, izikhulu zaphendula. Lapho lolu bhubhane seludlondlobele, kwafakwa amadokodo emadolobheni amaningi. Abanye baphoqeleka ukuthi banqande imisebenzi ebalulekile, kubandakanya namaphoyisa nomlilo.
7. Ubhadane lwashintsha inkambo yeMpi Yezwe I
Akunakwenzeka ukuthi umkhuhlane ushintshe umphumela weMpi Yezwe I, ngoba amasosha ezinhlangothini zombili zempi ayethinteke ngokulinganayo.
Kodwa-ke, akungabazeki ukuthi impi iyinkambo yobhadane. Ukugxilisa izigidi zamasosha kudale izimo ezifanele zokuthuthukisa izinhlobo ezinolaka kakhulu zegciwane nokusakazeka kwalo emhlabeni wonke.
8. Ukugonywa okusabalele kwaqeda ubhadane
Ukujova umkhuhlane njengoba siwazi namuhla bekungasetshenziswa ngo-1918, ngakho-ke akubanga nasandla ekuqedeni ubhadane.
Ukuvezwa kwezinhlobo zangaphambili zomkhuhlane kungenzeka ukuthi kunikeze ukuvikelwa okuthile. Isibonelo, amasosha ayesebenze ebusosheni iminyaka athola amanani aphansi okufa kunabasebenzi abasha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, igciwane eliguquka ngokushesha cishe laguquka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi laba yizinhlobo ezingabulali kangako. Lokhu kubikezelwa ngamamodeli wokukhethwa kwemvelo. Ngenxa yokuthi amagciwane abulalayo abulala umphathi wawo ngokushesha, awakwazi ukusabalala kalula njengamagciwane angabulali kangako.
9. Izakhi zofuzo zegciwane azikaze zilandelwe
Ngo-2005, abacwaningi bamemezela ukuthi babenqume ngempumelelo ukulandelana kofuzo kwegciwane lomkhuhlane ngo-1918. Leli gciwane latholakala emzimbeni wesisulu somkhuhlane owangcwatshwa endaweni egcina amanzi amaningi kakhulu e-Alaska, kanye nakwizibonelo zamasosha aseMelika agula ngaleso sikhathi.
Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, kwatholakala ukuthi linalo leli gciwane likhombisa izimpawu ezabonwa ngesikhathi salo bhubhane. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi lezi zinkawu zafa lapho amasosha omzimba ehlasela ngokweqile leli gciwane, okuthiwa “isivunguvungu se-cytokine.” Ososayensi manje bakholelwa ukuthi ukusabela okweqile kwamasosha omzimba kube nomthelela emazingeni aphezulu okufa phakathi kwabantu abadala abanempilo ngo-1918.
10. Ubhadane lwango-1918 lunikeza izifundo ezimbalwa zango-2018
Izifo ezibandayo zomkhuhlane zivame ukwenzeka njalo. Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi lo olandelayo umbuzo hhayi wokuthi "uma" kodwa "nini."
Yize bembalwa abantu abaphilayo abangakhumbula ubhadane olukhulu lomkhuhlane lwango-1918, singaqhubeka nokufunda izifundo zalo, ezisukela enanini lamandla okugeza izandla nokugoma kuye emandleni emithi elwa namagciwane. Namuhla sazi okwengeziwe ngendlela yokuhlukanisa nokusingatha inani elikhulu leziguli ezigulayo nezifa, futhi singanikeza ama-antibiotic, angatholakali ngo-1918, ukulwa nezifo zesibili zamagciwane. Mhlawumbe ithemba elihamba phambili lilele ekwenzeni ngcono ukudla okunomsoco, ukuthuthwa kwendle namazinga empilo, okunika iziguli amandla okumelana kangcono nokutheleleka.
Ngekusasa elibonakalayo, ubhadane lomkhuhlane luzohlala luyinto yonyaka yesigqi sempilo yomuntu. Njengomphakathi, singathemba nje ukuthi sifunde kahle lolu bhubhane lwezifundo ngokwanele ukunqanda enye inhlekelele yomhlaba wonke.
Le ndatshana ivele ekuqaleni Ingxoxo.
URichard Gunderman unguProfesa weRadiology, iPediatrics, iMedical Education, Philosophy, Liberal Arts, Philanthropy, ne-Medical Humanities ne-Health Studies e-Indiana University.