I-Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

-Delile

• Ziyini izimpawu ze-AML?
• Yini ebangela i-AML?
• Yini ephakamisa ingozi yakho ye-AML?
• Ihlukaniswa kanjani i-AML?
• Ixilongwa kanjani i-AML?
• Yiziphi izinketho zokwelashwa ze-AML?
• Ukwelashwa kokungeniswa kokuxolelwa
• Ukwelashwa kokuhlanganiswa
• Yini elindelwe esikhathini eside kubantu abane-AML?
• Ungayivimbela kanjani i-AML?

Iyini i-acute myeloid leukemia (AML)?

I-Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) umdlavuza owenzeka egazini lakho nasemnkantsheni wethambo.

I-AML ithinta ngqo amaseli amhlophe egazi (ama-WBCs) omzimba wakho, okudala ukuthi akhe ngendlela engajwayelekile. Emdlavuzeni obukhali, inani lamaseli angajwayelekile likhula ngokushesha.

Isimo saziwa futhi ngamagama alandelayo:

• i-leukemia ebucayi ye-myelocytic
• i-leukemia enamandla kakhulu
• i-leukemia enamandla ye-granulocytic
• i-leukemia ebucayi engeyona i-lymphocytic

Zibalelwa ku-19,520 izigameko ezintsha ze-AML minyaka yonke e-United States, ngokusho kweNational Cancer Institute (NCI).

Ziyini izimpawu ze-AML?

Lapho usaqala, izimpawu ze-AML zingafana nomkhuhlane futhi ungaba nomkhuhlane nokukhathala.

Ezinye izimpawu zingabandakanya:

• ubuhlungu bamathambo
• ukopha kaningi
• ukopha nezinsini ezivuvukele
• ukulinyazwa okulula
• ukujuluka okweqile (ikakhulukazi ebusuku)
• ukuphelelwa umoya
• ukuncipha kwesisindo okungaqondakali
• kusinda kunezikhathi ezijwayelekile kwabesifazane

Yini ebangela i-AML?

I-AML idalwa ukungajwayelekile kwi-DNA elawula ukwakheka kwamaseli emnkantsheni wakho.

Uma une-AML, umnkantsha wakho wethambo wenza ama-WBCs amaningi angavuthiwe. Lawa maseli angajwayelekile agcina eba yi-WBCs ene-leukemic ebizwa ngama-myeloblasts.

Lawa maseli angajwayelekile ayakha futhi abuyisele amangqamuzana aphilile. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi umnkantsha wakho uyeke ukusebenza kahle, okwenza umzimba wakho uthambekele kalula ezifweni.

Akucaci kahle ukuthi yini ebangela ukuguquka kwe-DNA. Abanye odokotela bakholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka kuhlobene nokuchayeka kumakhemikhali athile, imisebe, ngisho nezidakamizwa ezisetshenziselwa ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali.

Yini ephakamisa ingozi yakho ye-AML?

Ingozi yakho yokuthuthukisa i-AML iyanda ngeminyaka. Isikhathi esiphakathi somuntu otholakale ene-AML cishe singama-68, futhi isimo asivamile ukubonwa ezinganeni.

I-AML nayo ivame kakhulu kwabesilisa kunabesifazane, yize ithinta abafana namantombazane ngamanani alinganayo.

Ukubhema ugwayi kucatshangwa ukuthi kuzokwandisa amathuba okuba ne-AML. Uma usebenza embonini lapho ungahle uvezwe khona amakhemikhali afana ne-benzene, futhi usengozini enkulu.

Ingozi yakho nayo iyakhuphuka uma unenkinga yegazi efana ne-myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) noma isifo sofuzo njenge-Down syndrome.

Lezi zici zobungozi azisho ukuthi uzokwakha i-AML. Ngasikhathi sinye, kungenzeka ukuthi uthuthukise i-AML ngaphandle kokuba nalezi zici eziyingozi.

Ihlukaniswa kanjani i-AML?

Uhlelo lokuhlelwa kweWorld Health Organisation (WHO) lufaka la maqembu e-AML ahlukene:

• I-AML enokukhubazeka okuphindaphindayo kofuzo, okufana nezinguquko ze-chromosomal
• I-AML enezinguquko ezihlobene ne-myelodysplasia
• i-myeloid neoplasms ehlobene nokwelashwa, engadalwa yimisebe noma ngamakhemikhali
• I-AML, engachaziwe ngenye indlela
• i-myeloid sarcoma
• ukwanda kwe-myeloid kwe-Down syndrome
• i-leukemia enamandla yohlu lozalo oluyindida

Izinhlobo ezingaphansi ze-AML zikhona ngaphakathi kwala maqembu. Amagama alawa ma-subtypes angakhombisa ushintsho lwe-chromosomal noma ukuguqulwa kofuzo okudale i-AML.

Esinye sezibonelo ezinjalo yi-AML nge-t (8; 21), lapho kwenzeka khona ushintsho phakathi kwama-chromosomes 8 no-21.

Ngokungafani neminye imidlavuza eminingi, i-AML ayihlukanisiwe ngezigaba zomdlavuza wendabuko.

Ixilongwa kanjani i-AML?

