Ingabe i-Applied Behaeveal Analysis (ABA) Ilungele Ingane Yakho?

-Delile

• Isebenza kanjani?
• Ukubonisana nokuhlola
• Ukwakha uhlelo
• Ukuqeqeshwa kwabanakekeli
• Ukuhlolwa njalo
• Uyini umgomo wokuphela?
• Kubiza malini?
• Ingabe kungenziwa ekhaya?
• Ngimthola kanjani umelaphi?
• Kuthiwani ngempikiswano ezungeze i-ABA?
• Okubalulekile

Sifaka imikhiqizo esicabanga ukuthi ilusizo kubafundi bethu. Uma uthenga ngezixhumanisi ezikuleli khasi, singathola ikhomishini encane. Nansi inqubo yethu.

Ukuhlaziywa kokuziphatha okusetshenzisiwe (i-ABA) uhlobo lwezokwelapha olungathuthukisa amakhono ezenhlalo, ukuxhumana namakhono okufunda ngokuqinisa okuhle.

Ochwepheshe abaningi babheka i-ABA njengokwelapha okujwayelekile kwegolide ezinganeni ezine-autism spectrum disorder (ASD) noma ezinye izimo zokuthuthuka. Kepha kwesinye isikhathi kuyasetshenziswa ekwelapheni ezinye izimo futhi, kufaka phakathi:

• ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa
• ukuwohloka komqondo
• ukukhubazeka kwengqondo ngemuva kokulimala kobuchopho
• ukuphazamiseka kokudla
• ukukhathazeka nezimo ezihlobene nokukhubazeka, i-OCD, ne-phobia
• izindaba zokuthukuthela
• ukuphazamiseka kobuntu bomngcele

Lo mbhalo uzogxila kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwe-ABA ezinganeni ezine-ASD, kufaka phakathi ukuthi isebenza kanjani, ibiza malini, nokunye ukuphikisana okukuzungezile.

Isebenza kanjani?

I-ABA ifaka izigaba eziningana, okuvumela indlela ehambisana nezidingo ezithile zengane yakho.

Ukubonisana nokuhlola

Okokuqala, uzofuna ukubonisana nodokotela oqeqeshwe e-ABA. Lokhu kubonisana kubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlolwa kokuziphatha okusebenzayo (i-FBA). Uchwepheshe uzobuza ngamandla nekhono lengane yakho kanye nezinto eziyinselele.

Bazochitha isikhathi bexhumana nengane yakho ukuze babheke ngokuziphatha kwabo, izinga lokuxhumana, namakhono abo. Bangase futhi bavakashele ikhaya lakho kanye nesikole sengane yakho ukubona ukuziphatha kwengane yakho phakathi kwemisebenzi ejwayelekile yansuku zonke.

Ukwelashwa kwe-ASD okusebenzayo kubukeka kwehlukile kuzo zonke izingane. Kuze kube manje, abelaphi be-ABA kufanele basho ukungenelela okuthile okulingana nezidingo zengane yakho. Bangabuza futhi ngokuhlanganisa amasu athile empilweni yakho yasekhaya.

Ukwakha uhlelo

Umelaphi wengane yakho uzosebenzisa akubonile kusukela ekubonisaneni kokuqala ukudala uhlelo olusemthethweni lokwelashwa. Lolu hlelo kufanele luhambisane nezidingo ezihlukile zengane yakho futhi lubandakanye imigomo yokwelashwa kokhonkolo.

Lezi zinhloso ngokuvamile zihlobene nokunciphisa isimilo esinenkinga noma esiyingozi, njengokuxokozela noma ukuzilimaza, nokwandisa noma ukuthuthukisa ukuxhumana namanye amakhono.

Uhlelo luzobandakanya amasu athile abanakekeli, othisha, kanye nodokotela abangakusebenzisa ukufeza izinhloso zokwelashwa. Lokhu kusiza ukugcina wonke umuntu osebenza nengane yakho ekhasini elifanayo.

Uhlobo oluthile lwe-ABA olusetshenzisiwe lungancika kubudala bengane yakho, izindawo eziyinselelo, nezinye izinto.

• Ukungenelela kokuqala kokuziphatha (I-EIBI) ivame ukunconywa ezinganeni ezingaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu. Kubandakanya ikharikhulamu ebanzi, eqondene nomuntu ngamunye eyenzelwe ukufundisa ukuxhumana, ukuxhumana nomphakathi, namakhono okusebenza nokuzivumelanisa nezimo.
• Ukuqeqeshwa kwe-discrete okuhlukile ihlose ukufundisa amakhono ngokuqedwa kokuhlelwa komsebenzi kanye nemivuzo.
• Ukuqeqeshwa okubalulekile kokuphendula ivumela ingane yakho ukuthi ihole emsebenzini wokufunda, noma umeluleki ejwayele ukuhlinzeka ngezinketho ezimbalwa ngokuya ngamakhono athile.
• Isibonelo sokuqala seDenver (ESDM) ifaka imisebenzi esekwe ekudlaleni efaka izinhloso eziningi ngasikhathi sinye.
• Ukungenelela kokuziphatha ngomlomo kungasiza izingane zikhulume ngokwengeziwe noma zikhulise amakhono azo okuxhumana.

