I-Agraphia: Uma Ukubhala Kungabi Lula Njengo-ABC

-Delile

• Yini i-agraphia?
• I-Agraphia vs. Alexia vs. Aphasia
• Yiziphi izinhlobo ze-agraphia?
• I-agraphia emaphakathi
• I-agraphia ejulile
• U-Alexia one-agraphia
• I-lexical agraphia
• Ifonotiki agraphia
• Isifo sikaGerstmann
• I-peripheral agraphia
• I-apraxic agraphia
• I-Visuospatial agraphia
• I-agraphia ephindaphindwayo
• I-agraphia ye-Dysexecutive
• I-agraphia yomculo
• Yini ebangela i-agraphia?
• Unhlangothi
• Ukulimala kwengqondo okubuhlungu
• Ukuwohloka komqondo
• Izilonda ezingavamile kakhulu
• Ixilongwa kanjani i-agraphia?
• Yini ukwelashwa kwe-agraphia?
• Okubalulekile

Cabanga unquma ukubhala phansi uhlu lwezinto ozidingayo esitolo bese uthola ukuthi awazi ukuthi yiziphi izinhlamvu ezipela igama isinkwa.

Noma ukubhala incwadi esuka enhliziyweni nokuthola ukuthi amagama owabhalile awenzi mqondo komunye umuntu. Cabanga ukukhohlwa ukuthi le ncwadi izwakala kanjani “Z” kwenza.

Lo mkhuba yilokho okwaziwa ngokuthi i-agraphia, noma ukulahlekelwa yikhono lokukhulumisana ngokubhala, okuvela ekulimaleni kobuchopho.

Yini i-agraphia?

Ukubhala, kufanele ukwazi ukusebenzisa futhi uhlanganise amakhono amaningi ahlukene.

Ingqondo yakho kumele ikwazi ukucubungula ulimi. Ngamanye amagama, kufanele ukwazi ukuguqula imicabango yakho ibe ngamagama.

Kufanele ukwazi uku:

• khetha izinhlamvu ezifanele ukupela lawo magama
• hlela ukuthi uzidweba kanjani izimpawu zemifanekiso esizibiza ngokuthi izinhlamvu
• zikopishe ngokomzimba wakho

Ngenkathi ukopisha izinhlamvu, kufanele ukwazi ukubona lokho okubhalayo manje bese uhlela ukuthi uzobhala ini ngokulandelayo.

I-Agraphia yenzeka lapho noma iyiphi indawo yobuchopho bakho ethintekayo enqubeni yokubhala ilimele noma ilimele.

Ngoba ulimi olukhulunywayo nolubhalwayo lwenziwa ngamanethiwekhi we-neural axhunyaniswe ngobunzima ebuchosheni, abantu abane-agraphia imvamisa nabo banokunye ukukhubazeka kolimi.

Abantu abane-agraphia kaningi futhi banenkinga yokufunda noma ukukhuluma kahle.

I-Agraphia vs. Alexia vs. Aphasia

I-Agraphia ukulahleka kwekhono lokubhala. I-Aphasia imvamisa ibhekisa ekulahlekelweni kwamandla okukhuluma. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-Alexia ukulahlekelwa yikhono lokubona amagama owake wawafunda. Ngaleso sizathu, i-alexia kwesinye isikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi "ukungaboni ngamagama."

Zonke lezi zinkinga ezintathu zibangelwa ukulimala kwezikhungo zokucubungula ulimi ebuchosheni.

Yiziphi izinhlobo ze-agraphia?

Indlela i-agraphia ebukeka ngayo iyehluka kuye ngokuthi iyiphi indawo yobuchopho eyonakalisiwe.

I-Agraphia ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili ezibanzi:

• maphakathi
• okuphathelene nomngcele

Ingabuye ihlukaniswe ngokuya ngokuthi iyiphi ingxenye yenqubo yokubhala ethikamezekile.

I-agraphia emaphakathi

I-agraphia emaphakathi ibhekisa ekulahlekelweni kokubhala okuvela ekungasebenzi kahle ezikhungweni zolimi, ezibukwayo noma zezimoto zobuchopho.