Udokotela wakho uzokwenza ukuhlolwa ngokomzimba futhi ahlole ukuvuvukala kwesibindi sakho, ama-lymph node, nobende. Udokotela wakho angaphinde ahlele ukuhlolwa kwegazi ukuze ahlole i-anemia futhi anqume amazinga akho e-WBC.

Ngenkathi ukuhlolwa kwegazi kungasiza udokotela wakho anqume ukuthi ngabe kunenkinga yini, ukuhlolwa komnkantsha wamathambo noma i-biopsy kuyadingeka ukuxilonga i-AML ngokuqinisekile.

Isampula lomnkantsha lithathwa ngokufaka inaliti ende ethangeni lakho lesinqe. Kwesinye isikhathi ithambo lesifuba liyisayithi le-biopsy. Isampuli ithunyelwa ebhodini ukuze ihlolwe.

Udokotela wakho angenza nompompi womgogodla, noma ukubhoboza i-lumbar, okubandakanya ukukhipha uketshezi emgogodleni wakho ngenaliti encane. Uketshezi kuhlolwe ukuba khona kwamaseli we-leukemia.

Yiziphi izinketho zokwelashwa ze-AML?

Ukwelashwa kwe-AML kufaka izigaba ezimbili:

Ukwelashwa kokungeniswa kokuxolelwa

Ukwelashwa kokungeniswa okukhululiwe kusebenzisa i-chemotherapy ukubulala amaseli we-leukemia akhona emzimbeni wakho.

Iningi labantu lihlala esibhedlela ngesikhathi sokwelashwa ngoba i-chemotherapy nayo ibulala amaseli aphilile, ikhuphula ubungozi bokutheleleka nokopha okungavamile.

Ngendlela engajwayelekile ye-AML ebizwa nge-acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), izidakamizwa ze-anticancer ezifana ne-arsenic trioxide noma i-all-trans retinoic acid ingasetshenziselwa ukukhomba ukuguqulwa okuthile kumaseli we-leukemia. Le mithi ibulala amaseli we-leukemia futhi imise amaseli angenampilo ekuhlukaneni.

Ukwelashwa kokuhlanganiswa

Ukwelashwa kokuhlanganiswa, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukwelashwa ngemuva kokuxolelwa, kubalulekile ekugcineni i-AML ekuxolelweni nasekuvimbeleni ukubuyela emuva. Umgomo wokwelashwa kokuhlanganisa ukubhubhisa noma yimaphi amaseli we-leukemia asele.

Ungadinga ukufakelwa kwe-stem cell ukwelashwa kokuqinisa. Amaseli esiqu avame ukusetshenziselwa ukusiza umzimba wakho ukuthi wakhe amaseli omnkantsha amasha futhi anempilo.

Amaseli esiqu angavela kumnikeli. Uma ngaphambilini uke waba ne-leukemia engena ekuxolelweni, kungenzeka ukuthi udokotela wakho ususe futhi wagcina amanye amaseli wakho we-stem ukuze afakelwe ngokuzayo, okwaziwa ngokuthi yi-autologous stem cell transplant.

Ukuthola ama-stem cells kumnikeli kunezingozi eziningi kunokuthola ukufakelwa okwenziwe ngamaseli akho ama-stem. Ukufakelwa kwamaseli akho ama-stem, noma kunjalo, kufaka ingozi enkulu yokubuyela emuva ngoba amanye amangqamuzana e-leukemia amadala angaba khona kusampula elandwe emzimbeni wakho.

Yini elindelwe esikhathini eside kubantu abane-AML?

Uma kukhulunywa ngezinhlobo eziningi ze-AML, cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zabantu ziyakwazi ukufeza ukuxolelwa, ngokusho kwe-American Cancer Society (ACS).

Izinga lokuxolelwa likhuphukela kumaphesenti acishe abe ngu-90 kubantu abane-APL. Ukukhululwa kuzoncika ezintweni ezahlukahlukene, ezinjengeminyaka yomuntu.

Izinga lokusinda leminyaka emihlanu kwabaseMelika abane-AML lingamaphesenti angama-27.4. Izinga lokusinda leminyaka emihlanu lezingane ezine-AML liphakathi kwamaphesenti angama-60 kuya kwangu-70.

Ngokutholwa kwesigaba sokuqala nokwelashwa okusheshayo, ukuthethelelwa kungenzeka kakhulu kubantu abaningi. Lapho zonke izimpawu nezimpawu ze-AML sezinyamalele, uthathwa njengothethelelayo. Uma uxolelwe isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka emihlanu, ubhekwa njengokwelapha i-AML.

Uma uthola ukuthi unezimpawu ze-AML, hlela i-aphoyintimenti nodokotela wakho ukuxoxa ngazo. Kufanele futhi ufune usizo lwezempilo ngokushesha uma unezimpawu zokutheleleka noma umkhuhlane ongapheli.

Ungayivimbela kanjani i-AML?

Uma usebenza ngamakhemikhali noma imisebe eyingozi, qiniseka ukuthi ugqoka noma yimaphi amagiya okuvikela atholakalayo ukuze unciphise ukuvezwa kwakho.

Njalo bheka udokotela uma unezimpawu ezikukhathazayo.