Ukuqeqeshwa kwabanakekeli

I-ABA ibuye ithembele kubazali nakubanakekeli ukusiza ukuqinisa isimilo sokuziphatha ngaphandle kokwelapha.

Umelaphi wengane yakho uzokufundisa wena nothisha bengane yakho ngamasu azosiza ukuqinisa umsebenzi abawenzayo ekwelashweni.

Uzofunda nokuthi ungazivikela kanjani ngokuphepha izinhlobo zokuqiniswa ezingasebenzi kahle, njengokuzinikela ekuthukutheleni.

Ukuhlolwa njalo

Abelaphi be-ABA bazama ukuthola izimbangela zokuziphatha okuthile ukusiza ingane yakho ukuthi iguqule noma izithuthukise. Ngesikhathi sokwelashwa, umelaphi wengane yakho angahle aguqule indlela yakhe ngokuya ngokuthi ingane yakho iphendula kanjani ekungeneleleni okuthile.

Uma nje ingane yakho iqhubeka nokwelashwa, umelaphi wayo uzoqhubeka nokuqapha inqubekelaphambili yakhe futhi ahlaziye ukuthi yimaphi amasu asebenzayo nokuthi ingane yakho ingazuza kuphi kumaqhinga ahlukene okwelashwa.

Uyini umgomo wokuphela?

Umgomo wokwelashwa uncike kakhulu ezidingweni zomuntu ngamunye zengane yakho.

Kodwa-ke, i-ABA ivame ukuholela ezinganeni:

• ukukhombisa intshisekelo eyengeziwe kubantu ababazungezile
• ukuxhumana nabanye abantu ngempumelelo enkulu
• ukufunda ukucela izinto abazifunayo (isibonelo, ithoyizi elithile noma ukudla), ngokusobala nangokuqondile
• ukugxila kakhudlwana esikoleni
• ukunciphisa noma ukumisa izindlela zokuzilimaza
• ukudinwa okuncane noma okunye ukuqhuma

Kubiza malini?

Izindleko ze-ABA zingahluka, ngokuya ngezidingo zokwelashwa kwengane yakho, uhlobo lohlelo lwe-ABA olukhethayo, nokuthi ngubani onikeza ukwelashwa. Izinhlelo ze-ABA ezinikezela ngezinsizakalo eziningi zingaba nezindleko eziphakeme.

Ngokuvamile, ihora elilodwa lokwelashwa kwe-ABA kusuka kuchwepheshe oqinisekisiwe webhodi we-ABA libiza cishe u- $ 120, kucatshangwa ukuthi inombolo yakhe ingahluka. Yize abelaphi abangaqinisekisiwe ebhodini banganikeza ukwelashwa ngamanani aphansi, kunconywa ukuthi basebenze nomelaphi we-ABA oqinisekisiwe noma iqembu eligadwe ngumelaphi oqinisekisiwe.

Abanye ochwepheshe batusa ukufika emahoreni angama-40 okwelashwa kwe-ABA isonto ngalinye, kepha empeleni, abelaphi bavame ukusebenza namakhasimende amahora ayishumi kuya kwangu-20 ngesonto. Leli banga lingahluka ngokuya ngezidingo zengane yakho.

Uma ucabanga ukuthi ingane yakho idinga isilinganiso samahora ayi-10 we-ABA ngesonto ngesilinganiso se- $ 120 ngehora, ukwelashwa kungabiza u- $ 1,200 ngeviki. Izingane eziningi zikhombisa ukuthuthuka ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, kepha zonke izingane zehlukile, kanti ukwelashwa kwe-ABA kungahlala kuze kube yiminyaka emithathu.

I-ABA ingabiza kakhulu, kepha abantu abaningi abagcini ngokukhokha izindleko zonke bephuma ephaketheni.

Kunezinketho ezimbalwa ezingasiza:

• Umshuwalense. Iningi lomshuwalense wezempilo lizohlanganisa okungenani ingxenye yezindleko. Khuluma nomhlinzeki wakho wezokunakekelwa kwempilo ukuthola eminye imininingwane. Uma unomshuwalense ngomsebenzi wakho, othile emnyangweni wezabasebenzi angasiza futhi.
• Isikole. Ezinye izikole zizoxhasa i-ABA ngengane, noma ngabe isikole singafuna ukuzenzela okwaso kuqala.
• Usizo lwezezimali. Izikhungo eziningi ze-ABA zinikela ngemifundaze noma ezinye izinhlobo zosizo lwezezimali.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abelaphi basetshenziselwa ukuzulazula ngaphakathi nangaphandle komshwalense nokukhokhela ukwelashwa. Ungazizwa ungakhululekile ukucela izeluleko zabo zokuthi ungakuthola kanjani ukwelashwa kwengane yakho. Kungenzeka babe neziphakamiso ezingeziwe ezingasiza.

Ingabe kungenziwa ekhaya?