Ngokuya ngokuthi ukulimala kukuphi, abantu abane-central agraphia kungenzeka bangakwazi ukubhala amagama aqondakalayo. Ukubhala kwabo kungahle kube namaphutha esipelingi kaningi, noma i-syntax ingaba nenkinga.

Izinhlobo ezithile ze-agraphia emaphakathi zifaka:

I-agraphia ejulile

Ukulimala kwesigaxa separietali sobuchopho kwesinye isikhathi kulimaza ikhono lokukhumbula ukupela amagama. Leli khono laziwa njengememori yokubhala.

Nge-agraphia ejulile, umuntu akagcini nje ngokuzabalaza ukukhumbula isipelingi segama, kepha futhi angaba nobunzima bokukhumbula ukuthi "angalizwakala kanjani" igama.

Leli khono laziwa ngokuthi ikhono lomsindo. I-agraphia ejulile ibuye ibonakale ngamaphutha we-semantic - amagama adidayo anencazelo yawo ehlobene - isibonelo, ukubhala itilosi esikhundleni se ulwandle.

U-Alexia one-agraphia

Lesi sifo senza abantu balahlekelwe yikhono lokufunda nokubhala. Bangakwazi ukuzwakalisa igama, kepha abasakwazi ukufinyelela engxenyeni yememori yabo yokubhala lapho kugcinwa khona izinhlamvu zamagama ngazinye.

Amagama anokupela okungavamile ngokuvamile anenkinga kakhulu kunamagama alandela amaphethini wesipelingi alula.

I-lexical agraphia

Lesi sifo sihilela ukulahlekelwa yikhono lokupela amagama angapelwanga ngocingo.

Abantu abanalolu hlobo lwe-agraphia abasakwazi ukupela amagama angajwayelekile. Lawa amagama asebenzisa uhlelo lopelomagama oluyisigama kunesistimu yokupela isipelingi.

Ifonotiki agraphia

Lesi sifo siphambene ne-lexical agraphia.

Ikhono lokuzwisa igama lilimele. Ukupela igama kahle, umuntu one-agraphia yefonotiki kufanele athembele ekupelweni ngekhanda.

Abantu abanalesi sifo abanankinga yokubhala amagama anezincazelo zikakhonkolo ezifana inhlanzi noma itafula, ngenkathi banesikhathi esinzima sokubhala imiqondo engaqondakali efana ne- ukholo futhi udumo.

Isifo sikaGerstmann

I-Gerstmann syndrome inezimpawu ezine:

• umunwe agnosia (ukungakwazi ukubona iminwe)
• ukudideka kwesokunxele
• agraphia
• i-acalculia (ukulahlekelwa yikhono lokwenza imisebenzi elula yezinombolo njengokungeza noma ukukhipha)

Lesi sifo sivela njengomphumela wokulimala kwe-angular gyrus engakwesokunxele, imvamisa ngenxa yesifo sohlangothi.

Kepha futhi kube nokulimala kobuchopho okusabalele ngenxa yezimo ezinjengalezi:

• lupus
• ukuphuza ngokweqile
• ubuthi be-carbon monoxide
• ukuvezwa ngokweqile ekuholeni

I-peripheral agraphia

I-peripheral agraphia isho ukulahleka kwamakhono okubhala. Ngenkathi kubangelwa ukulimala ebuchosheni, kungabonakala ngephutha kuhlotshaniswa nokusebenza kwezimoto noma ukubona okubonakalayo.

Kubandakanya ukulahleka kwekhono lokuqonda ukukhetha nokuxhuma izinhlamvu ukwakha amagama.

I-apraxic agraphia

Kwesinye isikhathi ibizwa nge- "pure" agraphia, apraxic agraphia ukulahleka kwekhono lokubhala lapho usakwazi ukufunda nokukhuluma.

Lesi sifo kwesinye isikhathi kunesilonda noma ukopha ku-lobe engaphambili, i-parietal lobe, noma i-lobe yesikhashana yobuchopho noma ku-thalamus.

Abaphenyi bakholelwa ukuthi i-apraxic agraphia ikwenza ulahlekelwe ukufinyelela ezindaweni zobuchopho bakho ezikuvumela ukuthi uhlele ukunyakaza okudingeka ukwenze ukuze udwebe ukwakheka kwezinhlamvu.