Ukwelashwa nakho kungenzeka ekhaya lakho. Eqinisweni, ezinye izingane zenza kahle kakhulu nge-ABA esekhaya ngoba zizizwa zikhululekile ezindaweni zazo ezijwayelekile. Kungenza futhi kube lula ngabo ukuba baphathe amakhono athile empilo, njengokugqoka nokusebenzisa indlu yangasese.

Kepha kungcono ukuzama kuphela i-ABA ekhaya ngosizo lomelaphi onelayisense, okungenani ekuqaleni. Bangakusiza ukuthi uze nohlelo olwenzelwe izidingo zengane yakho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, okwakamuva kusikisela ukuthi ukwelashwa kwe-ABA okunikezwa ngezinsizakalo ze-telehealth kungaba yindlela engabizi kune-ABA yendabuko. Konke okudingayo ikhompyutha esebenzayo nokuxhumeka kwe-inthanethi.

Ufuna eminye imininingwane nge-ABA ngaphambi kokuyizama? Lezi zincwadi ziyisisekelo esihle sabazali:

• Umhlahlandlela Wabazali Wezinhlelo Zasekhaya ze-ABA
• Ukuqonda Ukuhlaziywa Kokuziphatha Okusetshenzisiwe: Isingeniso ku-ABA Yabazali, Othisha, kanye nabanye Ochwepheshe

Ngimthola kanjani umelaphi?

Uma usukulungele ukuthola umelaphi, udokotela wezingane wengane yakho uyisiqalo esihle. Bangakudlulisela noma bancome othile.

Ungaphinda useshe ku-inthanethi abahlinzeki bendawo. Gcina wazi ukuthi abahlaziyi bokuziphatha abaqinisekiswe ngamabhodi (i-BCBAs) bangasebenza ngqo nezinye izingane, kepha ezimweni eziningi bagade abanye ochwepheshe noma izifundiswa eziqeqeshwe yi-ABA.

Abanye ochwepheshe abangaqinisekisiwe ku-ABA basengaba nokuqeqeshwa kwe-ABA futhi bakwazi ukunikeza ukwelashwa okusebenza kahle enganeni yakho. Uma ungathanda ukuthi ingane yakho iye esikhungweni se-ABA, kuwumqondo omuhle ukuqinisekisa ukuthi okungenani inokwelashwa okukodwa kwe-BCBA.

Njengoba ukhuluma nabangaba abelaphi, gcina le mibuzo elandelayo engqondweni:

• Ucabanga ukuthi ingane yami idinga amahora amangaki okwelashwa isonto ngalinye?
• Ngabe unikela ngezimali ezikhethekile noma izifundi (zezikole nezikhungo)?
• Yiziphi izindlela ozisebenzisayo ukudikibala ukuziphatha okungafuneki?
• Uzoyisingatha kanjani imikhuba yokuzilimaza?
• Bangaki abantu abazosebenza eduze nengane yami? Yikuphi ukuqeqeshwa abanakho?
• Ungangifundisa ukusebenzisa amasu e-ABA ekhaya?
• Ngingazibuka izikhathi zokwelashwa?
• Ingabe zikhona ezinye izindlela, njengamaqembu okuqeqesha amakhono, ezingasiza ingane yami?

Kuthiwani ngempikiswano ezungeze i-ABA?

I-ABA bekuyisihloko senkulumompikiswano eminyakeni edlule. Kodwa okuningi kwalokhu kuphikisana kusukela endleleni i-ABA eyayivame ukwenziwa ngayo.

Emashumini eminyaka adlule, bekubandakanya ukwelashwa amahora angama-40 isonto ngalinye. Isikhathi esiningi sisetshenziselwe ukuqeda imisebenzi ngenkathi sihleli etafuleni noma etafuleni. Isijeziso sasivame ukusetshenziselwa ukubhekana nokuziphatha okungafuneki. Futhi kwakugcizelelwa kakhulu ekwenzeni izingane zikhule ngokweqile noma “zijwayelekile.”

Namuhla, abantu baya ngokuya bebona ukubaluleka kwe-neurodiversity, ebhekisa ezindleleni ezahlukahlukene ezingasebenza ubuchopho bomuntu. Ukuphendula, ukwelashwa kwe-ASD kuyasuka ekuzameni “ukulungisa” abantu abane-ASD.

Esikhundleni salokho, ukwelashwa kugxila ekuguqukeni kokuziphatha okubangela ubunzima, okuvumela izingane ukuthi zithuthukise amakhono namandla adingekayo empilweni egculisayo, ezimele. Ukuziphatha okungafuneki kuvame ukunganakwa ngabelaphi namuhla, kunokujeziswa.

Okubalulekile

I-ABA ihlomulise izingane eziningi eziphila ne-ASD ngokuzisiza zifunde amakhono okuthuthuka. Kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni amakhono wokuxhumana ngenkathi kunciphisa ukuziphatha okuyingozi, kufaka phakathi ukuzilimaza.

Khumbula ukuthi i-ABA ingenye yezindlela zokwelashwa kwe-ASD, futhi kungenzeka ingasebenzi kuzo zonke izingane.