I-Visuospatial agraphia

Lapho othile ene-visuospatial agraphia, kungenzeka angakwazi ukugcina ukubhala kwakhe ngesandla kuvundlile.

Bangase bahlanganise izingxenye zezwi ngokungalungile (isibonelo, ukubhala Ia msomeb ody esikhundleni se Ngingumuntu othize). Noma bangagcina ukubhala kwabo ku-quadrant eyodwa yekhasi.

Kwezinye izimo, abantu abanalolu hlobo lwe-agraphia bashiya izinhlamvu zamagama noma bengeze imivimbo ezinhlamvwini ezithile njengoba zibhalwa. I-Visuospatial agraphia ihlotshaniswa nomonakalo engxenyeni elungile yobuchopho.

I-agraphia ephindaphindwayo

Futhi okubizwa ngokuthi yi-agraphia ephindaphindwayo, lokhu kukhubazeka kokubhala kudala ukuthi abantu baphinde izinhlamvu, amagama, noma izingxenye zamagama njengoba bebhala.

I-agraphia ye-Dysexecutive

Lolu hlobo lwe-agraphia lunezici ze-aphasia (ukungakwazi ukusebenzisa ulimi enkulumweni) kanye ne-apraxic agraphia. Kuhlotshaniswa nesifo sikaParkinson noma ukulimala engxenyeni engaphambili yobuchopho.

Ngoba ihlotshaniswa nezinkinga zokubhala ezihlobene nokuhlela, ukuhlela, nokugxila, okubhekwa njengemisebenzi ephezulu, lolu hlobo lokuphazamiseka kokubhala kwesinye isikhathi lubizwa.

I-agraphia yomculo

Imvamisa, umuntu owake wakwazi ukubhala umculo ulahlekelwa lelo khono ngenxa yokulimala kwengqondo.

Embikweni obikiwe ngo-2000, uthisha wepiyano owahlinzwa ubuchopho walahlekelwa yikhono lakhe lokubhala amagama nomculo.

Ikhono lakhe lokubhala amagama nemisho lagcina livuselelwe, kodwa ikhono lakhe lokubhala imiculo nezigqi alizange liphinde libuye.

Yini ebangela i-agraphia?

Ukugula noma ukulimala okuthinta izindawo zobuchopho ezithintekayo enqubeni yokubhala kungaholela ku-agraphia.

Amakhono olimi atholakala ezindaweni eziningi ohlangothini oluphezulu lobuchopho (uhlangothi olubhekene nesandla sakho esivelele), kuma-lobes weparietali, angaphambili, nasesikhathini.

Izikhungo zolimi ebuchosheni zinokuxhumana kwe-neural phakathi komunye nomunye okusiza ulimi. Ukulimala kwezikhungo zolimi noma ukuxhumana phakathi kwazo kungadala i-agraphia.

Izimbangela ezivame kakhulu ze-agraphia zifaka:

Unhlangothi

Lapho ukunikezwa kwegazi ezindaweni zolimi lobuchopho bakho kuphazanyiswa isifo sohlangothi, ungalahlekelwa amandla akho okubhala. bathole ukuthi ukuphazamiseka kolimi kungumphumela kaningi wokushaywa unhlangothi.

Ukulimala kwengqondo okubuhlungu

Izikhungo Zokulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo (CDC) ukulimala ebuchosheni okubuhlungu "njengeqhubu, ukushaya, noma ukushukuma kwekhanda okuphazamisa ukusebenza kobuchopho."

Noma ikuphi ukulimala okunjalo okuthinta izindawo zolimi lobuchopho, noma ngabe kuvela ekuweni eshaweni, engozini yemoto, noma ukudideka enkundleni yebhola, kungaholela ku-agraphia yesikhashana noma unomphela.

Ukuwohloka komqondo

I-Agraphia eya ngokuya iba yimbi, abanye bakholelwa, esinye sezimpawu zokuqala zokuwohloka komqondo.

Ngezinhlobo eziningi zokuwohloka komqondo, kufaka phakathi i-Alzheimer's, abantu abagcini nje ngokulahlekelwa ikhono lokukhulumisana ngokucacile ngokubhala, kepha futhi bangaba nezinkinga ngokufunda nokukhuluma njengoba isimo sabo siqhubeka.

Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka ngenxa ye-atrophy (ukuncipha) kwezindawo zolimi zobuchopho.

Izilonda ezingavamile kakhulu

Isilonda indawo yezicubu ezingavamile noma ukulimala ngaphakathi kobuchopho. Izilonda zingaphazamisa ukusebenza okujwayelekile kwendawo lapho zivela khona.

Odokotela eMayo Clinic bathi izilonda zobuchopho zinezimbangela eziningi, kufaka phakathi:

• izimila
• i-aneurysm
• imithambo engalungile
• izimo ezifana ne-multiple sclerosis ne-stroke

Uma i-lesion ivela endaweni yobuchopho ekusiza ukuthi ubhale, i-agraphia ingaba esinye sezimpawu.

Ixilongwa kanjani i-agraphia?

I-computed tomography (CT), i-high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) kanye ne-positron emission technology (PET) scan isiza odokotela ukuthi babone umonakalo ezindaweni zobuchopho lapho kunezikhungo zokucubungula ulimi.

Kwesinye isikhathi izinguquko zicashile futhi azikwazi ukutholwa ngalezi zivivinyo. Udokotela wakho angakunika izivivinyo zokufunda, ukubhala, noma ukukhuluma ukuze unqume ukuthi yiziphi izinqubo zolimi ezingakhubazeka ngokulimala kwakho.

Yini ukwelashwa kwe-agraphia?

Ezimweni ezinzima lapho ukulimala ebuchosheni kungunaphakade, kungahle kungenzeki ukubuyisa ngokuphelele izinga langaphambili lomuntu lekhono lokubhala.

Kodwa-ke, kukhona ucwaningo oluthile olukhombisa ukuthi lapho ukuvuselelwa kuhlanganisa amasu ahlukene ahlukene olimi, imiphumela yokutakula ingcono kunalapho kusetshenziswa isu elilodwa.

Ngomunye u-2013 uthole ukuthi amakhono okubhala athuthukile kubantu abane-alexia ene-agraphia lapho benamaseshini amaningi okwelashwa lapho befunda khona umbhalo ofanayo kaninginingi baze bakwazi ukufunda amagama aphelele esikhundleni sencwadi ngencwadi.

Lelisu lokufunda lalibhangqwe nokuzivocavoca okusebenzisanayo kwesipelingi lapho ababambiqhaza bangasebenzisa khona into yokubhala ukuze babasize babone futhi balungise amaphutha abo esipelingi.

Abahlinzeki bokuvuselela bangase basebenzise inhlanganisela yokubhoboza kwamagama wokubona, amadivayisi we-mnemonic, nama-anagrams ukusiza abantu bafunde kabusha.

Bangase futhi basebenzise izivivinyo zokubhala isipelingi nokubhala imisho kanye nomkhuba wokufunda ngomlomo nopelomagama ukubhekana nokushoda ezindaweni eziningi ngasikhathi sinye.

Okunye kube nempumelelo ethile ekusebenziseni izivivinyo ukuqinisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwemisindo yamagama (amafonimi) nokuqwashisa ngezinhlamvu ezimele imisindo (ama-graphemes).

Lezi zindlela zingasiza ukuhlomisa abantu ngamasu okubhekana nezinkinga, ukuze bakwazi ukusebenza kangcono, noma ngabe ukulimala kobuchopho kungaphenduki.

Okubalulekile

I-Agraphia ukulahleka kwekhono langaphambilini lokuxhumana ngokubhala. Kungabangelwa:

• ukulimala okubuhlungu kwengqondo
• unhlangothi
• izimo zezempilo ezifana nokuwohloka komqondo, isithuthwane, noma izilonda zobuchopho

Isikhathi esiningi, abantu abane-agraphia nabo babhekana nokuphazamiseka emandleni abo okufunda nokukhuluma.

Yize ezinye izinhlobo zokulimala kobuchopho zingaguquguquki, abantu bangakwazi ukubuyisa amanye amakhono abo okubhala ngokusebenzisana nabelaphi ukuze bafunde kabusha ukuhlela, ukubhala, nokupela ngokunemba okukhulu.